Any substance is composed of atoms, and the basic structure of atoms is protons (positively charged), neutrons (uncharged) and electrons (negatively charged). As shown in the figure, protons and neutrons are called nuclei because of their large mass, strong binding force and difficulty in separation. They are closely gathered together, and the electron mass is not high, which surrounds the nucleus.

Under normal circumstances, the number of protons in an atom is equal to the number of electrons, the positive and negative charges are balanced, and it is electrically neutral (uncharged). When subjected to some external force (such as friction, photoelectric effect, etc.). ), the electrons around the nucleus are out of orbit, which destroys the uncharged state of the atom. Electrons leave the original atom and invade other atoms, causing the original atom to be positively charged and other atoms to be negatively charged.

This electrification phenomenon is caused by the derailment of electrons by external forces, which is often accompanied by this phenomenon in our daily work. Such as contact, separation, friction, induction, flowing air, etc. It will generate static electricity.

Due to the material and friction of objects, the intensity of static electricity is closely related to the relative operating speed, pressure, temperature, humidity and other factors of the environment.