Human history has entered 2 1 century. It is the wish of the government and people of China to enter a peaceful, stable and prosperous world and the new century. In an important historical period, China devoted itself to modernization. China needs and cherishes a long-term international peaceful environment, especially a good surrounding environment. The people of China are willing to make unremitting efforts with the people of other countries to promote the lofty cause of world peace and development and create a better future for mankind. The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out: "Building a solid national defense is the strategic task of China's modernization and the need to safeguard national security, unity and all-round construction. First, the concept of national defense. National defense is both a survival science and a national defense. It refers to the military and military-related political, diplomatic, economic and cultural construction and struggle to defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity and resist foreign aggression and subversion. National defense comes into being with the emergence of the country and serves the national interests. Churchill famously said, "We have no eternal friends or enemies, only eternal interests. "This statement-in the language. National defense is directly related to national security, national dignity and social development. 1, the subject of national defense: the state. 2. Purpose of national defense: to defend national sovereignty, unity, national security and territorial integrity. 3. Means of national defense: military, political, economic and diplomatic. 4. The object of national defense: aggression and armed subversion. 5. Status and role: (1) National security. (2) the premise of national independence. (3) An important condition for national prosperity and development. Second, China's ancient national defense: China's ancient national defense experienced a history of about 4,000 years from the establishment of the Xia Dynasty in the 2nd/Kloc-0 century BC to the end of the Opium War in 1.840 AD. In the long historical development of national defense, the Chinese nation has experienced numerous baptism of blood and fire, cultivated national cohesion and martial spirit of self-improvement, defending the country and resisting aggression, and finally formed a multi-ethnic and vast country. (I) Ancient national defense policies and theories China put forward many effective national defense policies and theories in ancient times to improve its national defense capabilities: First, the guiding ideology of "people-oriented" and "preparing for danger in times of peace"; Second, the national defense construction thought of "enriching Qiang Bing" and "combining soldiers with farmers"; Third, the national defense education thought of "patriotism teaching war" and "advocating martial arts"; Fourth, the national defense struggle strategy of "defeating the enemy without fighting" and "protecting the country and defending the country and the whole army". Following these ideas, China has won many wars in foreign wars, the Chinese nation has thrived from generation to generation, and the national defense has also experienced the heyday of "China is safe, and the four foreigners are self-contained". (2) The so-called military system in the ancient military system construction was the military system, and now it is generally called the military system. It includes armed forces system, military leadership system and military service system. In the system of armed forces, China was generally divided into central army, local army and border guards in ancient times. Before the Qin dynasty, the armed forces were relatively single. In terms of military strength, the military-civilian system is implemented, consisting of soldiers and civilians. Productive labor in peacetime, assembled into an army in wartime, and formed an army through temporary recruitment. After the Qin Dynasty, with the improvement of the political system and the development of economic production, various dynasties divided the army into central army, local army and border guards according to the national conditions and national defense needs, as well as the garrison areas and tasks, and made specific provisions on the organization of the army, stationing fields and guarding the border, military service, military distribution, munitions, post roads, weapons manufacturing and distribution. Promulgated and implemented through legal forms. For example, in the military leadership system of the Tang Dynasty, there was no special military institution in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Generally, the king personally presided over the military and political affairs and led troops to fight. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the state organs formed a phased system, with generals as the main body and military command institutions. During the Warring States period, it was common for generals to fight independently. After Qin's reunification, a special military management organization was established, and the highest military official was called Tai Wei. The Sui Dynasty reformed state institutions, established a system of three provinces and six departments, and established a military department, the Ministry of War. In the Song Dynasty, in order to prevent the "powerful ministers" from enlisting troops, the Privy Council was established in the central government as the highest institution of military leadership, and the chief officer was a civilian. The Privy Council has the power to transfer troops, but it has no command; The general has the command over the army, but he can't dispatch the army, which leads to the mutual restraint between the Privy Council and the general. Although the practice of military leadership system in different dynasties is inconsistent, imperial power is supreme, and the power to deploy and use the army is always in the hands of the emperor. The military service system has developed and changed with the political, economic, demographic and military needs in various historical periods. During the slave society, the productivity was low, the population was sparse and the scale of the war was small. Mainly implement the civil service system. During the feudal society, the civilian army system gradually evolved into a military service system adapted to the historical conditions at that time, such as the conscription system in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the world conscription system in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the officers and men system in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the conscription system in the Song Dynasty, and the garrison system in the Ming Dynasty. (3) Construction of Ancient National Defense Projects In order to resist foreign invasion and consolidate border and coastal defense, a large number of large-scale national defense projects were built in ancient China. For example, cities, the Great Wall, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and coastal defense fortresses. The city is the earliest and largest project in China's ancient national defense construction. Urban architecture began in the Shang Dynasty, and then its scale continued to expand, and its structure became more and more perfect, which continued until modern times. As a result, urban offensive and defensive operations became one of the main styles of ancient wars in China. The Great Wall is the continuation and development of urban construction, which was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After Qin destroyed the unification of the six countries, the Great Wall in the north of Qin, Zhao and Yan was restored in 2 14 BC to prevent the northern Xiongnu from invading the south. Therefore, the site is adjacent to the west (now Minxian County, Gansu Province), Yinshan Mountain in the north and Liaodong in the east. The Great Wall of Wan Li, which starts from Jiayuguan in the west and ends at Shanhaiguan in the east, was formed in the Ming Dynasty after many connections of various dynasties. The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal is a great water conservancy project in ancient China. During the reign of Yang Di, continuity was excavated on the original old river course. The canal starts from Tongzhou in the north and ends in Hangzhou in the south, with a total length of 1.794 km, connecting several counties in the north and south into a line, which has played a positive role in military transportation and "transporting grain from the south to the north". Ancient coastal defense construction began in the Ming Dynasty. In order to prevent the invasion of Japanese pirates, the Ming Dynasty successively built a coastal defense engineering system of villages, camps, piers, platforms and peaks with the Acropolis and Xincheng as the backbone. Third, the national defense after the founding of New China: the first stage: (1949— 1953) the recovery period of external defense against aggression and internal treatment of trauma. The second stage: (1953— 1966) adjustment period. The third stage: (1966— 1976) the period of "cultural revolution". The fourth stage: (1977— 1989) modernization period. Enlightenment from the history of national defense: (1) Economic development is the foundation of a strong national defense. (2) Political stability is the basis for consolidating national defense. (3) National unity and national unity are the keys to a strong national defense. (4) Scientific and technological progress is an important guarantee for a strong national defense. Current national defense leadership system: (1) National defense leadership authority of the Central Committee. (2) the NPC Standing Committee's national defense functions and powers. (3) The functions and powers of the President in national defense. (5) the State Council's functions and powers in national defense. (6) the Central Military Commission (CMC)'s functions and powers in national defense. Structure of Armed Forces: (1) China People's Liberation Army. ② Chinese People's Armed Police Force. (3) Militia national defense mobilization system: The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly put forward the requirements of "improving the national defense mobilization system and strengthening the construction of national defense mobilization". The national defense mobilization system is an important part of the national defense mobilization system. As an organizational system, it is a national norm about organizational system, institutional setup, division of responsibilities and their relationships. The functional state of national defense mobilization system has a very important influence on improving national defense mobilization ability. Main contents: (1) Mobilization of armed forces. (2) National economic mobilization. (3) Civil air defense mobilization. (4) National defense transportation mobilization. (5) Political mobilization. China's national defense policy: As a socialist country, China's national defense policy is defensive, serving national security, safeguarding world peace and opposing foreign aggression. We strengthen national defense construction solely for self-defense. China adheres to the path of peaceful development and unswervingly pursues a defensive national defense policy. China's national defense is the security guarantee for the country's survival and development. Strengthening the modernization of national defense and the army, safeguarding national security and unity, and ensuring the smooth progress of building a well-off society in an all-round way are the main tasks of China's national defense. China's national defense policy takes the fundamental interests of the country as the starting point, and obeys and serves the country's development strategy and security strategy. China firmly grasps and makes full use of the important period of strategic opportunities in the first two decades of this century, adheres to the unity of development and security, strives to improve the national strategic capability, uses diversified security means to deal with traditional and non-traditional security threats, and seeks comprehensive national political, economic, military and social security. Three. Overview of national defense laws and regulations: Features: (1) Military nature of the regulated object. (2) The degree of publicity is limited. (3) the priority of judicial combination. (4) Severity of punishment measures. Brief introduction of People's Republic of China (PRC) National Defense Law: 1. The basic principles of national defense activities: ① safeguarding national interests. ② Unified leadership. ③ Coordinated development. 4 independence. ⑤ Active defense. 6. National self-defense. (2) National defense obligations and rights of citizens and organizations. Article 50 It is the glorious duty of the people and citizens of China to perform military service and join militia organizations in accordance with the law. Military service organs at all levels and grass-roots people's armed institutions shall perform their military service obligations in accordance with the law, complete the conscription work according to the orders of the State Council and the Central Military Commission, and ensure the quality of soldiers. Other relevant state organs, social organizations, enterprises and institutions shall complete the militia and reserve work according to law and assist the military service organs in completing the conscription work. Article 54 Citizens and organizations have the right to make suggestions on national defense construction and stop or report acts endangering national defense. Military service system: 1. Combination of conscripts and volunteers. 2. The combination of militia and reserve soldiers. Usually collected: 1, collection age. 2. the degree of collection. 3. Deferred signature and non-signature. Military training for students: Military training for students is implemented in accordance with the Military Service Law and the National Defense Education Law. Organizing military training for students in institutions of higher learning and senior middle schools is an important measure to strengthen the construction of national defense reserve forces, to comprehensively promote school quality education and national talent strategic project, and to be a way for young students to fulfill their military service obligations. At present, there are 1660 institutions of higher learning and 27,000 senior middle schools in China to carry out military training for students every year, training120,000 students. Students' military training has entered the stage of comprehensive popularization, showing a good momentum of development. Through military training, young students' ideals and beliefs are more firm, their national defense concept and national security awareness are further enhanced, their patriotism, collectivism and revolutionary heroism are enhanced, their organizational discipline is constantly enhanced, their will quality is honed, and their spirit and style of hard work are carried forward. In recent years, the number of young students requesting to join the party, join the army and apply for national defense students has increased significantly. It is generally reflected in all places that military training for students is a great event and a good thing to benefit the country, the people and the army, and its educational function is irreplaceable by any other form of education. The development of this work has aroused strong repercussions in the society and has been widely welcomed by all walks of life. The promulgation of "Regulations on Military Training for Students" ensures that students' military training has laws to follow and rules to follow, and will certainly promote the standardization and institutionalization of students' military training. National Defense Education Law: This law is formulated in accordance with the National Defense Law and the Education Law in order to popularize and strengthen national defense education, carry forward the spirit of patriotism and promote the construction of national defense and socialist spiritual civilization. The basic principles of the national defense education law are the combination of regular education and centralized education, the combination of universal education and key education, and the combination of theoretical education and behavioral education. The policy of the national defense education law is participation by the whole people and long-term adherence. Be pragmatic. Article 3 of the Law on National Defense Education clearly stipulates the content and purpose of national defense education: "The state enables citizens to enhance their national defense concepts, master basic national defense knowledge, learn necessary military skills, stimulate patriotic enthusiasm, and consciously fulfill their national defense obligations by carrying out national defense education. "The concept of national defense refers to people's understanding and attitude towards national defense; National defense knowledge refers to the basic theory and common sense about national defense; Military skill training includes learning the use of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and personal protective equipment, civil air defense knowledge and battlefield rescue knowledge, carrying out military training activities such as shooting, bombing and assassination, and military sports such as cross-country, skydiving, gliding, sailing and driving. Therefore, as a relatively independent and complete education discipline, national defense education is very rich in content. It can be said that all theories, knowledge and spirit related to national defense are part of the content of national defense education. In terms of completeness and systematicness, national defense education mainly includes: national defense theory: national defense theory education is a higher-level national defense education, which generally includes three theories: national defense status and role, national defense composition and national defense construction. History of national defense: The history of any country and nation has two aspects: glory and twists and turns. Correctly using both positive and negative historical experiences to educate future generations can invigorate the spirit and inspire people to forge ahead. National defense history education is the most powerful and influential. Common sense of national defense. Common sense of national defense refers to some basic knowledge of national defense that citizens should know, including the basic concepts of territory, territorial sea and airspace, and the significance and basic principles of national defense. The basic characteristics of modern warfare, the requirements of wartime mobilization for the people, and some knowledge of situation preparation and national defense construction, such as the main duties and tasks of the People's Liberation Army, the Armed Police Force, the militia and the reserve forces, and the scientific knowledge of national defense. National defense spirit. National defense spirit education is the core content of national defense education, which mainly includes patriotism spirit education, fighting spirit education and revolutionary heroism spirit education. In addition, national defense legal system, national defense science and technology, national defense economy, national defense diplomacy and situation and national defense sports are also important contents of national defense education. These contents of national defense education are interrelated, infiltrated and promoted each other, and the core of which is patriotism education. The purpose of national defense education is to make citizens "inspire patriotic enthusiasm and consciously fulfill their national defense obligations." "5. National defense in my mind. In my mind, national defense is the foundation of the country, and the national defense cause is a lofty cause that everyone in China should be proud of, and the people engaged in national defense cause are the noblest and greatest people in the world. With the development of the times, science and technology are developing, human beings are progressing and society is becoming more and more civilized. The boundaries between countries and races are narrowing, people's lives are getting better and better, and their quality is getting higher and higher. Peace and development have become the theme of today's society. In the impression of many people, national defense is only worthy of attention in wartime, and it is redundant in this peaceful era. However, if there is no strong national defense as the backing, no matter how strong the economy will be. As we all know, you will be beaten if you fall behind. Hegemonism and power are rampant today. As a result of the Gulf War, Iraq, which once enjoyed unlimited scenery, is also an economic power, and now it can only be trampled on. Aren't Afghanistan and Yugoslavia living examples a few years ago? If they have their own strong national defense backing, will they still be slaughtered? If the United States and other countries do not have strong national defense backing, can they arbitrarily provoke war? Each of us has our own good wishes and grand blueprints, but evil bullets are still threatening the peace of some countries and regions, and even the world. The people's army shoulders the heavy responsibility of socialist modernization. Without them, there will be no peaceful and stable development situation, and there will be no anti-hegemony struggle to the end; Without them, people's lives and property can't be guaranteed. Excerpt from: Other references:

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