Argumentative reading related knowledge
It is a style of analyzing and commenting on a problem or thing and expressing one's own views, positions, attitudes, opinions and opinions. Argumentative writing has three elements, namely argument, argument and argument. The basic requirements of an argumentative essay are: correct viewpoints, serious generalization, practical significance, and proper comprehensive use of various expressions; The basic requirements of argumentation are: true and reliable, fully typical; The basic requirement of argument is that reasoning must be logical. ?
When writing an argumentative essay, you should consider the argument, what to use as an argument to prove it, how to demonstrate it, and then draw a conclusion. You can put forward a general argument first, then discuss it separately, analyze each sub-argument, and finally draw a conclusion; You can also quote a story, a dialogue, or describe a scene first, and then analyze the facts layer by layer and draw new conclusions. This way of writing is called total score, which is commonly used by middle school students. You can also ask a question that everyone cares about at the beginning of the article, and then answer it one by one, step by step, which is a difficult way to write. It also requires the author to compare two different things in the opposite way, and then draw a conclusion, which is comparative writing. ?
Argumentative writing is a style that uses logic, reasoning and proof to explain the author's position and viewpoint. This kind of article either puts forward some views and opinions from the front, or refutes other people's wrong views. Comments in newspapers, essays or feelings in daily life all belong to the category of argumentative essays. ?
Argumentative writing, also called argumentative writing, is a style of analyzing things, discussing things, expressing opinions and putting forward opinions. By stating facts, reasoning and distinguishing right from wrong, the author can determine whether his point of view is right or wrong, and establish or deny a proposition. Argumentative writing should have clear thinking, sufficient arguments, concise language, reasonable arguments and strict logic. ?
Three elements of argumentative writing
Explain in detail the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation?
Argument: it is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is the soul of argumentative writing. ?
1. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can distinguish between master and slave. ?
2. How to find the central argument? Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. Location can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some need to be summarized by readers. ?
Argument:?
1. factual argument: the role of facts in argumentative writing is very obvious. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and check whether it is consistent with the logic of the article. ?
2. Reasoning and argumentation: Argumentation is always familiar to readers or generally recognized by society. They are the result of abstracting and summarizing a large number of facts. ?
Argument:?
Arguments and arguments in argumentative essays are organized through argumentation. Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, and it is the logical connection between arguments. Argumentation is to solve "what needs to be proved", argumentation is to solve "what to prove" and argumentation is to solve "how to prove". ?
There are several ways to demonstrate:
1. Demonstration with examples: cite conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument; ?
2. Reasoning: use the incisive insights in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, use the famous aphorisms of famous people at home and abroad, and use people's recognition.
Theorems and formulas, etc. Prove the argument; ?
3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in comparison; ?
4. Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. In addition, in refutation, the refutation methods of "attacking shield with spear" and "reducing to absurdity" are often adopted. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers. ?
Demonstration mode:
Argumentative papers are generally divided into argumentative papers and refuting papers.
(1) Argumentative essay: Argumentative essay is an argument method to explain the author's views and opinions from the front in view of a certain event or problem.
(2) Refutation: Refutation refers to expressing opinions on certain events and problems, exposing and refuting wrong and reactionary views or propositions.
Second, the argumentative structure?
1. The basic structure is to ask questions (introduction), analyze problems (theory) and solve problems (conclusion). ?
2. Can be divided into two categories?
A. vertical style: discussing structure step by step?
Example 1. "Step by step" style, first put forward the argument, then demonstrate it from the opposite side, and then further discuss it from the front.
Example 2. "start recording, turn around" style: break the topic at the beginning and lead to discussion; Then take the lead and explain the problems discussed; "Turn" is a double proof argument from all angles; In the final analysis, it is "combination." ?
B. horizontal: parallel discourse structure?
For example:?
There is a kind of "general-sub-theory-general" style, which first puts forward the argument, then expounds it from several aspects and finally summarizes it; ?
There is a style of "general theory-divided theory", which first puts forward arguments and then demonstrates them from several aspects. ?
There is a style of "divided theory-general theory". The things to be discussed are always analyzed in several aspects, and then a comprehensive conclusion is drawn. ?
In a word, to analyze the structure of an argumentative essay, we should first understand the internal relationship between paragraph levels, and also pay attention to the transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words that serve as a link between the preceding and the following. ?
Explanatory reading related knowledge
First, the characteristics of explanatory text
Explanatory writing is an article with explanation as the main expression, and it is a style that explains objective things or explains the nature, state, characteristics, reasons, functions, uses and relationships of things. Of or clarifying things, with the aim of giving people knowledge. Accuracy, scientificity, organization and knowledge are its characteristics.
Second, the classification of expository texts.
From the content of explanation, it can be divided into material explanation and material explanation. The exposition of things aims at introducing the physical characteristics of things, and the exposition of things aims at explaining the causes of things. Language expression can be divided into plain exposition and literary exposition (also called scientific essays).
Third, how to read the explanatory text comprehensively
(A) grasp the object of interpretation
The so-called object of explanation is the thing to be explained, the phenomenon to be explained and the truth to be expounded in the article. When reading the expository article, we should accurately grasp the explanatory object of the article on the basis of roughly combing the article.
(2) Grasp the characteristics of the object.
1, characterized by the fact that this thing is different from other things. Everything has its own characteristics. Reading is to understand the characteristics of the object of explanation first, and then grasp the center of the article.
2, master the method of describing the characteristics of the object:
A, look at the topic, especially the modification and restriction components in the topic. Such as the Great Hall of the People.
B, grasp the central sentence, key sentences (statements that can concentrate on the characteristics of the object), and summarize the characteristics of things.
C, grasp the characteristics of the object, not only stay on the surface phenomenon, but also reflect the internal relations of things, that is, the essential characteristics of things.
(3) Interpretation center of judgment paragraphs (interpretation content)
★ Answer method:
1, physical description: description object+object characteristics;
2. Description: reasons (reasons, methods, principles, etc.). ) about ... about ... about ... about ... about ...
3. Project description: the operation, experiment or production process of ....
(4) clearly explain the order?
1, universal description sequence
(1) Time series: The explanation sequence is time series, that is, the sequence is arranged according to the time sequence of occurrence and development of things, which is generally used to explain the occurrence, development or production process of things. Including historical order, time order, four seasons alternating order, morning and evening (successively) order.
(2) Spatial order: Explain the structure of things or buildings in the order of spatial transformation. Often according to the position and direction from outside to inside, from top to bottom, from left to right, from front to back, east, west, north and south. Pay attention to nouns indicating orientation.
(3) Logical order: Explanatory articles often explain things in logical order when introducing the types, causes and functions of things. The logical sequence includes: first general and then divided, from the outside to the inside, from here to there, from phenomenon to essence, from cause to effect, from whole to part, from generalization to concrete, from individual to general, from characteristics to use, from main to secondary, from shallow to deep, from easy to difficult, from simple to complex.
2. Methods to clarify the order of interpretation
First of all, make clear what kind of expository text (things expository text: mainly in chronological order and spatial order; Description: mainly in logical order); Secondly, we should find out the key words and sentences that reflect the order of interpretation; In addition, it can be arranged according to the order of writing, and the order of interpretation can be clarified by sorting out the context of the article.
What are the common explanations? ?
⑴ Definition: Use concise language science to reveal the essential attributes of things. For example, an equilateral triangle is a triangle with three equilateral sides. ?
(2) Examples: Give some easy-to-understand and representative examples to illustrate things or things. (For example, Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge are cited to explain the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges).
⑶ Classification: According to certain standards, there should be no relationship between subordination and intersection, and all the contents in the collection should be classified. If people are divided into men and women. )?
⑷ Metaphor: Use metaphor rhetoric to make abstract and complicated things simple, concrete and vivid. ?
5. Comparison: When comparing the familiar things in life with the things that need to be explained, there must be two aspects.
[6] column data; The most accurate and convincing method to quantitatively explain the characteristics of things. ?
(7) Quoting remarks: Explain the characteristics of things by quoting, and enhance the persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs, proverbs, etc. ?
8. What are the signs of these explanations? ?
(1) Definition: ... is ..., that is ..., named ...?
(2) Classification: There are several kinds (species), one is ... and the other is ...?
(3) Examples: For example, examples, examples, examples, examples, examples, examples, examples, examples only give some examples. ?
(4) Metaphor: like, yes, as a metaphor. ?
5. Compare: sum, compare with … and …. ?
[6] Numbers: numerals, approximate numbers and exact numbers. ?
(7) Reference: reference, marked with quotation marks. ?
9. What are the functions of these explanations? ?
The function of * * * is to explain the characteristics of things, but each has different characteristics: for example, vivid images; Column number: accurate; Examples and comparisons: popular and concrete; Quotation: confirmation; Classification; Clear organization. ?
Note: the explanation method is generally expressed in three words, not to be confused with rhetorical methods and expressions, and the expression should be standardized. ?
10, the characteristics of descriptive language: accuracy, reflected in modification, restrictive language use and synonym selection.
When reading a narrative, we should make clear the relevant knowledge points and grasp its stylistic features.
? Narrative related knowledge
First, the concept of narrative:? Narrative is a style with narration as its main form and description of characters experience and the development and changes of things as its main content.
Second, the classification of narrative: from the content and way of writing, it can be divided into two categories: simple narrative and complex narrative. According to the different writing objects, it can be divided into four categories: 1. Write people's narrative; 2. Narrative narration; 3. Narrative writing of scenery (prose); 4. the narrative of the matter.
Third, the elements of narrative: narrative has six elements-time, place, people, the cause, process and result of events.
Fourth, the narrative order: there are four commonly used-direct narrative, flashback,? Insert and supplement the narrative.
Sequential narration: Narrating in the order of occurrence and development.
Flashback: tell the end of the event or the most prominent fragment in front, and then start from the beginning of the event. When flashback is used, it should be explained clearly, and there is necessary text transition, otherwise it will affect the expression effect.
Interpolation: refers to another narrative inserted to express the need to interrupt the original narrative. The difference between interpolation and flashback lies in: interpolation is only a fragment in the sequence, not a part of the central event of the full text; The content of flashback is an indispensable part or link in the whole event.
Supplementary narrative: to supplement and explain the previous narrative. The difference between supplementary narration and interpolation is that there are few words, generally no plot, and no transitional words are needed before and after; After the complement is removed, the content before and after can still be connected.
5. Narrative clues: Generally, there are the following types-human line, material line, emotional line, event line, time line and ground line. ? Narrative clues include: the calling line with a certain character as the clue; A line of things with something as a clue; Call lines with events as clues; A scene is called a landscape; It's called love line, and it takes the thoughts and feelings of the protagonist as the clue. Reading an article, how can we find clues quickly? First of all, we should understand the genre, content and expression of the article, read the full text more, and then pay attention to the title of the article; Finally, pay attention to a word and a thing that appear repeatedly in the article from beginning to end.
Sixth, the narrator: generally speaking, the first person or the third person is used, and sometimes the second person is used. The first person makes people feel intimate and natural, and there is no sense of distance from the reader. The third kind of people can write calmly and freely.
Seven, narrative center and details: overall perception, accurately grasp the center of the article. Analyze the relationship between materials and center, and understand the detailed arrangement of materials.
Eight, narrative expression: there are five common-narrative, descriptive, explanatory, argumentative, lyrical. Complex narratives are often composed of several expressions.
1, description (a writing method that visualizes narrative)
First, from the method points:
Description: Use more modifiers to describe things in detail.
Sketch: fewer modifiers, grasp the characteristics of things and describe them simply.
B, from the content points:
(1) Character description: appearance? Language movements? Psychology? express
(2) Environmental description: natural environment and social environment.
? Natural environment: location, time, season, climate and geographical characteristics
? Social environment: social background, characteristics of the times, family furnishings and social customs.
The role of environmental description:
It plays a positive role in expressing the identity and status of the characters, rendering the atmosphere, expressing emotions, setting off the emotions of the characters, portraying their personalities and promoting the development of the plot. The description of social environment can reveal the inevitable trend of characters' fate.
C, is it? Front description and side description
D, description should pay attention to:
(1) clearly describe the purpose. Don't describe it for the sake of description, but consider the intention of the article.
(2) Grasp the characteristics of people or things.
(3) Use imagination and rhetoric.
Step 2 discuss
The argument in the narrative is the text in which the author states his views on the recorded things, that is, the text that tells the truth contained in the recorded things. Make the significance of narrative description in the article more prominent and vivid, and make the content of the article more profound.
(1) discussion leads to narration (write your opinion first, then explain it in detail)
(2) Narration and discussion (discussion at the same time in narration)
(3) Discuss and summarize the narrative (get the central idea)
Note: don't talk too much, or focus on narration, otherwise it will be boring.
3. Lyricism
(1) direct lyric (express your feelings and emotions directly in words)
(2) Lyricism in narrative description
(3) Comments in lyricism
Note: don't be artificial, but have real feelings. The emotional tone of the full text should be consistent.
9. Rhetorical devices commonly used in narrative and their functions: ① Metaphor: making language vivid and infectious. Give things people's thoughts, feelings and personality, and make their expressions lively. 3 parallelism: enhance the momentum of language. (4) exaggeration: highlighting the characteristics of the depicted things or situations and deepening the reader's impression. ⑤ Contrast: Through contrast, the differences between things are highlighted to show the characteristics of things. ⑥ Duality: Enhance the sense of rhythm of language and make the rhythm of language lively. ⑦ rhetorical questions and questions: arouse readers' thinking and strengthen their tone. 8 repetition: emphasize and deepen the reader's impression. Quote: Enhance the authority and persuasiveness of language. Attending irony: expressing irony.
Rhetorical device
Metaphor?
1. What are the characteristics and functions of metaphor?
Metaphor is "metaphor" That is, to grasp the similarities between two different things and compare one thing with another. The structure of metaphor is generally composed of ontology (object to be compared), vehicle (object to be compared) and figurative words (symbol of figurative relationship). The key of metaphor: A and B must be essentially different things, and there must be similarities between A and B, otherwise the metaphor cannot be established. The main functions of metaphor are: turning plain into vivid; Turn abstruse into simple; Turn abstract into concrete; Turn verbosity into conciseness. ?
2. Contrast?
(1) What are the characteristics and functions of analogy?
Writing things as people, or people as crops, or things as other things, its formal characteristics are: humanization of things, materialization of people, or materialization of things. Its function is to make the written "people" or "things" colorful, vivid and meaningful. ?
(2) What kind of analogy?
(1) personification. For example, Du Fuchuan is singing and laughing in the willows, and the red flag is fluttering. ?
② simulacra. For example, if we are honest, there will be bullies. If we dare to use a knife, the bully will have to run with his tail between his legs. ?
4. exaggeration?
(1) The characteristics and functions of exaggeration! ?
Exaggeration refers to the reasonable and intentional expansion or contraction of the original things in pursuit of a certain expressive effect. Requirements are used without losing the foundation and basis of life and without exaggeration.
Its function lies in setting off the atmosphere, enhancing association and enlightening people. ?
2) How many forms of exaggeration are there?
A, expand exaggeration. For example, I suspect that the Milky Way has set for nine days. ?
B, reduce exaggeration. For example, Wuling makes waves, and Wumeng takes mud pills. ?
C. exaggerate in advance. For example, when you see such bright green wheat seedlings, you can smell the white flour steamed bread. ?
6.parallel?
What are the characteristics and functions of (1) parallelism?
Parallelism consists of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone. The same word that is often emphasized repeatedly appears in the same position in every phrase or sentence. Its function lies in strengthening language situation, emphasizing content and aggravating feelings. ?
For reference only? Welcome to adoption? I hope it helps you? I wish you progress in your studies.