1872, Nietzsche published his first book, The Birth of Tragedy: From the Soul of Music (Die Geburt der Trag? Die aus dem Geiste der Musik), 1886 was changed to The Birth of Tragedy: Greek Culture and Pessimism (Die Geburt der Trag? Die，oder: Griechentum und Pessimimus)。 The second edition contains a preface-"An Attempt of Self-criticism", in which Nietzsche made some comments on his early works. Different from the traditional view that ancient Greek civilization was noble, simple, elegant and magnificent in the Enlightenment, Nietzsche described ancient Greek civilization as the constant struggle between two unique factions-Apollo and Dionysus. In Nietzsche's view, Apollo belongs to the principle of individualism. Its elegance, calmness and attention to appearance make people immediately separate themselves from the simple natural world. Dionysus, on the other hand, represents drunkenness, irrationality and inhumanity, and Nietzsche is also influenced by Schopenhauer's idea that irrational elements dominate human creativity. Nietzsche described how Apollo School dominated the thought of western civilization after Socrates, and put forward the possible ways for German romanticism (especially represented by Richard Wagner) to revive Dionysian School and save European culture. When The Birth of Tragedy was first published, it was severely criticized by the classical linguist William Morendorf and others. By 1886, Nietzsche also had reservations about this book, calling it "an unbearable book ... badly written, boring, embarrassing and crazy."
Human nature, too human.
The first part of "Human Nature, Too Human Nature" was originally published in 1878, the second part of Nietzsche's supplement "Various Views and Principles" was originally published in 1879, and the third part "The Wanderer and His Shadow" was originally published in 1880. These three parts were published in 1886 under the names of Menschliches, Allzu Menschliches and Einbuch fü r Freie geister. This book represents the beginning of Nietzsche's "mid-term works" in his creative career, abandons the influence of German romanticism and Wagner, and begins to show a completely positivist tendency. The writing style of this period seldom put forward a set of constructive philosophy system. These works consist of hundreds of aphorisms, sometimes only one sentence, and sometimes one or two pages long. The main content of this book is to expose many wrong assumptions, not to explain them, although Nietzsche also used some of his views in many arguments: he used positivism and the concept of power will as a means to explain problems, although the concept of power will was not mature at this time.
The other side of good and evil
In Nietzsche's later works, The Other Side of Good and Evil: Prelude to Future Philosophy (Jensets von Gutund B? Se。 Vorspieleiner Philosophie der Zukunft) is closest to the style of his medium-term works. In this book, Nietzsche defines the conditions that a real philosophy should have: imagination, self-assertion, danger, creativity and "creation of value"-other conditions that he thinks are incidental. From this point of view, Nietzsche questioned some important assumptions in the philosophical tradition, such as "self-awareness", "knowledge", "truth" and "free will" which are often used by many philosophical schools. Nietzsche criticized these traditional ideas without sufficient evidence. Instead, he put forward the will to power to explain human behavior. Nietzsche put forward his own "outlook on life" in his book, which is considered to be "beyond good and evil" and denies that there is a set of universal morality in the human world. In the famous master-slave moral theory, Nietzsche re-evaluated the humanistic tradition that has long ruled western philosophy. He believes that even if the weak are dominated, possessed or hurt, not everyone is entitled to blame. Nietzsche carried out the arguments and viewpoints of moral relativism in this book.
Idol dusk
Idol Twilight: How to Think Philosophically with a Hammer (G? Zeng-de? Merung, Oder Wieman Mittenhammer Philosophiert) is a controversial book, the title of which is taken from the fourth Twilight of the Gods (Die G? tterd？ In this short book, Nietzsche reiterated and summarized the criticisms of many major philosophers (Socrates, Plato, Kant and other Christian philosophers). In the chapter "Socrates' Question", he pointed out that no one can calculate the value of life, and anyone who tries to calculate the value of life only proves that he has a tendency to deny life or affirm life. He thinks that the development of philosophy after Socrates is "depraved" because those philosophers tried to use dialectics as a tool for self-defense, and the authority of traditional thought was destroyed. He also criticized the simplicity and naivety of German culture at that time, and criticized many major French, British and Italian cultural representatives. On the other hand, the representatives of these degenerate cultures are Caesar, Napoleon, Goethe, Dostoevsky, Thucydides and sophists in ancient Greece. Nietzsche thinks that these people are much healthier and stronger than the former. At the end of this book, I tell readers that Nietzsche is carrying out an important plan to re-evaluate all the values of human beings, and mention that in Nietzsche's view, the civilization achievements of ancient Rome are much higher than those of ancient Greece.
Nietzsche's philosophy was once considered as an "action philosophy" at that time, a philosophy that claimed to maximize personal needs and desires. His philosophy has the momentum of despising and criticizing everything. This is an important reason why his philosophy is appreciated by postmodernism. Postmodernism either rejects or dispels traditional philosophy and modern philosophy. However, they have a special liking for Nietzsche's philosophy, and postmodernists have absorbed everything they need from Nietzsche's philosophy. Including the basic ideas of Nietzsche's philosophy and even Nietzsche's philosophical style. The digestion tendency in Nietzsche's philosophy has become the spiritual pillar of postmodernism. Nietzsche never thought that he became a theoretical pioneer of postmodernism. For him, philosophical thinking is life and life is philosophical thinking. He founded different forms of strange philosophy and showed his philosophical thoughts. His philosophy does not need reasoning and argumentation, and there is no systematic framework. It is not a theoretical system at all, but his direct perception of the joys and sorrows of life. Nietzsche began to criticize modern civilization in his first academic work The Birth of Tragedy. He pointed out that in capitalist society, despite the increasing material wealth, people have not achieved real freedom and happiness. The rigid mechanical model suppresses people's personality, which is the passion of losing free thought and the impulse to create culture. Modern culture is so decadent, which is the disease of modern civilization, and its root is the atrophy of life instinct. Nietzsche pointed out that to cure modern diseases, we must restore human life instinct, give it a new soul and make a new explanation of the meaning of life. Inspired by Schopenhauer, he also believes that the noumenon of the world is the will of life. Nietzsche violently exposed and criticized traditional Christian morality and modern reason. In epistemology, Nietzsche is an extreme anti-rationalist, who thoroughly criticizes any rational philosophy. He believes that the spiritual life of Europeans for two thousand years is centered on believing in God, and man is God's creation and appendage. The value of life, everything of people is pinned on God. Although the foundation of God's existence has begun to disintegrate since the Enlightenment, people still believe and worship God because there is no new belief. Nietzsche's famous saying "God is dead" is a heartless and fearless criticism of God. He said that he was the murderer of God through the mouth of a madman, and pointed out that God should be killed. Christian ethics fetters people's minds and suppresses people's instincts. In order to set people free, God must be killed. Nietzsche believes that the decline of Christianity has its historical inevitability, from the religion of the oppressed to the religion of the rulers and oppressors. Killing the god as a god ushered in the god of capital, the god of capital incarnation. Nietzsche ignored a basic fact: being enslaved by capital is not much freer than being enslaved by God. But his cry of "God is dead" and his sober enlightenment value cannot be underestimated. Nietzsche believes that in a world without God, people have gained unprecedented opportunities and must establish new values, values centered on human will. Therefore, it is necessary to liquidate the traditional moral values. The traditional moral concept is God's last fortress, which deeply permeates people's daily life and corrodes people's hearts. Nietzsche claimed to be immoral and anti-Christian. He fiercely criticized Christian morality and virtues advocated by Christianity. Nietzsche also criticized modern reason. He started as a rational philosopher. He pointed out that the first characteristic of philosophers is their lack of sense of history. For thousands of years, everything that philosophers have dealt with has become a conceptual mummy. The role of reason is nothing more than to solidify the flowing history and frame the living reality with some eternal concepts. The result is to stifle the process of birth, aging, illness and death, and to stifle life. In his view, the world is a world full of contingency, uncertainty and unpredictability. He said that there is no reality, and everything is fluid, unpredictable and evasive. The second characteristic of philosophers is to "reject sensory evidence" and turn the real world and the imaginary world upside down. Emotional evidence is true and credible, and only after processing can lies be stuffed in. The third characteristic of philosophers is confusion. They deny the process of growth and evolution. The fourth characteristic of philosophers is to force people to make mistakes by using "rationality" in language. "Yes" and "existence" are confused, and the false becomes true and really becomes false, deceiving ignorant people. In his view, the crazy rational appeal from Socrates to modern people is absurd. The reason why human beings advocate rationality is that they expect rationality to bring freedom and happiness to people. However, on the contrary, reason goes against human instinct everywhere, causing greater pain. The fallacy brought by critical rationality is correct, but the existence, historical position and function of rationality cannot be denied. Rationality is the symbol of human progress and the fruit of human civilization. Some outstanding philosophers in history used rational weapons to observe and understand the world. There is nothing wrong with reason itself, and reason cannot be denied. Without reason, human beings cannot correctly understand the world and truth. Without reason, human beings will fall into a confused and terrible situation. Nietzsche wants to establish a new philosophy, a philosophy that puts the will of life above rationality and an irrational philosophy. As a challenge to reason, he put forward the theory of strong will. Replace the position of God and traditional metaphysics with strong will. The core of the theory of strong will is to affirm life and life. Strong will is not a secular force, but an instinctive, spontaneous and irrational force. It determines the essence and meaning of life. Nietzsche compared the different characteristics of strong will and rationality. The characteristics of rationality are: calm, accurate, logical, straightforward and abstinence; The characteristics of strong will are: passion, desire, wildness, initiative and fighting. Nietzsche believes that a strong will comes from life and belongs to life, which is the real life. Although life is short, as long as you have strong will, create will and become a strong spiritual person, you can realize your own value. As the highest value measure, strong will not only affirms the value of life, but also defends the inequality in the world. In Nietzsche's view, human beings, like natural life, have strong and weak points. The strong are always in the minority, and the weak are in the majority. History and culture are created by a few strong people, who naturally rule the weak. Nietzsche overthrew the hierarchy of God and affirmed the hierarchy of man. Nietzsche also put forward his superman philosophy, that is, the philosophy of building an ideal life. Superman is the symbol of life ideal, the ideal goal pursued by Nietzsche and the realm of life. Nietzsche is very disappointed with modern people and modern life. He dreams of improving people and bringing up new people, that is, superman. Superman is not a concrete person, but an illusory image. Superman has the momentum and style of earth, ocean and lightning. Nietzsche believes that Superman has no real existence and is the ideal image of future people. Superman put forward the value goal for real life; Superman is man's self-transcendence. The purpose of Nietzsche's advocating life is to realize the will to power, expand himself and become a superman who controls everything. Superman is the highest value of human beings, so we should despise all traditional moral concepts, do whatever we want, and realize ourselves by enslaving the weak and the public. At the same time, he especially opposed gender equality, freedom of marriage and women's liberation. In his view, the way people treat women is "don't forget your whip". The philosophical value of Nietzsche's voluntarism is twofold. On the one hand, Nietzsche inherited the essence of the Enlightenment and embodied the awakening of modern consciousness. The positive affirmation of the value of life has caused people to think about the meaning and value of life and reposition life; The negative criticism of instrumental rationality and industrial civilization opened up modern irrationalism. On the other hand, criticizing rationality and denying tradition is also one-sided, which is the appreciation of postmodernism. His ethical thought reflects the interests of the emerging monopoly bourgeoisie. The most important point of Nietzsche's philosophy view is that the mission of philosophy is to pay attention to life, give it an explanation, give it an explanation and explore the meaning of life. This has something to do with Nietzsche reading Schopenhauer's works. Another point is that Nietzsche thinks philosophy is non-political, and philosophy and politics are two different things. Therefore, Nietzsche's views on philosophy are, first, about life, second, non-political, and third, non-academic. Philosophy is not purely academic. Nietzsche criticized traditional philosophy, and he thought that the key was not paying attention to life. He believes that the consequence of traditional philosophy is nihilism. Nietzsche believes that there is no essence behind the phenomenon.
The influence of Nietzsche's works on later generations is undoubtedly enormous. His thought has a strong impact, subverting the moral thought and traditional values of western Christianity and revealing the spiritual crisis that human beings must face after God's death. Jaspers said that Nietzsche and Kierkegaard brought a pleasure to western philosophy, and the ultimate significance of this pleasure has not been evaluated. A whole generation of thinkers and artists in the early 20th century found ideas and images that inspired their creation in Nietzsche's works. Jaspers, Sartre, Heidegger, Foucault and Derrida are all philosophers deeply influenced by Nietzsche's thought, and there are countless writers directly influenced by him: Zweig, thomas mann, Bernard Shaw, Hesse, Rilke, Gide and Lu Xun, whom we are familiar with.
Lu Salome, Paul Ray and Nietzsche
From a secular point of view, Nietzsche's life is unfortunate and the ending is tragic. He is a typical loser: the development of thought failed to achieve the expected goal; In the era when he lived, few people could understand him, and terrible loneliness always surrounded him; Finally, the disease came slowly and quietly, and even became a part of his life. On the other hand, people can also say that without his illness and pain, his life and works would be unimaginable. However, anyone who picks up Nietzsche's works without prejudice will find his works brilliant, dazzling and heroic. Of course, there are also exaggerated and neurotic narcissism. In these works, with extraordinary courage and amazing insight, Nietzsche easily reversed various recognized concepts, mocked all virtues and praised all evils. Nietzsche did not establish a closed and huge philosophical system. He only writes essays, aphorisms and epigrams. Between the lines, he didn't prove anything, just a preview and enlightenment; But he conquered the whole world not by logical reasoning but by magical imagination; What he dedicated to mankind was not only a new philosophy, a poem or an epigram, but also a new belief, a new hope and a new religion. Unfortunately, Nietzsche's life course is too short and his experience is too simple, and he has not had time to develop his one-sided truth into wisdom. If he can live longer and get more encouragement, maybe he will sort out his rough and chaotic ideas into a harmonious and beautiful philosophy. In any case, Nietzsche's thought is a towering milestone of modern thought. In the century after Nietzsche's death, his thoughts were deeply influenced by people such as Jaspers, Heidegger, Rilke, Hesse, Thomas? Mann, Stephen? George, Bernard Shaw, Gide, Sartre and Maru, some famous thinkers; His works are not only famous in Germany and France, but also spread in distant North America, South America, Asia, Oceania and Africa. Nietzsche's cartoons
Nietzsche fearlessly opposed philosophical metaphysics and its absolute superiority in epistemology; Observe the universe with pure reason and use logical reasoning procedures to oppose the huge rational thinking system established by philosophy for thousands of years; He loves life, advocates lofty vitality and strong willpower, affirms the value of the world, regards nature as the only real world, injects fresh blood into European classical philosophy and opens up a new era of classical linguistics. In this sense, he initiated a new era in the history of human thought, and the history of philosophy can be divided into pre-Nietzsche and post-Nietzsche. After Nietzsche, the traditional philosophy system collapsed, and philosophy aroused the hearts of hundreds of millions of people from scratch, from heaven to earth, from magical mystery to infinite.
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Nietzsche's sister
If Marx's happiness lies in his bosom friend, Nietzsche's misfortune lies in his sister Elizabeth, who advocates chauvinism. As an ardent supporter of chauvinism and Nietzsche's sister, she knows the value of brother theory. In fact, a person with ulterior motives can easily take Nietzsche's works out of context. So this sister wanted to dress her brother as a chauvinist when Nietzsche was alive. But the problem is that Nietzsche is still alive and can be stopped. However, 1900, the great genius Nietzsche left. Things have become subtle. First of all, Elizabeth has all Nietzsche's manuscripts, including The Will to Power, which Nietzsche has abandoned as a book. Elizabeth obviously won't give up this excellent opportunity. So after the Nazis came to power, she cooperated with the Nazi government to complete the will to power. In this process, Elizabeth selected some aphorisms from the manuscript of Will to Power, which were beneficial to Nazi propaganda, and also tampered with some aphorisms. Therefore, Nietzsche was gradually introduced to China. Before the reform and opening up, because ideology dominated everything, Nietzsche was completely denied in China's long-term propaganda and teaching, and was simply attributed to the ideological origin of fascism and reactionary idealism. In the mid-1980s, although sporadic positive comments on Nietzsche began to appear. But there are no systematic and distinctive works. The first one with a clear-cut flag is Zhou's Nietzsche: At the Turn of the Century. He transformed a ferocious political madman into a philosopher with a distinct personality who sincerely thought about life problems.
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