Registered teacher who can take the water supply and drainage major: registered public equipment engineer (water supply and drainage). The qualification examination for registered public equipment engineers adopts a unified national outline and unified propositions, and is basically held once a year in September. The following is the information I collected, I hope it will help you.
The examination is divided into basic examination and professional examination. The basic examination is divided into public foundation and professional foundation. Only those who pass the basic examination and complete the professional practice period according to the regulations can sign up for the professional examination.
Those who pass the basic examination and meet one of the following conditions may apply for taking the professional examination:
(a) after obtaining the professional doctorate, engaged in public equipment engineering design work for 2 years; Or after obtaining a similar professional doctorate, he has been engaged in public equipment professional engineering design for 3 years.
(two) after obtaining the master's degree in this major, he has been engaged in the engineering design of public equipment for 3 years; Or after obtaining a master's degree in a similar major, he has been engaged in public equipment engineering design for 4 years.
(3) Obtained a double bachelor's degree including this major or graduated from the postgraduate class of this major, and has been engaged in public equipment engineering design for 4 years; Or after graduating from a double bachelor's degree or graduate program in a similar major, he has been engaged in engineering design for public equipment for 5 years.
(four) after obtaining a bachelor's degree or a degree that has passed the professional education evaluation, he has been engaged in the professional engineering design of public equipment for 4 years; Or after obtaining a bachelor's degree or degree that has not passed the professional education evaluation, he has been engaged in the professional engineering design of public equipment for 5 years; Or after obtaining a bachelor's degree or degree in a similar major, he has been engaged in public equipment engineering design for 6 years.
(five) after obtaining a college degree in this major, he has been engaged in the engineering design of public equipment for 6 years; Or after obtaining a college degree in a similar major, he has been engaged in public equipment engineering design for 7 years.
(6) Having obtained a bachelor's degree or above in other engineering majors, he has been engaged in public equipment engineering design for 8 years.
65438+Before February 3, 2002 1, those who meet one of the following conditions may be exempted from the basic examination and only need to take the professional examination: (1) After obtaining the professional doctorate, they have been engaged in the professional engineering design of public equipment for 5 years; Or after obtaining a doctoral degree in a similar major, he has been engaged in the engineering design of public equipment for 6 years.
(two) after obtaining the master's degree in this major, he has been engaged in the engineering design of public equipment for 6 years; Or after obtaining a master's degree in a similar major, he has been engaged in public equipment engineering design for 7 years.
(3) Obtained a double bachelor's degree including this major or graduated from the postgraduate class of this major, and has been engaged in public equipment engineering design for 7 years; Or after graduating from a double bachelor's degree or graduate program in a similar major, he has been engaged in public equipment engineering design for 8 years.
(four) after obtaining a bachelor's degree or degree in this major, he has been engaged in public equipment engineering design for 8 years; Or after obtaining a bachelor's degree or degree in a similar major, he has been engaged in public equipment engineering design for 9 years.
(five) after obtaining a college degree in this major, he has been engaged in public equipment engineering design for 9 years; Or after obtaining a college degree in a similar major, he has been engaged in public equipment engineering design for 10 years.
(6) Obtained a bachelor's degree or above in other engineering majors, and worked in public facilities engineering design for 12 years.
(7) Having obtained a college degree in other engineering majors, he has been engaged in the engineering design of public equipment for 15 years. (eight) after obtaining the technical secondary school education, he has been engaged in the engineering design of public equipment for 25 years; Or after obtaining a technical secondary school degree in a similar major, he has been engaged in the engineering design of public equipment for 30 years.
Basic examination outline:
First, advanced mathematics.
1. 1 analytic geometry of space
Quadratic surface space curve of vector algebra straight line plane cylinder revolution surface
1.2 calculus
Limit continuous derivative, differential partial derivative, total differential derivative and differential application
1.3 integral
Indefinite integral definite integral generalized integral double integral triple integral plane curve integral
Integral application
1.4 infinite series
Series power series Taylor series Fourier series
1.5 ordinary differential equation'
Separable variable equation first-order linear equation reducible equation constant coefficient linear equation
1.6 probability and mathematical statistics
Random events and probability: the distribution and numerical characteristics of one-dimensional random variables in classical probability
Basic concepts of statistics, parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, variance analysis, univariate regression analysis.
1.7 vector analysis
1.8 linear algebra
Eigenvalue and eigenvector of determinant matrix n-dimensional vector linear equations matrix
square
Second, general physics.
2. 1 thermodynamics
The parameters of gas state balance the equation of state of ideal gas, and the pressure and temperature of ideal gas.
According to the principle of energy distribution according to degrees of freedom, the average number of collisions in ideal gas can be explained statistically.
And Maxwell's law of average free path rate distribution.
Law and its application in the equivalent process and adiabatic process of ideal gas: the second thermodynamic law of heat engine efficiency in the cycle of gas molar heat capacity and its statistical significance: reversible process and irreversible process.
Entropy of reversible process
2.2 Wave Science
Simple harmonic expression of energy standing wave velocity of mechanical wave generation and propagation wave
Doppler effect of ultrasonic infrasound wave
2.3 optics
Obtaining the benefits of coherent Young's double-slit interference optical path thin film interference Michael interferometer
Resolution of Single-slit Diffraction Optical Instrument Based on Genghis-Fresnel Principle
Natural light and polarized light Brewster's law Marius' law birefringence of polarized light
Interference artificial birefringence and its application
Third, general chemistry.
3. 1 material structure and material state
Electronic structure, atomic orbit and electron cloud of atoms and ions
Characteristics and types of ionic bonds * * * Valence bond molecular structure hybrid orbitals and molecular holes
Law and calculation of intermolecular force and hydrogen bond partial pressure between sub-configuration polar molecules and nonpolar molecules
Relationship between Vaporization Thermal Crystals of Liquid Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point and Material Properties
3.2 solutions
Solution concentration and calculation; Universality and osmotic pressure concept of non-electrolyte dilute solution calculation of electrolyte
Ionization equilibrium ionization constant of solution and its calculation: same ion effect and separation of buffer solution water
The product of acid-base multiphase ion equilibrium of solution and PH value, salt solution equilibrium and solubility product.
Concept and calculation of constant solubility
3.3 Periodic Table
Periodic Table Structure Periodic Group Atomic Structure and Periodic Table Relationship Element Properties Oxide
The gradual change law of acidity and alkalinity of its hydrate
3.4 chemical reaction equation chemical reaction rate and chemical equilibrium
The writing method of chemical reaction equation and the concept of calculating reaction heat; Writing method of thermochemical reaction equation; The expression method of chemical reaction rate; The influence rate constant of concentration and temperature on the reaction rate; and
Activation energy of reaction order and concept of catalyst
Characteristics of chemical equilibrium and expression of equilibrium constant; motion principle of chemical equilibrium and calculation of pressure entropy
And that direction of chemical reaction.
3.5 Redox and electrochemistry
Writing of redox reaction equation of oxidant and reductant and composition and symbol of balanced primary battery
1 standard electrode potential Nernst equation and electrode potential for electrode reaction and battery reaction
Applied electrolysis and metal corrosion
3.6 Organic Chemistry
Characteristics, classification and nomenclature of functional groups and molecular structural formulas of organic compounds
Important chemical reactions of organic compounds: addition, substitution, elimination, oxidation, addition polymerization and polycondensation.
Molecular formulas, properties and uses of typical organic compounds: methane, acetylene, benzene, toluene and ethanol.
Phenol acetaldehyde ethyl acetate ethylamine aniline polyvinyl chloride polyvinyl polyacrylic acid
Ester engineering plastics (ABS) rubber nylon 66
Fourth, theoretical mechanics.
4. 1 static
Force-to-point Balance Analysis of Force-to-point Constraint Moment Force on Statics Axiom
Simplification of theoretical force system of axial couple: equilibrium system of soil vector principal moment system
Balanced sliding friction of the system (including plane statically determinate truss) Self-locking of friction angle considers sliding friction.
Equilibrium center of gravity of object system during friction
4.2 kinematics
Motion equation of point, trajectory speed and acceleration, translation of rigid body, fixed axis rotation of rigid body.
Velocity and acceleration of any point in a rigid body with angular velocity and angular acceleration of rotation equation
4.3 dynamics
Basic law of dynamics momentum momentum theorem of differential equation of particle motion
Momentum Conservation Theorem Conditional Centroid Motion Theorem Conditional Moment of Moment Theorem Conditional Moment of Moment Theorem Conditional Rigid Body Fixed Axis Rotation Differential Equation
Parallel axis theorem moment of inertia moment of radius moment of inertia work kinetic energy potential energy power.
Energy Theorem Simplified D'Alembert Principle of Rigid Body Inertia System with Conservation of Mechanical Energy Inertia Force
Differential equation vibration periodic frequency and amplitude constraints of linear vibration of single-degree-of-freedom system
Virtual displacement primitive with ideal constraint in generalized coordinates of degrees of freedom? reason
Verb (abbreviation of verb) mechanics of materials
5. 1 The axial force and stress intensity conditions on the section and inclined section of the tension-compression bar are determined by Hu.
Law and displacement calculation strain energy calculation
5.2 Practical Calculation of Shear and Extrusion Interaction between Hooke's Shear Law and Shear Stress
5.3 Calculation of torque and torque diagram for torsional shear stress and strength conditions of even moment outside circular shaft
Calculation of torsional angle and torsional strain energy under stiffness condition
5.4 Static Moment and Centroid Moment of Inertia and Inertia Product Parallel Moving Axis Formula Centroid Soil Moment of Inertia
5.5 Shear (shear) diagram and bending moment diagram of beam internal force equation distribute load, shear force and bending moment.
Normal stress strength condition, shear stress strength condition and reasonable section of beam
Integral superposition method and Descartes' second theorem for solving beam deformation with the concept of plane bending center
5.6 Numerical method and graphic method for plane stress state analysis; Principal stress and maximum of a point stress state
Four common strength theories of generalized Hooke's law for large shear stress
5.7 Oblique bending, eccentric compression (or stretching), tension bending or combination of pressure bending and torsion bending.
5.8 Application scope of Euler formula for critical force formula of slender compression bar General diagram of critical stress of compression bar and stability checking calculation of empirical formula
Six, fluid mechanics
6. 1 Main physical properties of fluid
6.2 Hydrostatics
The concept of hydrostatic pressure
Calculation of total pressure of hydrostatic pressure distribution under gravity
6.3 The foundation of fluid dynamics describes the concept of flow with the flow field as the object.
Full-flow analysis of fluid motion Constant full-flow continuity equation, energy equation and momentum equation
6.4 Flow Resistance and Head Loss
Two flow patterns of real fluid-laminar flow and turbulent flow.
Characteristics of laminar and turbulent flow in a circular tube
Head loss and local head loss along the line
Basic concepts and flow resistance of boundary layer and boundary layer
6.5 orifice plate and nozzle flow out of the pressure pipeline with constant flow.
6.6 Constant and uniform water flow in open channel
6.7 Seepage Law Well and Water Collection Corridor
6.8 Similarity principle and dimensional analysis
6.9 Measurement of fluid motion parameters (flow rate, velocity and pressure)
Seven. Computer Application Fundamentals
7. 1 Basic Computer Knowledge
Composition of hardware and functional software and conversion of functional number system
7.2 Windows operating system
Basic knowledge, system startup related directories, files, disks and other operating network functions.
Note: Based on Windows98.
7.3 computer programming language
Program Structure and Basic Provisions Data Variable Array Pointer Assignment Statement
Input and output statement transmission conditional statements, and select statement loop statements.
Function subroutine (or procedure) sequential file random file
Note: In view of the current situation, FORTRAN language is adopted temporarily.
Eight, electrical and electronic technology
8. 1 electric field and magnetic field
Coulomb's Law Gauss's Law Loop Law Electromagnetic Induction Law
8.2 DC track
Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's law, superposition principle and Davenan's theorem.
8.3 Sine AC Circuit
Calculation power and power of sine three-element effective value complex impedance single-phase and three-phase circuits
Common sense of safe electricity consumption by factor series-parallel resonance
8.4 RC and RL Circuit Transient Process
Three elements analysis method
8.5 Transformers and Motors
Voltage, Current and Impedance Transformation of Transformer Application of Three-phase Asynchronous Motor
General relay-contactor control circuit
8.6 Diodes and Rectifying, Filtering and Voltage Stabilizing Circuits
8.7 Triode and Single Tube Amplifier Circuit
8.8 operational amplifier
Proportional addition, subtraction and integration operation circuit composed of ideal operational amplifier
8.9 gates and triggers
RS, d and JK flip-flops of basic gate circuits
Nine, engineering economy
9. 1 cash flow composition and capital equivalent calculation
Cash flow investment assets depreciation cost of fixed assets operating cost sales income
General calculation formula of capital equivalence of main taxes in for-profit engineering project investment and its application
Usage of compound interest coefficient table
9.2 Evaluation methods and parameters of investment economic effect
Net present value internal rate of return net annual value expense present value expense annual value difference internal income
Benchmark discount rate of investment payback period, types of life equalization scheme and life substitution scheme
Comparison and selection of life inequality schemes
9.3 Uncertainty analysis
Break-even analysis Break-even point Fixed cost Variable cost Single factor sensitivity score
Analyze sensitive factors
9.4 Financial evaluation of investment projects
Basic contents of feasibility study of industrial investment projects
The objectives and work contents of financial evaluation of investment projects; Profitability analysis; The main purpose of raising funds
The main way of capital cost and the main way of debt repayment: the basic financial statements, the economic effect of all investments and the economic effect of self-owned funds, the cash flow statement of all investments and the cash flow of self-owned funds.
Table financial effect calculation solvency analysis reconstruction and technical transformation investment project finance
Characteristics of evaluation (relative to new projects)
9.5 Value Engineering
Concept, content and implementation steps of value engineering: functional analysis
X. hydrology and hydrogeology
10. 1 hydrological concept
Calculation of water balance in river basin by runoff and sediment
10.2 flood and dry runoff
Design low flow and water level Design flood flow and water level
10.3 precipitation data collection
Peak discharge of rainstorm formula
L0.4 groundwater storage
Geological structure groundwater forms groundwater storage and groundwater circulation.
10.5 groundwater movement
Groundwater flows steadily to wells, while groundwater flows unsteadily to wells.
10.6 groundwater distribution characteristics
Valley alluvium groundwater, desert groundwater, mountain groundwater and hilly groundwater.
10.7 groundwater resources evaluation
Reserves calculation and exploitation evaluation
XI。 Microbiology of water treatment
1 1. 1 morphology and structure of bacteria
Naming of morphology, cell structure, physiological function, growth and reproduction of bacteria.
1 1.2 Physiological characteristics of bacteria
Classification of nutritional types and factors affecting enzyme activity; Respiratory types of bacteria; The growth of bacteria.
1 1.3 Other microorganisms
Iron bacteria sulfur bacteria Jersey bacteria yeast bacteria morphology algae protozoa
The role of epigenetic virus phage microorganisms in water treatment
1 1.4 Hygienic bacteriology of water
Distribution of bacteria in water Microbial control methods in detection of pathogenic bacteria and viruses in water
1 1.5 Biological treatment of wastewater
Degradation of pollutants, transformation of pollutants into organic matter, decomposition of wastewater and biological treatment of water pollution.
class monitor
Twelve. hydraulics
12. 1 hydrostatics
Archimedes principle of hydrostatic pressure balance and stability of underwater and floating bodies
12.2 fluid dynamics theory
Total head line of Bernoulli equation
12.3 flow resistance and head loss
Flow resistance around local head loss caused by the change of resistance coefficient along the way
12.4 orifice plate, nozzle outflow and pressurization pipeline
Hydraulic calculation of short outlet pipe with variable head at orifice (or nozzle) Long pipe hydraulic calculation pipe network
Fundamentals of hydraulic calculation
12.5 uniform flow in open channel
Hydraulic calculation of optimal section and allowable velocity
12.6 uneven flow in open channel
Differential equation of critical water depth critical flow gradient flow of slow-flow jet
12.7 weir flow
Hydraulic Calculation of Diameter of Small Bridge with Thin-walled Weir and Wide-crested Weir with Practical Stilling Basin
Thirteen, water pump and water pump station
13. 1 vane pump
Working principle of centrifugal pump Basic equation of centrifugal pump performance curve Specific revolutions (ns)
Characteristic curve of pipeline system under the condition of constant speed operation; Parallel operation pipe string at outlet working point of water tank
Install variable pressure cavitation and cavitation allowance in the suction pipe with combined operation and speed regulation operation.
High mixed flow pump
13.2 feed water pump station
Classification of Pumping Stations The power supply and distribution pump groups of pumping stations are arranged with water suction pipes and water pressure pipes of pumping stations.
Noise of water hammer pumping station
1 3.3 drainage pumping station
Classification and structural characteristics of drainage pumping stations; Selection of pump; Arrangement of positive displacement water pump unit in sump.
Rainwater Pump Station Confluence Pump Station Screw Pump Sewage Pump Station
Fourteen Analytical chemistry of water
14. 1 Quality assurance of chemical process of water analysis
Error data processing of water sample preservation and pretreatment water quality analysis results
14.2 acid-base titration
Acid-base titration of alkalinity and acidity of water
14.3 complexometric titration
Complexation equilibrium complexometric titration hardness determination
14.4 precipitation titration
Determination of chloride ion in water by Mohr precipitation titration principle
14.5 redox titration
Principle of redox reaction indicator titration potassium permanganate titration potassium dichromate titration
Iodometric titration of permanganate index COD BOD, total oxygen demand (TOD) and total organic carbon (TOC).
14.6 absorption spectrometry
Colorimetric spectrophotometry based on absorption spectrum principle
14.7 electrochemical analysis method
Potentiometric analysis direct potentiometric analysis potentiometric titration
Fifteen, engineering survey
Basic knowledge 1 5. 1 measurement error
Classification and characteristic evaluation of measurement errors; Error propagation law of observation accuracy evaluation
15.2 control survey
Plane control network positioning and directional traverse survey intersection fixed-point elevation control survey
15.3 topographic mapping
Basic knowledge of topographic map, ground object plan mapping, contour topographic map mapping
Application of 1 5.4 topographic map
Application of topographic map in architectural design Application of topographic map in urban planning
15.5 construction engineering survey
Construction engineering control survey, construction lofting survey, construction installation survey and construction engineering deformation observation.
Sixteen, professional regulations
16. 1 China's legal norms on capital construction, architecture, urban planning, environmental protection and real estate.
16.2 professional ethics and code of conduct of engineering designers
Basic Examination for Qualification of Registered Public Utility Engineer (Water Supply and Drainage)
Explain the distribution of the number of people, time and scores in the basic examination by subject.
Morning meeting:
24 questions of advanced mathematics, fluid mechanics 12 questions.
General Physics 12 Fundamentals of Computer Application 10
General Chemistry 12 Electrical and Electronic Technology 12
Theoretical Mechanics 13 Engineering Economy 10
Mechanics of materials 15
A total of 120 questions, each question 1 minute. The examination time is 4 hours.
Afternoon meeting:
Hydrology and hydrogeology 12
Water treatment microbiology 10 problem
Eight problems in hydraulics
Water pump and pumping station 12
L0 problem of water analytical chemistry
Five problems of engineering survey
Three questions about professional laws and regulations
There are 60 questions, each with 2 points. The examination time is 4 hours.
Morning and afternoon 180 questions, out of 240 points. The total examination time is 8 hours.
Professional examination outline:
1. Water supply project
1. 1 water supply system
Familiar with the composition and classification of water supply system
Master the calculation of design water consumption
Familiar with the flow relationship and water pressure relationship of water supply system.
1.2 water transmission and distribution project
Master the layout and hydraulic calculation of pipe network and water pipeline.
Master the volume calculation of water tower and clear water pool and determine the height of water tower.
Familiar with technical and economic comparison of pipe network schemes
Understand the design of regional water supply system
Familiar with water supply pipes, fittings and pipe laying methods.
Understand the anti-corrosion method of water supply pipeline
1.3 water intake project
Understand the general situation of water resources, water source selection and water intake engineering tasks.
Familiar with the types and applicable conditions of groundwater intake structures
Master the types, site selection and layout requirements of surface water intake structures.
1.4 water supply treatment
Familiar with the main methods and basic theories of water supply treatment.
Master the process design of coagulation, sedimentation, clarification and filtration structures.
Familiar with chlorine disinfection and equipment, understand other disinfection methods.
Understand the method of removing iron and manganese from groundwater.
Master the preparation method and system design of soft water and pure water.
Familiar with water plant design
1.5 water cooling and water quality treatment of circulating cooling water
Understand the cooling principle of water and cooling structure, and be familiar with the water treatment of circulating cooling water.
Master the composition and design principles of circulating cooling water system.
2. Drainage works
2. 1 Drainage system
Familiar with the system, composition and planning and design principles of drainage system.
Master the design and calculation of sewer system and storm sewer system.
Familiar with the calculation of rainstorm intensity formula
Understand the design and calculation of flood discharge ditch
Familiar with urban sewage reuse system and its composition
Understand the use conditions, layout characteristics, design flow calculation and old urban system of pipe-canal combined system.
Reconfiguration method of composite system
Master the section, material, interface and foundation of drainage pipes and ditches.
Familiar with the structure of drainage system.
Understand the management and maintenance of drainage pipeline system
2.2 Urban sewage treatment
Understand the nature, pollution index, water pollution and harm of sewage.
Familiar with the basic methods and system design of urban sewage treatment.
Familiar with the types and structural characteristics of sewage physical treatment facilities.
Master the design and calculation of aerated grit chamber and radial sedimentation tank.
Familiar with the principle and main design parameters of sewage activated sludge treatment.
Familiar with the principle and technology of sewage biofilm treatment.
Understand the principle of anaerobic biological treatment of sewage
Master the principle and application of common urban sewage biological treatment processes.
Understand the advanced treatment and reuse technology of sewage.
Familiar with the design and monitoring of urban sewage treatment plants.
2.3 Industrial wastewater treatment
Understand the classification and discharge requirements of industrial wastewater
Familiar with the principle and application of physical and chemical treatment of Wang Ye wastewater.
2.4 Sludge Treatment Understand the classification and properties of sludge.
Familiar with sludge concentration method
Familiar with the mechanism and influencing factors of sludge anaerobic digestion
Familiar with the structure and design of sludge anaerobic digester
Master the dehydration method of sludge
Understand the final disposal method of sludge
3. Building water supply and drainage works
3. 1 building water supply
Understand water quality standards
Master water quality protection measures
Familiar with the composition of water supply system and the selection of pipes, fittings, equipment and accessories.
Master water consumption, design second flow and hydraulic calculation of pipe network.
Familiar with water-saving measures
Master the principles and measures of building water supply zoning.
3.2 Building Fire Prevention
Understand the classification of buildings in the fire protection code and the corresponding fire protection regulations.
Master the composition and use of water fire fighting system.
Master the layout principles of fire hydrants and automatic sprinkler systems.
Master the hydraulic calculation of fire water consumption and fire water supply system.
Understand the application of building fire extinguishers and other non-water fire fighting systems.
3.3 Building drainage
Understand the composition of drainage system and the selection of pipes, fittings, equipment and accessories.
Be familiar with the function of water seal and snorkel, and master the design method of snorkel.
Master hydraulic calculation of displacement, design secondary flow and drainage pipe network.
Familiar with roof rainwater drainage methods and design requirements of rainwater pipes.
Familiar with the design of local sewage and wastewater treatment facilities.
3.4 Building hot water
Familiar with the composition of hot water and drinking water system and the selection of pipes, fittings, equipment and accessories.
Understand the requirements of hot water supply system for water quality and water temperature and the safety measures of hot water supply system, master the calculation of hot water quantity and heat consumption and the selection of general water heating and heat storage equipment.
Master the water supply pressure balance between hot water supply system and cold water system and the calculation of hot water circulation pipe network.
Familiar with the preparation method of boiling water and purification method of drinking water in drinking water supply system, as well as the methods to ensure the quality of drinking water.
Technical measures
3.5 Building water
Familiar with water treatment process and water balance calculation in buildings.
3.6 Indoor swimming pool
Understand the general regulations and water treatment technology of indoor swimming pools.
Characteristics of professional examination subjects, questions, scores, time allocation and questions
Time allocation and test results of professional examinations
The national survey and design registered utility engineer (water supply and drainage) qualification examination is divided into two days, the first day is the professional knowledge examination, and the second day is the professional case examination. The examination time is 3 hours in the morning and 3 hours in the afternoon. On the first day, professional knowledge concept questions 100, 50 questions in the morning and 50 questions in the afternoon, each question 1 point, and the total score 100 point. The next day, there were 50 case analysis questions, 25 questions in the morning and 25 questions in the afternoon, each with 2 points, and the total score was 100.
Problem type characteristics
The examination questions are composed of conceptual questions (including comprehensive conceptual questions) and case analysis questions (including calculation questions and chain calculation questions). The calculation results of each item in the chain calculation problem are generally disconnected.