Brief introduction of medical papers and reference to writing norms

Medical papers are an important part of scientific and technological documents, an important information source for medical development and a historical document for recording medical progress. have

Statistics show that there are 3-4 million scientific papers published in various journals all over the world every year, of which about 75% are published in journals. It can be seen that sci-tech periodicals have played an important role in disseminating scientific research achievements, exchanging practical experience, enlightening academic thoughts and promoting social progress. As a medical journal, readers are the main body. Without readers, periodicals will lose their vitality. The author is the source, and the basic information of the journal needs to be provided by the author. Therefore, if you want to be an excellent medical journal author, you must understand and be familiar with the types and writing norms of medical papers, so that you can write medical papers freely and actively participate in medical academic exchanges.

There are many kinds and genres of medical papers, which can be divided into seven categories: (1) review category; (2) About the category of the work; (3) briefing class; (4) Category of case report; (5) summary and lecture; (6) Minutes of meetings; (7) message dynamic class.

I. Comments

Common columns: summary, monograph, editor's remarks, editor's notes, editor's notes, etc.

(a) Comments and monographs

Summary is an extensive and in-depth exposition and incisive comment made by the author or editor on a scientific research project or research topic, and it is also an in-depth monograph on a certain aspect. Require a clear view and strong pertinence. Common review columns in the series of journals of Chinese Medical Association: review, expert review, expert monograph, expert forum, focus forum, etc.

(2) Editor's words, editors' notes and editorials

All three are comments or explanations of a certain point of view of a publication or a group or a specific article from the editor's point of view.

(1) The editor's words generally cover a wide range and have a comprehensive content. It can be the editor's ideas and arrangements for the publication at the beginning of the new year, or it can be the requirements and hopes for readers and authors; It can also be a review and summary of one year's work; Or introduce and comment on the content of an article.

(2) Editors' notes and editorials are highly targeted. Generally, for a certain point of view or method in a specific article or article, put forward the editor's clear views and opinions; Or draw questions of universal significance from specific articles to guide readers to discuss. Editorial notes and editorials should be concise, vivid, concise, accurate and meticulous.

Second, the category of works.

There are many kinds and genres of medical papers, but the most basic and representative is the original text, which includes experimental research, clinical research, clinical report, field investigation and so on. All of them belong to one-off documents, and they are academic papers that report basic, clinical, preventive and other research achievements and practical experiences, and constitute the core of various medical academic journals. The author has mastered the basic characteristics and writing norms of the paper, and other medical papers can draw inferences from others.

(A) the basic requirements of this book

The quality and level of medical journals mainly depend on the quality and level of published academic papers. A high-quality, high-level work should meet the following requirements:

1. Ideologically: follow the ideological line of dialectical materialism and implement the principles and policies of the party and the state on health work. Abide by scientific ethics and prevent political mistakes and leaks.

2. Originality: new discoveries or inventions are required compared with published documents. Basic research needs new topics, advanced methods and new viewpoints; Clinical research needs to collect more cases, more in-depth observation and research, innovative diagnosis and treatment methods, better results and new insights. In the past, many manuscripts were not adopted after being submitted to periodicals, mainly because the author only repeated the contents of past documents or textbooks and lacked new ideas or viewpoints.

3. Scientificality: (1) The topic should have sufficient scientific basis; (2) The materials used and the methods selected should have sufficient comparability and necessary randomness; (3) truthfully reflect the research process, provide accurate observation data, and comprehensively analyze the research data; (4) Reasoning is logical, and the conclusion emphasizes rigor.

4. Practicality: Except for a few pure theoretical research papers, most medical works should be combined with clinical and preventive work. The greater the practical value of the book, the stronger the guiding role, and the more it will be welcomed by readers. 5. Readability: The written expression of medical works should be accurate, concise and fluent. Use standardized technology style. Let readers get the most knowledge and information in the least time.

Editors have the right to reject works that do not meet the above requirements.

(B) the overall structure of the book

Over the years, medical papers have formed a fixed format, namely introduction, materials and methods, results and discussion. In foreign countries, the initials are IMRAD, which we call "four-segment format". For most medical works, the "four stages" are universally applicable.

1. Preface: or introduction.

This paper mainly summarizes the research background, purpose, research ideas, theoretical basis, research methods, expected results and significance. Some studies need to explain the year when the study started. Make readers have a general understanding of the theme and background of this article, which leads to the following.

The preface requires pointing out the theme and grasping the center. You can quote and analyze several important documents in the past, but you can't trace back to history and list documents for a long time. Don't easily use expressions such as "the first at home and abroad", "the literature has not been reported" and "the previous research has not been done" to prevent inappropriate self-evaluation. The preface should be ≤250 words.

2. Methods:

This paper mainly introduces the selection of research objects (human or experimental animals, including the control group) and the methods used in the research. Commonly used titles are "materials and methods", "objects and methods" and "materials and methods".

(1) The therapeutic study should indicate whether it is a prospective randomized controlled study; Diagnostic research should explain the gold standard of diagnostic test, the theoretical basis and methods of new test, etc. Clinical research must introduce the sources, selection criteria and general situation of cases and controls, and should indicate whether the participants in the research have informed consent.

(2) The animal's name, strain, grade, quantity, source, sex, age, weight, feeding conditions and health status should be stated in the experimental study.

(3) The details of "method" should be stated in the method created by individuals to prevent others from repeating it. The improved method should explain the improvement in detail, and give the source of the original method by citing literature. If you directly quote other people's methods, you should indicate the source of the method by quoting literature, and you don't need to describe it.

(4) Drugs and reagents should use chemical names, and indicate the dosage, unit, purity, batch number, production unit and production time.

(5) Instruments and equipment shall be marked with name, model, specification, production unit, precision or error range. There is no need to describe how it works.

(6) The specific statistical processing method and its selection basis shall be explained. It should be noted that clinical research methods must be based on the principle of not harming patients' interests, and experimental research methods should have practical guiding significance for clinical work.

3. Results:

This is the core part of the paper. The academic value of this book mainly depends on this part.

The results of (1) should not simply list all kinds of original materials and data obtained in the research process, but must be summarized and analyzed to draw corresponding conclusions, and then expressed in words, figures and tables.

(2) The narrative of the results should be true and accurate. Whether the result is positive or negative, positive or negative, it should truthfully reflect the success or failure of clinical application.

(3) All data in the paper should be statistically processed. The mean and percentage should be tested for significance, otherwise it is easy to cause illusion. Pay attention to the difference between structural index (ratio) and strength index (ratio). When the statistical significance test shows a p value

4. Discussion:

This paragraph mainly evaluates, clarifies and infers the research results of this paper. The contents of this section vary from clause to clause, and generally include:

(1) expounds the principle and mechanism of this research work;

(2) Explain the characteristics, gains and losses of the materials and methods in this paper;

(3) Compare the results of this paper with those of others, and analyze their advantages and disadvantages;

(4) Summarize the research results in theory and put forward new viewpoints;

(5) Compare and evaluate different viewpoints;

(6) Propose the future exploration direction and prospect. Of course, it is impossible to cover the above problems in every article, and it needs to be handled appropriately according to the text. The discussion should closely follow the research results of this paper, highlight new findings and new viewpoints, and avoid repeating the above contents and the contents reported in previous literature, but it should not only be described as "consistent" or "consistent" with other people's reports. Discussions generally do not include charts and tables.

(3) the hierarchical layout of the works

1. Title:

Make the finishing point, highly summarize the main idea of the full text. Chinese titles are universal.

2. Author's name and work unit name:

(1) The author's signature shows that he is responsible for the content of the paper, which is also a respect for the author's copyright. There should not be too many signatories, and they must be all or major workers; Be responsible for the content of this article and be able to reply.

(2) The authors rank according to their contributions, which shall be determined when submitting, and shall not be added, deleted or modified at will.

(3) the author's work unit should write the full name and postal code. If possible, indicate the email address of the contact person.

(4) After the paper is published, all authors should be invited to sign the power of attorney for exclusive use of the paper one by one, and the exclusive use right of the paper will be granted to the Chinese Medical Association.

3. Chinese and English abstract:

(1) Abstract is located before the text, relatively independent and spontaneous. Series journals of Chinese Medical Association generally adopt structured abstracts, including four elements: purpose, method, result and conclusion.

(2) Chinese and English abstracts are written in the third person, without charts, references, comments or explanations.

(3) If English abbreviations are used in Chinese abstracts, the full names in Chinese and English should be given when they are used for the first time; Abbreviations used in English abstracts should be given their complete English names when used for the first time.

(4) The Chinese abstract is about 400 words; The English abstract can be a little more detailed, about 600 substantive words; The main contents of Chinese and English abstracts are the same.

4. Keywords: choose words and phrases that reflect the theme of the article, so as to facilitate document indexing, document retrieval and reading.

(1) Each essay requires 3-8 keywords (subject words) to be placed after the abstract. Try to choose from the latest medical subject word Mesh compiled by the National Library of Medicine. For Chinese translation, please refer to Notes on Medical Subject Words compiled by Institute of Information, China Academy of Medical Sciences. Keywords of TCM should be selected from the Thesaurus of TCM Subject compiled by Institute of TCM Information, Chinese Academy of TCM.

(2) Pay attention to the choice of title words and reflect the main content of the full text.

(3) Words not included in the glossary can be used as keywords when necessary.

5. Text:

(1) Pay attention to the clear hierarchy. The titles of Materials and Methods, Results, Discussions and References are centered and displayed in bold without serial numbers. The hierarchical serial numbers in each section are used in sequence: 1, 2, ................................................................................................................................................... (1) (2) ... (No punctuation after the serial number); 1.2 ... (dot after serial number); (1) (2) ... (No punctuation after the serial number). If necessary, you can use serial numbers by skipping files. Except for 1, 2, (1) and (2) ..... the text is not arranged after the title, but can be arranged after the titles of other layers.

(2) The length of the paper is generally about 5000 words. Foreword accounts for about 5% ~ 7%, materials, methods and results account for 25% ~ 35% respectively, and discussion accounts for about 30% ~ 40%.

(3) table, figure, and word. The contents of the three should not be repeated, mainly in words. Form: the requirements are simple and clear, the subject and predicate are clear, the level is clear, the structure is complete, and you are complacent. The series of magazines of Chinese Medical Association all adopt three horizontal lines, namely, the table with the top line, the top line and the bottom line as the basic framework. Each table should have a table order and a table title. The title consists of topic title and predicate title. The vertical title of the theme is listed in the upper left corner of the table, and the horizontal title below it reflects the theme mark, and the horizontal title represents each horizontal number or text; Predicate column headings are listed at the top of the table, indicating the meaning of numbers or words in each column. The data, quantity, units, symbols and abbreviations in the table must be consistent with the text. (2) Illustration: It requires a clear theme to explain and supplement the text, which is self-evident, that is, you can understand the meaning of the picture only by looking at the picture, title and legend without looking at the text. Line drawing requires uniform lines and distinct main and auxiliary lines. The vertical and horizontal axes should be vertical. Vertical and horizontal coordinate marking lines should be marked on the inside of the coordinate axis. The names of vertical and horizontal targets are generally quantities or test items and their unit symbols, which are centered on the outside of the ordinate axis and below the abscissa axis respectively. The left and right ordinate names are written from bottom to top, with upper left and lower right; The abscissa names are written from left to right. The quantities, units and symbol abbreviations in the drawing must be consistent with the text. Pathological pictures should indicate the staining method and magnification under the microscope.

(4) Correct use of grammar and rhetoric. Language is required to be accurate, concise, fluent, grammatical and rhetorical.

(5) Pay attention to standardization. ① Medical terms shall be subject to the medical terms approved and published by the National Committee for the Examination and Approval of Scientific and Technical Terms and published by Science Press. Subject nouns that have not yet passed the examination and approval can be selected from the latest version of MeSH, notes on medical subject words and thesaurus of traditional Chinese medicine. There is no common translation of noun terms, so when 1 appears in the text, the original words or comments should be indicated. ② The names of Chinese and western medicines should be based on the latest edition of People's Republic of China (PRC) Pharmacopoeia and the generic names of China medicines compiled by China Pharmacopoeia Committee. Trade names are not allowed. (3) Units of measurement must implement the latest Legal Units of Measurement in People's Republic of China (PRC) issued by the State Council, which are expressed by unit symbols. For specific use, please refer to the book "Application of Legal Units of Measurement in Medicine" edited and published by Chinese Medical Association. (4) Chinese and English abbreviations that are not well known and recognized for the first time in this paper should be marked in brackets.

6. References: The author reflects the scientific basis of the paper by citing references, and shows the attitude of respecting other people's research results. Document description principle: (1) The cited documents should be the original works read directly by the author, not the original works read indirectly by others, and should be mainly the documents in the last 3-5 years.

(2) Unpublished papers generally do not advocate citation.

(3) Try to avoid citing abstracts as reference.

(4) References are generally not cited in the abstract.

(5) When describing documents, the surnames of all the original authors should be written first, then the initials should be written, only the first three authors should be recorded, and then the "equal sign" should be added.

(6) The place of publication of the book is the name of the city where the publishing house is located. When there are multiple publishing places in the book, only the first publishing place is recorded.

(7) The titles of English documents are all capitalized with the first letter of the first word, and the rest are lowercase.

(8) All references shall be marked by sequential coding system according to GB77 14 87. For the description format, please refer to the Description Format Requirements for References in Series Journals of Chinese Medical Association.

7. Footnote: arranged in the lower left corner of the first page of the text. It is often used to indicate the work unit, postal code, e-mail address, funded project and fund number of the author and correspondent.

8. Acknowledgement: organizations or individuals that have made substantial contributions or help to the research and writing process of this article, but not enough to be listed as authors, should express their gratitude at the end of the article. All volunteers must obtain the written consent of the thanked person.

9. Date of receipt and editor of this article: At the end of the article, the editor should indicate the date of receipt and the name of the editor of this article. For example, (date of receipt: 2001130), the switch mark (editor: ××××).

Third, the category of briefing.

Common columns: abstracts, briefings, etc. This kind of manuscript is relatively unimportant or similar content has been reported, but it still has certain academic reference value, and it is published in the form of briefing or work summary. The language should be concise, the content should be highly summarized, and the main research methods, important results and data, new viewpoints and conclusions should be provided. The full text does not exceed 2000 words (1 page). Generally, after being published in a journal in the form of abstract or briefing, the author can also publish the full text in other journals.

Fourth, the category of case reports.

Common columns: case report, case analysis, clinical pathology (case) discussion. The typical experience in diagnosis and treatment of a small number of cases is generally introduced. This kind of manuscript has practical value and is very popular with readers. In particular, a disease is reported for the first time, which has important influence at home and abroad. The requirements are exact content, complete case data, scientific basis for diagnosis and targeted discussion.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) summary and lecture

Common columns: summary, lectures, systematic courses, continuing education park, etc.

(1) Summarize the characteristics of the draft.

Abstract is a manuscript that reflects the progress or dynamics of a certain field or topic. It can be a literature review at home and abroad, or a literature review at home and abroad. The review requires introducing the latest literature collected to readers as much as possible. The content introduced in the manuscript should be as suitable as possible for the needs of the work that has been carried out or will be carried out in China. The cited references must be listed one by one in the manuscript and marked with corner codes in order in the text.

(2) The characteristics of lectures, tutorials and continuing education manuscripts.

Lectures, tutorials and manuscripts in the Continuing Education Park are designed to systematically introduce readers to the basic knowledge of a certain major or special research. The requirement is more profound and innovative than the textbook content. The content should be easy to understand and published in charts and tables when necessary. Such a manuscript is enlightening and inspiring to grassroots readers.

Minutes of intransitive verbs meeting

Meeting minutes are a common form of reporting in medical journals. Including the minutes of the national editorial board meeting and the minutes of important academic meetings. The minutes of the editorial board are generally written by periodical editors themselves, and the minutes of academic meetings can be written by editors or participants. Basic requirements:

(1) Explain the basic situation of the meeting, including the specific time, place and number of participants.

(2) Describe the main topics, important substantive contents, discussion results, meeting gains and overall evaluation of the meeting.

(3) The different opinions expressed by the participants and their arguments need to be discussed objectively.

(4) The number of words in the minutes of the meeting depends on the content, concise and to the point, and objectively reflects the theme of the meeting.

Seven, message dynamic class

Common columns: academic trends at home and abroad, scientific research newsletters, medical news, news, information, news, conference announcements, etc. Special emphasis should be placed on timeliness in such manuscripts. It has the characteristics of timeliness, rapidity and conciseness. We should try our best to report its academic content, express it completely, and pay attention to confidentiality. The purpose of writing a paper is to publish it. Novices should write case reports, summaries and other manuscripts step by step, and then write essays after accumulating experience, which is easier to succeed. Be sure to read the manuscripts of relevant journals carefully before submitting, and strictly abide by the provisions of the manuscripts. Don't be discouraged if the first submission is not adopted. You should make persistent efforts and improve repeatedly, and you will succeed in the end.

Thesis writing is a serious, earnest, arduous and meaningful work. It is hoped that all authors of ophthalmology papers will think deeply, practice hard, constantly sum up experience, and strive to write more excellent papers and dedicate them to the majority of ophthalmology readers.

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