This is what we mentioned before. In the past history, talents have three basic principles, namely, talents, morality and learning. Some people's personalities are born-they often come from nature-but they have no talent. We know that people with moral character can stick to their own opinions and teach such people to sit in the rear area, which is very good; Teach him to try to break the ice and rush out, which he can't do. He doesn't have the talent. He has only the talent of persistence, but not the talent of creation. Therefore, successful people emphasize morality. It is difficult to have both ability and political integrity, but one thing can be remedied, that is, learning and using knowledge to cultivate the missing side. Although some people are born with virtue, they still need knowledge to cultivate them.
When it comes to learning, there are two things, one is learning, and the other is asking. Learning is to ask more from others, learn more from others, accept the experience of predecessors, and gain from experience by yourself. But "learning without thinking is useless." Some people are learned, but they don't have wise thoughts, so they are pedantic and alienated, becoming unrealistic and useless. So you can be a scholar, like us-teaching and bragging, not only in academia, but also in other circles. It is unrealistic to have knowledge but no real thoughts.
On the contrary, some people "think it is dangerous to be ignorant." They are thoughtful and talented, but they are also very dangerous without practical training in their studies. Many people often rely on genius to run amok and mistake it for creation, and as a result, they fall into self-harm.
Especially, the teenagers in China are suffering from the exchange and impact of ideological trends at all times and at all times, and their thoughts are hesitant and contradictory, and their emotions are depressed and agitated, which fully shows the disorder and anxiety of the times, thus forming the morbid psychology of teenagers. On the other hand, the older generation, representing the previous generation, lamented poverty, sadness, "the world is getting worse" and "the heart is not old" and worried that they would not survive for a day; In fact, childlike innocence, with a pure heart, came to this world, just like a piece of white paper, dyed with red ink and red ink. The result is due to the subjective concept of parents-"expect a child to succeed and expect a woman to succeed." Smear them, make them colorful, rotten and dirty, and make them either bookworms or taibao, not taibao. I always say that the True Taibao is a talent who creates history. Therefore, the thoughts of the older generation, whether parents, teachers or leaders, should educate themselves first. Especially those who are engaged in education and lead the cultural trend of thought, can't help but be clear about this problem.
Therefore, the problem of youth education should first pay attention to their fantasy, because fantasy is the basis of learning. According to my research, everyone's knowledge and career are based on adolescence, regardless of ancient and modern times. From this period of adolescence, we can see the achievements of middle-aged and elderly people from the personality of teenagers. A person's life is also the ideal of youth and the cultivation of knowledge. In middle age, the career is to play the ideal of youth and recall the achievements of his youth when he is old. So I say, history and culture, both at home and abroad, will always be young, always only thirty years old, not five thousand years. Why? People's intelligence and wisdom are brought into full play before the age of 40, even from a scientific point of view. After 40, there are few new inventions. Everyone's achievements are in the stage from teenagers to their twenties and thirties. The achievements accumulated by mankind in this period will become cultural history. People's brains are in their fifties and sixties when they are fully mature, but most of them fall to the ground like apples. Therefore, the wisdom of human beings will always be this 30-40 stage relay race, and 20-30 years of experience will always be behind. As a result, it has a history of 5000 years and only 20-30 years of experience. So the basic problems of mankind have not been solved. Chicken or egg first? Where did the universe come from? What is life like? There is still no absolute answer. Therefore, with thought, we need mechanics. As mentioned above, learning without thinking is useless, and learning is useless; On the contrary, if you have ideas, you need to learn to cultivate them. For example, teenagers are unrestrained, but not mechanical. Just like some teenagers in the United States, they take drugs and run naked, and they don't know what tricks they will play in the future. Therefore, thinking without learning to practice is "dangerous" and very dangerous.
Confucius said: if you attack heresy, you will harm yourself.
This is a problem. We know that "difference" is special, and "end" is the other end. However, after the Song Dynasty, Confucianism used the word "heresy" specifically to refer to Buddhism and Taoism, but there was no such affirmation before the Song Dynasty.
Speaking of which, by the way, a question: Sinology is a popular term in the world now. China's learning is called "Sinology" by European and American countries, which is a universal name and has become a habit, and there is no way to correct it. In fact, this concept is wrong. In our China culture, Sinology refers to the study of Confucianism which attaches importance to exegesis. The so-called "exegesis" refers to the textual research of a word, studying what the interpretation of a word is and why it is written like this. However, Chinese studies are very annoying. Sometimes they can write hundreds of thousands of words in one word, so we are very impressed by studying books in this field. The so-called doctor's degree of the ancients-and so is our doctor now-can often write articles of more than one million words with these in-depth studies, which is exegetics. Later, it developed into textual research, which is to study whether a sentence in a book is true or not. These studies can also write more than one million words for a topic or an idea. In short, Han Confucianism is the study of exegetical textual research; In China culture, it is called "Sinology", which means learning written by Confucianism in China. From the beginning of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was a "doctor of the Five Classics", that is, the "doctor" in the four books and the Five Classics, so China had the title of doctor, which also began in the Han Dynasty. Doctors are experts. For example, Dr. The Book of Songs is an expert in the Book of Songs. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that we gradually paid attention to literature, because after hundreds of years of exegetical research, it was almost sorted out.
In the Song Dynasty, there were five so-called Confucian scholars, including Zhu et al. They advocated new ideas, thinking that there would be no successor after Confucius and Mencius, and that Confucianism was broken and taken properly. There is nearly a thousand years between them. I don't know where they met Confucius and Mencius, so I got the secret biography at once and linked the theory. This is a very strange concept of Song Confucianism. Then criticize everyone is wrong and create the so-called new Confucianism. However, it should be noted that Neo-Confucianism is still very popular in our current ideological circle, and there is a school that calls itself Neo-Confucianism and stresses Confucian knowledge. But unfortunately, they are not systematic and still neither fish nor fowl. As for the Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, they specialize in the study of mind and nature. Where did Confucius and Mencius study the nature of mind come from? Half came from Buddhism, and the other half took things from Taoism and turned to Confucianism without changing medicine. Therefore, I don't quite agree with Rusong's view. I spent a lot of time studying Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty. When I found this, I didn't agree with them. It doesn't matter if a person borrows something from the Zhang family. You can tell Lao Li that it was borrowed by the Zhang family. But it doesn't make sense to borrow things from the Zhang family, be proud of yourself and turn to scold the Zhang family. On the one hand, Song Confucianism borrowed the knowledge of Buddhism and Taoism to explain the Confucian theory of mind and nature, on the other hand, it refuted Buddhism and Taoism. The result is more than that. Since Rusong stepped down, this school of Neo-Confucianism has been overthrown and criticized, and Rusong is really responsible for 100%. After the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, they were all delineated within the scope of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. Whether the true meaning of Confucius has been clarified is still difficult to determine. There is a case of four dynasties, which is about the Confucian study of mind and nature for hundreds of years in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Especially in the late Ming Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism was very popular, so when the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, many people were very angry with Neo-Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty, thinking that the result of advocating Neo-Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty was: "Sit quietly and confide in your heart, and report to the king when something happens." Blaming Neo-Confucianism is useless to the country and the world. Talking about morality and knowledge at ordinary times is also a matter of sitting and talking. When the country was in great trouble-"report to the king when it was in danger" and die, that's all. But then again, it is not easy to report to the king in times of crisis, but it is too outrageous for the real Confucian way of governing the country. Therefore, the general literati in the early Qing Dynasty were quite disgusted with this neo-Confucianism, which was high in mind and not conducive to the times. The most famous people, such as Gu, Li Erqu and Wang Chuanshan, never surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, but devoted themselves to fighting against the Qing Dynasty and restoring sight. Later, the Red Gang, a social gang in China, now called Red Gate, was their underground organization at that time, but the literati had no choice but to go underground. Hong Men was first organized by Zheng Chenggong in Taiwan Province, and it has been influencing Shaanxi. Their activities, the so-called Heaven-Earth Meeting and so on, were all derived from Hong Men's later split.
In the early Qing Dynasty, Gu and others did not agree with the empty talk of Neo-Confucianists in Song and Ming Dynasties, but turned to learning again and took the road of textual research, calling it "Pu Xue", so some people called it Sinology. As China people, we must know how the name Sinology came from. The study of China by foreigners, also known as Sinology, refers to the study of China. Sinology mentioned in ancient books focuses on textual research. By the way, let me introduce it.
Why does this question arise? It is for Confucius' words: "If you attack heresy, you will harm yourself." Since the Song Dynasty, for 800 years, when it comes to heresy, most people think that it refers exclusively to Buddhism and Taoism. Don't misunderstand this sentence. At that time, there were no Buddhists and Taoists. Confucianism and Taoism were indistinguishable at that time. As the cultural center of China, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism came after the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, it is wrong to think that the word heresy in The Analects refers to Buddhism and Taoism.
Now let's turn to study, what is "heresy"? This is easy to explain in words. "End" refers to two ends, a tip, two heads, or a multilateral head called "end". "Heresy" takes an extremely biased route and does not take the middle road. Not only does he not take the middle road, but he is unconventional and especially whimsical. If we study this point with modern ideological problems and psychology, we can also say that most people like heresy, and everyone has an unconventional nature.
From training scholars to exams, everyone has the opportunity to read an article, which is of great help to the world. This article is called "On Cultivating Scholars" and was written by Su Dongpo. This article occupies an important position in the field of China's political thought-political philosophy, especially for those who study politics and society. This article is very meaningful. It puts forward a principle that makes sense.
The name "Godsworn" came out during the Warring States Period, when books were not as popular as they are now, and there was no examination system. With knowledge, ordinary people rely on powerful people to find a way out and be guests in their homes. In the past, addressing guests is now equal to "Attaché"; From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, it was called the "shogunate". Like Zeng Guofan, many talented people are in his shogunate-equal to the current research room, staff Committee and secretarial office. Now there are people called aides. This is the case with the "six-country cultivators".
What kind of people were raised at that time? Su Shi pointed out that classification is wisdom, debate, courage and strength; In fact, it can be said that there are only two kinds of people, one with brains and the other with physical strength. Discuss these four kinds of people. If you use the science of modern job classification to write your doctoral thesis, it is not a problem to write at least two million words about them. However, the ancient culture of China liked simplicity, and articles of several hundred words were solved.
Su Shi said in this article that there are four kinds of people born in society, namely wisdom, debate, courage and strength. He believes that such people are good at serving others-they sit and eat others-but they can't serve others. If we use sociology to study, there are many people in society who have strong brain skills, but it is not good to ask them to use labor. Some people ask them to use their brains, as if they were killing people, but just ask them to do labor. But some people are very strong, very capable of playing and have good strength. If they want him to work, they can't do it in three hours. Therefore, it is meaningful to observe more people and then read relevant books to study society and politics. Like many people have wisdom, this wisdom is intelligence; There are many people who are sophistry, specialize in means, don't follow the right path, go heresy, have first-class ideas, but can't think of proper methods. But don't forget, he is also a talent, depending on how the boss uses him. This is called employment. Therefore, wisdom and debate seem to be the same. A smart person must have a way of doing things, but the positive and negative methods cannot be the opposite. Courage and strength seem to be the same, but the brave may not have strength, and the tall and mighty man who taught him to go forward and sacrifice for his country will not do it for fear of death. This is a force without courage. Therefore, Su Dongpo said that people who are smart, argumentative, courageous and powerful often need support from others and cannot stand on their own feet. But relying on others, climbing the dragon and attaching the phoenix can also make contributions and achieve great things. There is no way to teach him to do it alone.
So after Qin Shihuang unified China, they burned books to bury Confucianism and stopped training scholars, so these people went to the folk. What was the result? It's backwards! Later, in the Han Dynasty, what about this kind of literati? The era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the beginning of China's electoral system. Of course, the elections in that era were not like modern popular elections-they were Western-style elections. In ancient Chinese-style elections, local officials referred to public opinion and elected locally recognized virtuous, square and upright people. (In modern terms, it is the classification of talents. The sage is virtuous, the good is good, and the square is just right. Don't confuse them. These are four areas. ) It is called Lian Xiao. (China culture governs the world with filial piety, so it is called filial piety. In the Qing Dynasty, when I got a juren, I still used the name Lian Xiao Palace, which was inherited from the Han Dynasty. Such an electoral system was implemented in the Han Dynasty, which replaced the system of cultivating scholars in the Warring States period. Therefore, in the 400 years of the Han Dynasty, you can settle down and settle down, and the Sui Dynasty pioneered the examination method of selecting scholars with literary works. After Emperor Taizong unified the world, in the spirit of local elections in Han Dynasty, he formally adopted the method of selecting scholars by examination in Sui Dynasty, which resulted in the system of selecting scholars by examination in Tang Dynasty. The so-called Jinshi is to promote talented intellectuals from the people and become a national scholar. At that time, the scholar who took the exam was not a scholar of the Qing Dynasty. Scholar in Qing Dynasty is a name of examination class. The scholar takes the exam again, and the scholar takes the exam again. The first scholar is the champion. Scholar in the Tang Dynasty, is the floorboard of Jinshi, known as scholar.