Analysis: The central argument of this paper is that fear of mistakes is to undermine progress. It was put forward by quoting a famous saying.
2. How is the central argument of this article demonstrated step by step?
Analysis: after putting forward the central argument at the beginning of this paper, the reason of the error is clarified in the second paragraph, and how to treat the error is further clarified in the third and fourth paragraphs; The third paragraph mainly expounds that mistakes are not terrible, and the fourth paragraph further proves that "if you want to discover and create, don't be afraid of mistakes." Finally, paragraph 1 links with the reality of China's current reform, emphasizing that "to be afraid of mistakes is to ruin the reform." This article demonstrates the central argument step by step.
How about the title of this article without quotation marks? Why?
Analysis: Not good. Because this sentence is a famous saying, not the author's initiative; In addition, the quotation marks in the title also imply the writing characteristics of quoting famous words as arguments in this paper.
4. What's wrong with deleting the words "especially those who are enthusiastic about reform and brave in innovation" in paragraph 1 of this article?
Analysis: What is wrong is that these words make preparations in advance for the last paragraph of this article to deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion that "fear of mistakes is to destroy reform", which makes the beginning and end coordinated and coherent. If these words are deleted, they will not play such a role.
5. Can the word "even" in the sentence "people's knowledge, ability and even inventions ……" be replaced by "or" and "harmony"? Why?
Analysis: cannot be changed. Because: if it is changed to "or", then "knowledge", "ability" and "invention and creation" will become a selective relationship; If it is changed to "he", these three things will become a parallel relationship, while the original text is actually a progressive relationship, so it is appropriate to use "even".
6. "If you want to shut out all the mistakes, you will be shut out of the truth forever; If you want to avoid any failure, you will never succeed. " If "everything" and "all" were deleted, would you? Why?
Analysis: Not good. There are two reasons: "everything" and "all" echo the word "forever" in this clause. If deleted, this statement is not rigorous and may not be correct. In addition, from the upper and lower clauses, "everything" and "du" correspond to "any" in the next sentence. If deleted, the sentence pattern before and after is asymmetrical, and it is not harmonious and smooth to read.
7. "Of course, this by no means means not trying to prevent and reduce mistakes ..." Can the "of course" in the sentence be replaced by "of course"?
And "? Can "absolute" be replaced by "and"? Why?
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Analysis: "Of course" cannot be replaced by "However". Because "of course" only means a slight turning point, and it also means "self-evident, taken for granted", while "however" only means a real semantic turning point. In the context, it should only be semantic transfer, which means "self-evident", so it is better to use "of course" than "however". "Jue" can't be replaced by "Bing", and its meaning is more certain than that of "Bing". Used here, it not only emphasizes your correct views, but also "shields" wrong associations.
8. This article says that "fear of mistakes will undermine progress", does it mean that the more mistakes you make, the better?
Analysis: This paper demonstrates the central argument that "fear of mistakes is to undermine progress" through quotations and examples. The purpose of writing is to tell people that due to subjective and objective reasons, when people engage in various activities, they will inevitably make mistakes of one kind or another, and will suffer large and small failures. With mistakes and failures, we need not be afraid. It is necessary to "analyze the reasons, sum up the lessons and find the right way." Only in this way can we succeed. Otherwise, you will be "timid" and eventually accomplish nothing. The author of this article is not advocating mistakes, not saying that the more mistakes, the better, not saying that we can be indifferent to mistakes. On the contrary, the author says that we should "try our best to prevent and reduce mistakes", that is, we should try our best to avoid mistakes, avoid detours and reduce unnecessary losses. However, in case of mistakes and failures, there is no need to panic. We should conscientiously sum up experience and lessons, rally and make a comeback.
9. Is the end and the beginning of this article repetitive?
Analysis: Put forward the central argument at the beginning: Fear of mistakes is to undermine progress. This is a general summary, and the end is to deepen the central argument, "fear of mistakes is to destroy reform", which is a conclusion drawn after combining reality, aiming at problems and strong argumentation. This is exactly the problem to be solved in this paper. This makes the center more specific, deeper and clearer. At the same time, it also makes the article echo from beginning to end and has a complete structure.
10. What are the writing characteristics of this article?
Analysis: (1) The argument is clear, pertinent and thought-provoking.
Whitehead's famous words are quoted at the beginning, and the central argument of the whole paper is put forward. The argument put forward by the author is targeted. Although we ancients have long said that "failure is the mother of success", in real life, many people often forget this old adage and regard mistakes as absolute bad things. Especially in the current era of reform and opening up, faced with the complicated facts brought about by reform and opening up, some people are afraid of making such mistakes, so they are timid and timid; Some people give up because of reform mistakes, pessimistic and discouraged; Some people even use mistakes in reform to deny reform. This kind of "fear of mistakes" has formed a wrong trend of thought and played a bad role in binding people's thoughts and hindering the healthy progress of reform. The argument put forward by the author is precisely the denial of the above wrong ideas and the clearing of ideological obstacles for the road of reform.
(2) The argument is thorough and full of dialectics.
Paragraphs 2 to 4 are the core of the whole article. The second paragraph is based on objective reasons (the essence of objective things is not exposed; Sometimes it appears as an illusion) and subjective reasons (people's cognitive ability, level and experience limitation) are comprehensively analyzed, and the conclusion that "mistakes are often inevitable" is drawn. This passage also shows that error and truth, failure and success are opposites. The third paragraph is also discussed from the perspective of the unity of failure, error and success and truth. First of all, with vivid metaphors of "night and dawn" and "sleep and wake up", it is pointed out that "failure and success" and "error and truth" are closely linked, and both sides are based on the existence of the other side and are in unity of opposites. On the other hand, under certain conditions, the opposing sides will transform into each other. "When a person wakes up from a wrong dream, he will rush to the truth with new wisdom and strength." Waking up from a "dream" mentioned here is a necessary condition for turning failures and mistakes into success and truth. The so-called "lucidity" means keeping a clear head in the face of failures and mistakes, truly recognizing the subjective and objective reasons of failures and mistakes, and finding a way to move on by earnestly summing up experiences and lessons; Otherwise, failure is always failure, and mistakes are always mistakes. The article quotes Hegel and David successively, which makes this analysis of the dialectical relationship between failure, error and success, and truth more convincing. It is precisely because of the dialectical relationship between error, failure, truth and success that there is both opposition and unity, so we not only don't have to be afraid of mistakes, but if we are afraid of them, we will shut ourselves out of the door of truth. The first two sentences of the fourth paragraph emphasize the correctness of the central argument from two aspects: positive (if you want to discover and create, you should not be afraid of mistakes) and negative (if you close the door on mistakes, you will always be rejected by truth), which is also a summary of the theoretical analysis of the first two paragraphs. After reasoning, the central argument is discussed by the method of "putting facts". It lists the fact that Faraday and ehrlich were not afraid of countless failures and then made scientific achievements, and also quotes the profound feelings of Nobel Prize winner Planck in scientific research. Finally, first, some misunderstandings that some people may have about the argument (not trying to prevent and reduce mistakes, being indifferent to mistakes) are summed up in this aspect, so that readers can grasp the central argument more comprehensively and accurately.
(3) Deepen the central argument in connection with reform practice.
If the article only writes to the fourth paragraph, it is very theoretical, but its practical significance will be greatly weakened. In fact, the author's comments are always aimed at the reality of the current reform. 1 The author points out: "It (refers to the topic, that is, the central argument) gives people profound enlightenment, especially those who are enthusiastic about reform and brave in innovation." The purpose of writing has been pointed out. The last paragraph of the article echoes the beginning, and makes a brief analysis of the ongoing reform practice by using the theory described above. Starting from the characteristics that reform is "ancient and innovative, and there is no ready-made way to go …", the conclusion that "defects and mistakes are inevitable" is put forward. Here is the theoretical analysis of the second paragraph. Then further point out two "should not" (one is that if something goes wrong, you should not stop, let alone deny the reform), which is a conclusion derived from the theoretical analysis in the third paragraph. Finally, explain the correct attitude towards mistakes and failures: analyze the reasons, sum up the lessons and find the right path. Thus, the conclusion that "fear of mistakes is to destroy reform" is more specific than the meaning of the topic and more characteristic of the times. This conclusion and the full text. The basic spirit of the argument is the same. The difference is that the central argument of the full text belongs to the general law, which is not only applicable to reform, but also to scientific research and revolutionary struggle. The conclusion of the last paragraph is specifically aimed at reform, the concrete application of general laws, and the deepening of the central argument from general laws to specific things. It can be seen that it is another remarkable feature of this paper to discuss from the combination of theory and practice and deepen the argument in the discussion of reform practice.
In addition, citing famous sayings to prove opinions (citation method) has many ways of expression. First, directly transcribe, with colon quotation marks, and quote every word. For example, when David talked about his success, he said, "My most important discovery was inspired by failure." The second is to extract and put colon quotation marks on it directly, but in order to avoid the quotation being too long or some words in the quotation having nothing to do with the topic, use ellipsis to delete them. For example, German physicist Max Planck said with deep feelings when he won the Nobel Prize: "Looking back ... the long and tortuous road to discovery (quantum theory), Goethe's words are still fresh in my memory. He said that it is impossible for people to pursue something without making mistakes. " The "(quantum theory)" in the quotation is supplemented by the translator in order to make the reader understand the quotation easily. Thirdly, intercepting some famous sayings and putting them in the author's sentences can make the sentences more concise. For example, Hegel wisely pointed out that error itself is "an inevitable link to truth." The fourth is a famous saying, but it doesn't belong to the original text, so you can't use quotation marks, you can only use colons or far signs to prompt it. When writing, you can express yourself in this way when your memory is vague and you have no information at hand. As Mr. Lu Xun once said, if life is too comfortable, work will be implicated. This is obviously different from Lu Xun's original words, but the basic meaning is good and can be quoted without quotation marks. Third, the teaching process design
(A) the introduction of new courses.
Teacher: Today we are going to learn the argumentative essay "Afraid of mistakes will ruin progress". An argumentative essay should be targeted, meet the actual needs, put forward problems and solve them from the actual needs. Only in this way can it be valuable, meaningful and a good article.
This article is a good argumentative essay. It is short and pithy, rich in content, powerful in argument and enlightening. This article was published in Guangming Daily1984165438+10/9. At that time, the situation in China was like this: China's reform was first carried out in the countryside, and after three years, it achieved remarkable results, and the rural landscape was completely new, and the lives of farmers were improved. From 1984 to 10, the focus of China's reform shifted to cities. As Comrade Deng Xiaoping said, "Cities are much more complicated than rural areas, including industry, commerce and services, as well as science, education and culture" (1984 10.6), "Urban reform is much more complicated than rural reform. (1985.4.5) This article was written at this time when the focus of China's reform began to shift to cities. When studying this article, we should pay attention to what problems it raises, how to solve this problem, and what enlightenment we can get from it.
(2) Arrange reading thinking questions.
Teacher: Now I'm going to ask some thinking questions. Students should read the article carefully, understand it well and consider how to answer these questions.
Question 1: What is the purpose of writing this article? Where is this explicitly mentioned in the article?
Question 2: What is the main content of each paragraph of this article? The structure of the full text is divided into several parts. What is the connection between these parts in content?
Question 3: What is the argument of this article?
(3) Students read and understand the text alone, focusing on the answers to questions 1 and 2.
(4) Students read the text and ask one or two students to read it separately. Pay attention to the pause and pronunciation in the sentence.
(5) Solve the last two problems of problem 1 and problem 2.
Question 1: What is the purpose of writing this article? Where is this explicitly mentioned in the article?
Explanation: This article is written to remove the ideological obstacles on the journey of reform by treating the defects and mistakes in the reform wrongly.