Destroy Korea in 230 BC
Destroy Zhao in 228 BC
Wei perished in 225 BC.
Destroy Chu in 223 BC
In 222 BC, the state of Yan perished.
In 2265438 BC, +0 was wiped out.
According to legend, Wei Liaozi is a disciple of Mr. Guigu and studied under Mr. Guigu. At that time, during the Warring States period, there were disputes among countries. As the saying goes, "The emperor of Qin is horizontal, and the king of Chu is vertical." Lian Heng formed an alliance with other countries, which was mediated by them. In the later period, Qin's national strength was unparalleled among the six countries, and what Qin feared most was that the six countries would unite against Qin. Therefore, Wei Liaozi, as the first military staff under Qin Shihuang, made a very powerful strategic plan. Later, Qin seemed to annex six countries and unify the whole country according to this strategic plan. There is no doubt about this, but the problem lies in the seemingly unquestionable place.
I think that before Wei Liaozi came to Qin, the State of Qin carried out another set of strategic plans, and the makers and implementers of this strategic plan were Qin Shihuang's Guan Zhong and the famous Wen Xin Hou Lv Buwei. Lv Buwei's strategic plan to annex the six countries and unify the whole country is "to send troops to one side, occupy northern Shaanxi, seize Hejian and cut off Zhao Yan;" Then attack the north and south and break them one by one. " My reasons are as follows:
1 "(Qin Zhuang) two years, (Lv Buwei) to attack Zhao, Taiyuan. ... for three years, ... attacked Zhao Yuci, Xincheng and Langmeng, and took 37 cities. April, solar eclipse. Wang Bi attacked the Party. Set it in Taiyuan county first. "Historical Records Qin Benji" At this time, the strategic goal of Qin State is northern Shaanxi, which is very clear. Later, the new United five countries fought against Qin, and Qin was forced to participate in the war and failed. There are probably two reasons: (1) Xinlingjun has a large number of five-nation allied forces, and Xinlingjun is capable and good at using troops. (2) Qin Jun's attention is in northern Shaanxi, not in Hanoi. "Jinyang. In the first year of (Qin), the general hit it. " At this time, Qin Jun's strategy shifted to northern Shaanxi. In eight years, when Chang 'an attacked Zhao, it still took the Shaanxi route. According to "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang".
According to the Five Strategies of the Warring States Policy, in his later years, he wanted to capture the twelve counties in the border Hejian, and sent a prodigy Gan Luo to fight, so that Qin could capture Hejian without a single soldier. At this time, Qin Jun's strategic intention is still to cut off its ties with Zhao Yan.
Zhao was the only country at the end of the Warring States that dared to make friends with the positive, and maintained a good political in-laws relationship with Beiyan (according to the Warring States Policy and Historical Records). Because during the Sanjin period, the Han and Wei dynasties were very wary of Zhao, and Zhao followed the diplomatic strategy of pro-Yan Yuanjin. Lv Buwei is a thin generation. Naturally, it is clear that the real opponent of Qin's unification of the world is not Qi who pursues a pro-Qin foreign policy, nor is it a fragile Chu, but he will cut off contact with Zhao first. Later historical facts also proved this point. Zhao Yan was the country with the strongest resistance in the process of Qin's destruction of six countries, and Qin Jun also fought extremely hard.
Wei Liaozi probably didn't realize this, so after the fall of Lv Buwei, he changed Lu's strategy and was defeated by Zhao and Li Mu twice. Later, Wei Liaozi learned a lesson, realized the power of Zhao, and accelerated the process of destroying Zhao, making Zhao surpass Wei and become the second country destroyed by Qin.
The original territory of the State of Qin was in the western part of Shaanxi Province today, belonging to the marginal zone of China at that time. Before the early Warring States period, Qin was a weak country. Perhaps it is because it is remote and has not been valued by other countries. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, it was a relatively humble country. It was not until Qin Mugong's time that he participated in the Central Plains hegemony and became a second-class power after Jin, Chu and Qi. In terms of science and technology, culture and so on, Qin was also relatively backward in the early Warring States period. This situation was not changed until the Shang Yang Reform 36 1 year ago. From then on, Qin began to become strong. In the first 325 years, Qin Huiwen was king. Before 3 16, Qin destroyed Shu, and since then Qin has officially become a big country. Ying Zheng ascended the throne in the first 246 years, took power in the first 238 years, and began his conquest of the six countries. From the destruction of Korea by Qin State 230 years ago to the unification of China by Qin State 22 1 years ago. Please refer to the Battle of Qin's Unification of China.
Qin destroyed Korea in the first 230 years.
In the first 228 years, Qin captured Handan, the capital of Zhao.
In the first 225 years, Qin destroyed Wei.
Qin destroyed Chu in the first 223 years.
In the first 222 years, Qin destroyed Yan and Zhao.
Before 22 1, the Qin dynasty was destroyed, and the king of Qin was called the emperor, which was the first emperor.
Since 22 1 year ago, the history of China officially entered the feudal society, and Qin became the first centralized country with multi-ethnic unity in the history of China-the Qin Dynasty.
It is an inevitable trend of historical development since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to end the separatist regime of princes and complete the unification of feudal countries.
First of all, in terms of economic conditions, due to the improvement of productivity and social and economic development, the economic ties between regions have been strengthened to a certain extent, providing the necessary economic foundation for the formation of a unified situation.
Secondly, after a long period of ethnic integration in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China has formed a fairly solid Chinese national identity with a high level of economy and culture. Therefore, Huaxia, as a core nation, can overcome the centrifugal force of the surrounding ethnic groups and promote the gradual integration of people of all ethnic groups.
Third, people of all countries demand reunification. Farmers are the most enthusiastic supporters of reunification, because feudal separatism and disputes have brought unbearable pain and burden to farmers. Industrialists and businessmen are also eager for reunification in order to break down the barriers that restrict industrial and commercial development in various countries. The landlord class even demanded reunification, and they hoped to establish a unified and powerful centralized feudal country to ensure their own interests. Finally, after a long war of annexation, they changed the situation among big countries by swallowing the weak and the strong, and gradually made A Qin the backbone of reunification.
Qin Shihuang was able to destroy the six countries in ten years because of his powerful combat troops and superhuman military strategy.
Qin Jun has the following characteristics: 1). Strict discipline. The ranks of the army, law and criminal law reached an unprecedented height at that time. 2). rewards and punishments are clear. No dynasty can reach the level of the Qin Dynasty. 3). Greater preparation. More than one million. 4). Better weapons production. The weapons of different times are basically the same size, and crossbows are one of the best weapons against cavalry. The strongest crossbowman in China's history came from the Qin Dynasty. Unlike ordinary bows, Qin crossbows can only be wound with the help of the whole body. Experts estimate that the range of this Qin crossbow should reach 300 meters, and the effective killing distance is within 150 meters. The lethality of Qin crossbow was much higher than that of any kind of bow at that time, and it could easily penetrate ordinary armor. Qin Jun used this crossbow to drive Huns to the north of the Yellow River in a short time. Qin Jun also has a heavy infantry equipped with heavy spears. Since the discovery of terracotta warriors and horses in 1974, archaeology. 5). There is an unborn genius general. Qin people have brought us some shocking names: Bai Qi, Meng Tian, Meng Kuo, Wang Jian, Wang Ben ... Maybe we can still see their shadows from the terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum today.
2. In terms of military strategy, there are mainly: 1). The guiding ideology of disintegration and destruction war. In order to destroy the six countries, Ying Zheng adopted a strategy of combining political disintegration with military strikes. Pay attention to the use of space, buy off the ministers of the six countries with heavy money, disrupt their strategies, disintegrate their fighting spirit and alienate their good generals. According to the development of the war situation, nibbling gradually turned into swallowing whales, concentrating forces to destroy each other and quickly destroying the six countries. In the war, there must be counties for every piece of land, so as to ensure the consolidation of the land and the cohesion of the people from the organization and ensure the smooth progress of the unified war. 2). The frontier defense thought of building walls and guarding borders, and migrating people's solid borders. After beating away the Huns, Ying Zheng ordered Meng Tian to preside over the construction of the Great Wall, add pavilions and pavilions, connect the old Great Wall of Yan, Zhao and Qin, stretch for thousands of miles, and build a straight road, heavily stationed. Immigrants actually think this is a barrier to the north. At the same time, large-scale immigration enriched border counties and played a positive role in the development and defense of border areas. 3). Overall national strategy. That is, regardless of age, north and south, everyone who can participate in the war has been pushed to the front line of the war. The strength of Qin State is not only created by the army itself, but the whole war system of Qin State ensures the supply of military necessities such as rations and weapons in Qin Jun more effectively than other six countries. After the reunification of the whole country, the state of Qin did not stop, but continued to maintain an effective strategic deployment of the country's overall war during the war and continued to expand its army. The army controlled by the central government once reached 6.5438+0.6 million, which did not include a large number of guards in charge of royal security and soldiers from various counties and countries under the command of local material officials.
Economically:
1. In 2 16 BC, Qin Shihuang issued an order to "make the first place in Guizhou a real field" and confirmed the private ownership of land.
2. Qin Shihuang's reform unified the original chaotic weights and measures, taking the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang as the standard.
3. Abolish the common currency of the six countries, unify the currencies used, and use Qin "half Liang" money as the currency in circulation.
4. Based on the common characters of Qin State, Li Si was ordered to simplify, formulate and promulgate the characters, and unified them.
5. Qin Dynasty also made great contributions to the establishment of a unified postal system. In the Qin Dynasty, different names such as "Qi", "Qi" and "Jia" were all called "Hou". Since then, "post" has become a proper term for communication systems. In the Qin dynasty, "post" was responsible for the delivery of long-distance official documents and letters, while "step delivery" was adopted at close range, that is, sending people to deliver them on foot. In the way of postal delivery, most documents in the Qin Dynasty were relayed, and along the fixed route stipulated by the government, the person in charge of postal delivery was relayed station by station.
6. Promote the manufacturing process. The bronze smelting and casting process in Qin dynasty is the inheritance of bronze casting art in Shang and Zhou dynasties, but it has developed greatly. Its smelting and casting technology has reached a very high level, which is a comprehensive period in the ancient metallurgical history of China. No matter in bronze smelting and casting technology, or in welding, metal cold working and assembly technology, it has reached an amazing level, which shows that science and technology have made great progress since Qin Shihuang unified the whole country.
Ideologically:
Burn books to bury Confucianism and cleanse Chinese culture. In order to curb people's thoughts and accept Li Si's suggestion, all historical books, agricultural books, divination books and medical books except Qin Shi were ordered to be burned, and all the classics and hundreds of classics collected by the people and scholars in the country were also burned by the government, which is called "burning books". Because the people and scholars are dissatisfied, the speech is flying all over the sky. There are two alchemists (people who seek immortality and refine the elixir) named Lu Sheng and Hou Sheng, who speak ill of Qin Shihuang behind his back. When Qin Shihuang learned about it, he sent someone to catch them. They had already escaped. Qin Shihuang was greatly annoyed and found that some Confucian scholars in Xianyang also talked about him together. Qin Shihuang arrested those Confucian scholars for interrogation. Confucian scholars can't stand the torture and give up many people casually. Qin Shihuang ordered more than 460 people to be arrested, taken to Lishan Valley and killed, that is, buried alive. Because most of these people are Confucian scholars, they are called "pit Confucianism" by later generations. The rest of the banned Confucian scholars were exiled to the border.
As far as political power is concerned:
1. Qin Shihuang changed the traditional title of emperor. Qin Shihuang thought his contribution was higher than that of Huang Sanhe and Wudi, and finally called the emperor and the emperor "emperors". The emperor controlled the state power of the whole country, instead of enfeoffing governors and managing various places like the Western Zhou Dynasty, which led to the independence of governors and the uncontrollable central government, leading to chaos in the world. In order to maintain the dignity of the emperor, the name was also stipulated: the emperor claimed to use "I", the emperor's life was called "system" and the order was called "imperial decree". The emperor's seal is made of jade, called the jade seal. Only the emperor's seal can be called a seal. At the same time, the emperor's wife is called "the queen", his father is called "the emperor's father" and his mother is called "the empress dowager".
Qin Shihuang reformed the central political system. There are three officials and nine ministers under the emperor: the three officials are the prime minister, Qiu and the imperial historian. The prime minister is the chief executive, who assists the emperor in handling government affairs and is also responsible for managing civil and military officials. Qiu is the highest military and political chief in charge of military affairs, but he has no military power at ordinary times and has to obey the emperor's orders in wartime. Moreover, he needed the emperor's Jeff to mobilize the army, and the military power was actually in the hands of the emperor. The inspector is responsible for supervising officials and is also the deputy prime minister. Imperial edicts are generally handed over to the prime minister for execution by the imperial censor. Under the three fairs is Jiuqing: Feng Chang, who is in charge of ancestral temple etiquette; Langzhongling, responsible for conveying the emperor's orders and the emperor's guards; Wei Yan, the chief bodyguard of the imperial court, is responsible for the daily guards of the emperor's residence; Servants, whose main job is to serve the emperor and take charge of his chariots and horses; Ting Wei, in charge of national judicial affairs, is responsible for hearing major cases; Temple branch, responsible for the country's external affairs and internal minority affairs; Living in Zheng Zheng is an official who specializes in royal affairs; Manage the internal history of Xiaomi, manage the central finance, and be responsible for the national tax work; Shaofu was the emperor's private financial official, who managed all the Yamazawa Lake and palace handicrafts of the emperor.
3. At the local level, an important measure to strengthen the centralization of monarchy is to implement the county system. This is a historic change in the local political system, replacing the original enfeoffment system. The establishment of counties and counties was governed by officials appointed by the emperor himself, and the power of recall was also manipulated by the emperor. This will make the world stable for a long time, and the political power will always be in the hands of the central emperor. Qin Shihuang set up 36 counties in the country, with counties under it. The county magistrate is the county magistrate. The chief executive of a county has two names, one is the county magistrate (above 10,000 households) and the other is the county magistrate (below 10,000 households). Below the county level are Xiang, Ting, Li, Shi and Wu, which is a paramilitary management system. Five grassroots people are a unit, and the corporal is responsible. What is made up of ten, and who is in charge. The management of officials in the Qin Dynasty was very strict, and many laws were enacted to punish officials. Officials who break the law don't enjoy the privilege like the Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, "they can't be punished as doctors", but they increase the punishment. This made the bureaucracy of the Qin Dynasty very clear and the efficiency of the government extremely high. It is very strict for officials to be familiar with the law, but it also gives them a high status, not only political status, but also legal study, that is, "taking officials as teachers."
In addition to the political system reform, Qin Shihuang also took a series of measures to consolidate centralized rule. First, build the Great Wall. Qin Shihuang ordered the demolition of the original capitals of the six countries and the Great Wall they built, and then built the Great Wall to resist the Xiongnu in the north. Qin Changcheng starts from Lintao (now Min County, Gansu Province) in the west, east to Liaodong (now Datong River area), and east to Wan Li. Second, confiscate the weapons of the world, and then melt them into twelve huge copper men, each with 240 thousand Jin, to prevent the world from making trouble. Third, build official roads, that is, relax roads. With Xianyang as the center, * * * has built three roads, one of which reaches Inner Mongolia in the north, which is called the straight road. One leads to Hebei and Shandong in the east, until the sea. One goes south, connecting the two lakes and Jiangsu. The equator is fifty paces wide, and a pine tree is planted every three feet on both sides. The establishment of the equator has greatly shortened the time of information dissemination, which is conducive to the strengthening of centralization and the timely transmission of government decrees. Fourth, in order to eradicate the rebellion of the descendants of the six countries, Qin Shihuang moved the descendants and the rich to Xianyang, which was convenient for monitoring and prospered the capital economy. Fifth, develop South Vietnam, so that China's territory includes today's Guangdong and Guangxi, and even extends to today's northern Vietnam. Making China the largest empire in the world at that time.
Qin Shihuang, the first emperor of China, is a legendary and epoch-making figure in the history of China. What he did, such as merging the world, calling himself emperor, abolishing feudalism, setting up counties, selling weapons, moving rich households, removing obstacles, conquering Baiyue, driving away Huns, dredging ditches, being on the same track with cars and classmates, and so on, had a great impact on the great unity of the country, the establishment of China's political system, the establishment of China's territory and the inheritance of the Chinese nation. In this respect, however, Qin Shihuang's autocratic dictatorship, exorbitant taxes and harsh laws not only led to the demise of the Qin Dynasty in 15 after the reunification of China, but also led to the autocratic monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, which made the people of China live an unbearable inhuman life for a long time. We should not just defend Qin Shihuang, a tyrant. In a word, Qin Shihuang was an "eternal emperor" who created a unified situation, and an autocratic "tyrant" on the other hand, which just confirmed the fact that human nature was three-dimensional. The evaluation of a historical figure is not one-sided, and it is necessary to discuss it from multiple angles in order to return the true face of a historical figure. Ideologically, books were burned to bury Confucianism, politically, a county system was established to strengthen rule, and all levels were directly responsible to the emperor to strengthen centralization.
Qin Shihuang was the first monarch in the history of China, and his extraordinary achievements were comparable to those of the emperor of China. Although he built great buildings in his later years, which brought heavy disasters to the people, his contribution to the history of China far outweighed his mistakes. As Sima Qian commented in Historical Records: "As for the king of Qin, after VI, he continued to be fierce and made a long-term plan to conquer the palace and swallow the princes who died two weeks ago, taking the supreme position to make Liuhe, whip the world and inspire the world. Take the land of Baiyue in the south, think that Guilin, the king of Baiyue, has tightened his neck and appointed officials. So Meng Tian built the Great Wall in the north and guarded the fence, but the Huns were more than 700 miles away. The conference semifinals dare not go south to herd horses, and the scholars dare not bow to their knees. So Wang Zhidao was abolished and the words of a hundred schools of thought were burned. Capture the famous city, kill Hao Jun, take Xianyang, the land where soldiers gather in the world, and sell the front to cast a lot of money, thinking that the Golden Man is twelve, so as to weaken the people first. Cut Warwick City again, because the river is Tianjin, according to the city of 100 million feet, unexpectedly solid. A good general will guard the key points with a strong crossbow, and a loyal minister will be Chen Libing. Who is who? It depends on the world. The heart of the king of Qin thinks that Guanzhong is solid, Jincheng is thousands of miles away, and the descendants of emperors are also eternal. " (Biography of Qin Shihuang)
Qin died in the second year, and the historical lessons are enough to warn future generations and learn from them.
Because the two emperors made great contributions to China.