The Southern Dynasties (420-589 AD) included four dynasties: Liu Song, Nanqi, Nanliang and Chen Nan. The Northern Dynasties (439-58 1 year) included the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi and the Northern Dynasties. Although the North and the South have their own dynasties, they have long maintained the form of confrontation, so they are called the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
In the early Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was clan politics, and the social stratum was divided into clan, Qi Min's compiled households, dependent households and handmaiden. Foreign exchanges are also very prosperous, reaching Japan and the Korean Peninsula in the east, the western regions, Central Asia and West Asia in the west, and Southeast Asia and South Asia in the south.
At this time, there is also a trend of great ethnic integration, such as the reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty, which further accelerated the pace of feudalization of ethnic minorities.
It is difficult to find a hero like Sun Quan after the history of the country. The dance floor was still there, but the heroes had already gone with the passage of time. The setting sun shines on the grassland covered with grass and trees. People say that this was once the place where Emperor Wu of Song lived. Looking back, how powerful he was when he led the Northern Expedition and recovered lost ground!
However, Li Liu Yi Long, the son of Liu Wang Yilong, was a great success and made a swift northern expedition. Instead, he made the Northern Wei Emperor Wu Tuoba fly south and returned to the north bank of the Yangtze River, which was severely hit by his opponent. I have been back to the south for forty-three years, and I still remember the war scenes in Yangzhou. Looking back, there was a crow club drum under the beaver temple. Who can ask: Lian Po is too old to eat?
-Yong Yule Jingkou Gu Bei Pavilion nostalgia Xin Qiji
This word mainly tells the military struggle between the north and the south during the Liu and Song Dynasties, and also reflects the rise and fall of the power between the north and the south at that time. Among them, "Jin Goma iron, swallowing Wan Li like a tiger" and "Yuan Jia Cao Cao, sealing the wolf in the professional place, winning the urgency and looking north" are in stark contrast. Here, the author will talk about the rise and fall of the strength of the North and the South during this period.
Since the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, although they settled in the south of the Yangtze River, emperors of all dynasties hoped to recover the northern territory. Among them, during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Northern Expedition with Wang, Xie, Huan and Yu as the main forces was carried out many times, among which there were many famous soldiers. In 3 1 1 year, general Zu Ti sent troops to recover Hebei, but died of depression because he was rejected by the imperial court, and finally failed to complete the great cause of reunification. After that, the ruling gentry flaunted the Northern Expedition to increase their prestige, among which Huan Wen's three northern expeditions were the most famous. Luoyang was recovered, entered the customs and marched into Hebei, but failed to consolidate the achievements of the Northern Expedition. After the failure of Huan Wen's third Northern Expedition, although the North and the South had their own strategies, they could not destroy each other, showing a balance of power. However, this balance of power did not last long. With the successive victories of the former Qin Dynasty in the north, this balance of power was ruthlessly broken.
In 383 AD, Fu Jian, the former emperor of the Qin Dynasty, led an army south in an attempt to unify China in one fell swoop. At this time, the Eastern Jin Dynasty is facing the biggest threat since the founding of the People's Republic of China. However, under the management of Prime Minister Xie An, Xie Shi and Xie Xuan led the northern government soldiers to defeat the former Qin army and won the decisive victory in the battle of Feishui. After the Battle of Feishui, the briefly unified North was divided again, while the Eastern Jin Dynasty regained the six countries of Xu, Yan, Qing, Si, Yu and Liang, and won the first major victory in the history of the Northern Expedition in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At this time, the situation that the north is strong and the south is weak was reversed, and the balance of victory began to tilt to the south. However, the Eastern Jin court did not take advantage of this favorable opportunity to reform its internal affairs and recover its homeland, but stepped up its internal power struggle and exploitation of the people. This eventually led to the civil war and the uprisings of Sun En and Lu Xun. Emperor Wu of song, the general of the northern government, not only established his prestige by suppressing the peasant uprising, but also killed Huan' an, who had usurped the gold, and restored the rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with great power.
During the period from the outbreak of civil strife in the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the seizure of power by Emperor Wu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the north was still in a melee. Although the south suffered some damage, after Emperor Wu of Song implemented a series of reforms, the national strength recovered rapidly, and the dominant position of the south in the north remained unchanged.
In AD 4 16, Emperor Wu of Song led generals Wang Zhene, Tan Daoji and Shen Tianzi to attack Qin by land and water, and recovered the sliding platform (hua county, Henan), Xuchang, Luoyang and other important towns along the way. The following year, Liu Yujun attacked Chang 'an and destroyed the State of Qin. After destroying the post-Qin Dynasty and seizing the Guanzhong area, Emperor Wu of Song wanted to use this as a base to recover the Central Plains in one fell swoop and realize the imperial industry like Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang. However, the sudden death of Liu, who was left behind in charge of the overall situation of health, completely disrupted Emperor Wu of Song's plan. Because of the danger of losing power and influence, and the soldiers generally miss their hometown, Emperor Wu of Song had to go back to the East. The refugees in Guanzhong Gansu thought that Emperor Wu of Song would continue to March, and he could just go back to his hometown. He was disappointed to see Liu Yudong back. The Han people in Guanzhong are also disappointed. They rushed to the army to retain Emperor Wu of Song, but Emperor Wu of Song had no intention of staying here. After comforting them, he led the main force of the Jin army to rush back to Jiankang. Soon after, the Guanzhong area recovered its lost territory, and a number of capable new generals in the northern government soldiers, such as Shen, Fu Hongzhi, Zhu Lingshi and Kuaien, also fell. But on the whole, Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition should be the Eastern Jin Dynasty and even the whole Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the south has the greatest advantage over the north. If Emperor Wu of Song does not dispatch troops, his dream of recovering the Central Plains may be realized. However, there are no assumptions in history. History is wonderful because of all kinds of imperfections. The perfect story should only appear in the script.
After Emperor Wu of Song returned to Jiankang, his prestige in the landlord class was further improved, and the time was ripe to replace the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 420 AD, Emperor Wu of Song abolished Sima Wende, the emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and became emperor on his own, with the title of Song. In 422 AD, Emperor Wu of Song Wudi died of illness within three years of his reign. After a brief uproar of abolishing legislation, the third son, Liu Yilong, succeeded to the throne, which was later Song Wendi. The death of Emperor Wu of Song broke the strategic balance between North and South. Just after his death, the Northern Wei caught Liu Song's emissary on his way home and began to attack Liu Song on a large scale. There was a great war between the two sides in Henan, which was called "Wei Song-Henan War" in history. After the war, Liu Song lost the land to the north of Hulu (now southeast of Yutai in Shandong) and Xiangcheng (now south of Shenqiu in Henan). However, it should be mentioned that on the eve of the fall of Tiger Prison, Tandaoji Army in Hulao Pass, Liu in Xiangcheng and Shenshuhe Beaver Army in Gao Qiao (now unknown) all dared not come to the rescue, showing that Liu Song's strength at this time was much worse than that of Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition. It can be seen that in the late period of Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition, the deaths of Shen, Shen and others were heartbreaking for the army. When Emperor Wendi arrived, Tan Daoji was the only one who could fight in Korea. Later, Wang and I both lacked ability and experience, so they had to talk. After Tan Daoji was killed, Liu Song became even more desolate. At the same time, the battle of Henan also showed that the Northern Wei Dynasty had risen. At this time, the Northern Wei Dynasty is no longer the Northern Wei Dynasty defeated by the Moon Array, let alone the country that was destroyed at the beginning. Since then, the advantage has begun to shift to the north. But at that time, in addition to the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were five countries: Beiliang, Xiliang, Xiqin, Huxia and Beiyan. In addition, there are powerful Rouran tribes to the north of Yinshan Mountain, among which Fox Xia and Rouran are strong rivals of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Therefore, the northern Wei army stopped attacking after taking the land of Henan, so as not to stretch the front too long and give the enemy an opportunity.
After Song Wendi ascended the throne, he began to plan to recover the military town of Henan, which was seized by the Northern Wei Dynasty in 422 AD. In March 430 AD, while the Northern Wei Dynasty was just at war with the North Rouran, Song Wendi ordered Yan Zhi to lead an army to the Northern Expedition. Emperor Tuoba Tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty ordered the northern Wei army to retreat to the north bank of the Yellow River, so Liu Chang drove straight in and recovered his hometown in Henan in July of that year. However, Ling made a fatal mistake at this time. He ordered Liu to March along the Yellow River, which led to the dispersion of troops. He didn't listen to the advice of the old general Wang Zhongde and underestimated Wei Jun's counterattack in winter. In October, Wei Jun crossed the river and made an all-out attack, joining Jin Yong, Luoyang and Hulao Pass. When he arrived in Yan Zhi, he feared the Northern Wei army like a tiger and fled all the way to Licheng (now Jinan). Still afraid of being pursued by Wei Jun, he ordered him to burn his ship and abandon his armor and head for Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu). 1 1 month, in order to save the decline, Song Wendi added Tandaoji as the viceroy, conquered the army and led the troops north. In the first month of 434 AD, Tan Daoji and others went from Qingshui to Shouzhang (now southwest of Dongping, Shandong Province), defeated Wei Anping and his wife, moved to Gaoliangting (now Dongping County), and beheaded Wei Jizhou for secretariat. In February, Tan Daoji and others advanced into the economy and fought Wei Jun for 30 times in more than 20 days, winning repeatedly. When I arrived in Licheng, because the cold desert was burned by the northern Wei army, I couldn't move forward without food. In the end, Tandaoji's rations were all withdrawn.
The Northern Expedition ended in the complete failure of Liu and Song Dynasties. At that time, the Northern Wei Dynasty was still fighting on both sides (its western front was fighting to kill foxes in summer), and it still had to win, which showed the strength gap between the North and the South. Since then, the Northern Wei Dynasty has been busy with the unification war in the north, which was unified in 439 AD. After years of rest and recuperation, the national strength of the south has also recovered, but it is an indisputable fact that the southern dynasties are weakening day by day, because the northern Wei Dynasty has become strong.
But at this time, Liu Song was in its heyday, and both the North and the South had the intention of attacking and unifying China, so the two sides inevitably fought a big war, which was called "the Battle of Yuanjia" in history.
In February 450 AD, the Northern Wei Dynasty took the lead in attacking, and hundreds of thousands of people attacked the Song Dynasty (now Ruyang, Henan Province). At the same time, they wrote an insulting letter to Song Wendi, which became the prelude to the battle between Yuanjia and Jiaqing. In July, Song Wendi sent two armies to the Northern Expedition after making great preparations in manpower and material resources. Led by the famous Liu, the marked army made rapid progress and soon hit the Guanzhong area occupied by Emperor Wu of Song. The commander-in-chief of the East Route Army is Wang, who has repeatedly rejected the correct suggestions of his subordinates. He besieged the town, couldn't slide off the platform, missed the fighter plane and gave the enemy a chance to breathe. Finally, the Northern Wei reinforcements arrived and the Eastern Route Army was forced to retreat. Due to the frustration of the main East Route Army, the West Route Army had to withdraw its troops, and this large-scale Northern Expedition failed. After the failure of the Northern Expedition, Wei Jun's offensive against the South became more and more fierce. So Wei Jun went south to Guabu (now Liuhe, Jiangsu) on the north bank of the Yangtze River, claiming to capture Jiankang. The song dynasty was frightened, and the soldiers and civilians all over the country made emergency arrangements along the river for 600 miles. Seeing that there was no gap, the northern Wei army began to slaughter in the Huaibei area. The achievements of "the rule of Yuanjia" in Liu and Song Dynasties were greatly destroyed, and the economic foundation of Liu and Song Dynasties was greatly weakened. In the first month of the following year, the northern Wei army was forced to retreat because of poor food and grass and epidemic diseases.
This war is over. The soldiers and civilians in the Southern Dynasties were massacred and plundered by Wei Jun, resulting in numerous losses. Wei Jun also suffered heavy casualties and was greatly weakened. However, compared with Liu Song in the Southern Dynasties, the situation that the north is strong and the south is weak has not changed. After that, the whole Southern Dynasty did not surpass the North. Finally, the Sui Dynasty in the North wiped out Chen in the South and realized the unification of China.
Summary: Before and after the Liu and Song Dynasties or the whole Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the most important basis for the rise and fall of the strength of the North and South was economic strength. The economic center at that time was still in the Central Plains. At that time, it was really an era of "those who won the Central Plains won the world". Although the south accepted the population who moved to the south twice at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, and its economy developed greatly, it was not enough to compete with the north. Therefore, in the whole confrontation between the Southern Dynasty and the Northern Dynasty, the Northern Dynasty was in an advantage as a whole. However, it is also because of the economic development in the South that the Southern Dynasties existed. Otherwise, the south will not have the strength to fight against the north for hundreds of years.
So I come to the conclusion that war is compared with national strength, and national strength is almost a resource. Although human factors are very important, people are also a part of resources, because people are human resources. I don't deny that there are many examples of wars in which fewer people win more, but these examples rarely change the strength contrast of the whole warring parties. In a protracted war, it is very difficult to change the overall situation through one or two battles, and the importance of resources is self-evident. In modern war, the consumption of resources is more intense, and war can be said to be a black hole of resources. In other words, we should actively develop the economy, improve the comprehensive national strength, be able to withstand the energy consumption of future wars and have the ability to start the war machine for a long time.