Yes In fact, those ecological degradation "far away in the mountains" are more dangerous. The environment is polluted, the land is still there, and it is possible to repair it. However, some fatal ecological damage is difficult to repair, such as the lost species can not "come back from the dead", the lost soil can not return to its original position, and the dry wetland can not reproduce its vitality. The ecological crisis in China is mainly manifested in:
Total degradation of ecosystem
China is the only country in the world that contains global ecosystem types. Unfortunately, however, China's natural ecosystem is being degraded to varying degrees. Grassland productivity in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau dropped from 300 kg/mu in 1960s to below 100 kg/mu. The number of underground rodents increased from 8~ 10 to 30/ha; The land exposure rate increased from less than 10% to more than 30%. 90% of the available natural grassland in China has been degraded to varying degrees, and it is increasing at the rate of 2 million hectares per year. Mangroves have been reduced from the largest 250,000 hectares in history to the current shortage10.5 million hectares.
Rapid soil erosion
The water erosion, wind erosion and freeze-thaw area in China reached 3.56 million square kilometers; The desertified land in China is 6.5438+0.74 million square kilometers, involving 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). The annual inflow of sediment in the Yellow River Basin is 65.438+0.6 billion tons; The annual soil erosion in the Yangtze River basin is 2.4 billion tons. Along with soil erosion, there are various nutrients. In the annual sediment loss in the Yellow River basin, the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is about 40 million tons, which exceeds the national demand for chemical fertilizers in 2003 (39.9 million tons).
Endangered species increase
Among the 740 endangered species listed in the United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, China accounts for 189. There are 4000~5000 species of endangered or endangered higher plants in China, accounting for 15~20% of the total number of higher plants in China. Habitat environment change, habitat fragmentation and large-scale water conservancy projects are important reasons for species endangered or extinct. During 1988~2000, the number of natural forest patches in Nenjiang County of Heilongjiang Province increased from 240 to 343, and the average patch area decreased from 80 hectares to 68 hectares. Due to the implementation of the Three Gorges Project and environmental pollution, it is difficult to find traces of baiji on the Yangtze River, and scientists admit that the species has been functionally extinct. The wetland disappeared.
Natural wetlands have largely disappeared.
In the north, the wetlands in Hebei Province have disappeared by 90% in the past 50 years, and even if the wetlands are lucky enough to be preserved, more than 80% have become sewage discharge sites; More than 30 counties in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province have lost tens of thousands of waterlogged ponds in recent decades. ecological crisis
In the south, the water area of Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, has been reduced from the largest 4,000 square kilometers to less than 50 square kilometers. The situation of wetlands in arid and semi-arid areas is even less optimistic: due to the over-exploitation of Heihe River in the upper reaches of Alashan League in Inner Mongolia, the amount of water entering the oasis has decreased from 900 million cubic meters to less than 200 million cubic meters at present, resulting in the drying up of Juyan Sea in the east and west and the disappearance of hundreds of lakes. Wetland is called "kidney of the earth". The atrophy of kidney greatly reduces its ability to regulate climate, store floods and purify water bodies, which aggravates the drought and flood disasters to some extent.
There is only one tree species in this plantation.
For decades, the tradition of developing a large number of artificial pure forests has not changed, but has intensified. Take the poplar as an example. The original "there is a single home in the south and Yang Jiajiang in the north" has now developed into "Yang Jiabing in the east, west, north and south". Today, poplars have gone south to the south of the Yangtze River, approaching Nanling. Poplar is dominant in the whole northwest, North China Plain and even parts of the south of the Yangtze River. High-density, single-species artificial pure forest is harmful to the national ecology, and the population formed by single-species is essentially a "green desert" with extremely declining biodiversity. Sixth, the degradation of agro-ecosystem endangers food security and the foundation of food security. Modern agriculture overemphasizes technology and land use and ignores land cultivation. Although "chemicalization" has brought about a rapid increase in output, the land has deteriorated and food safety has been impacted. The abuse of large chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, hormones, additives, agricultural films, and even off-season planting and transgenic technology has caused soil hardening, environmental pollution, decreased biodiversity, increased pests and diseases, and decreased yield. Pigs that used to take a year to grow up can now be fattened in more than four months. A chicken with two wings can grow 3~6 wings under the action of hormones. The ecological consequences of such food entering the food chain can be imagined. The ecological crisis in China also includes biological invasion, global warming and the decline of marine productivity. The government should be as alert to the hidden dangers brought by the ecological crisis as it attaches importance to environmental pollution control, and mobilize the whole society to solve this problem, so as to return China to a real blue sky. Only when ecological degradation is curbed can the environment be fundamentally improved.
Edit the protective measures in this paragraph.
In recent years, the government of China has increased its investment in protecting the ecological environment and achieved remarkable results, but the overall deterioration of the ecological environment has not been effectively curbed. It should also be strengthened in the following aspects. 1, and further strengthen the ecosystem restoration project. Stopping deforestation, afforestation by the whole people, returning farmland to forests, returning farmland to grasslands, returning farmland to forests and grasslands, restoring wetlands, banning hunting and catching, controlling industrial pollution and realizing the full treatment of domestic sewage are systematic projects to protect and restore the ecological environment, which should be taken as the top priority by the state, enterprises and the whole people. It is no exaggeration to say that protecting and restoring the ecological environment is as important as economic construction. The consciousness of ecological protection and the idea of sustainable development from all walks of life are deeply rooted in people's hearts, which is the necessary mass base for ecological protection work. We should vigorously promote environmental education for the whole people, starting with dolls, let the public know about the national conditions and conditions of resources and ecological environment, let the concept of "protecting ecological environment and resources is to protect human beings themselves" be deeply rooted in people's hearts, and let green environmental protection behavior and lifestyle become a fashion. 3. Strengthen ecological monitoring. In China, simple monitoring of water environment, gas environment and industrial pollution has matured, which has made great contributions to environmental protection. However, the ecological environment is still in its infancy, and there is no systematic monitoring technology and complete monitoring network. The relevant data of ecological environment are still obtained by various departments in a patchwork way, which has poor accuracy and timeliness, which restricts the development of ecological protection and restoration. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and implement effective and systematic ecological environment monitoring.
Edit the relevant data of this paragraph.
The consequences of ecological crisis are more dangerous and destructive than war, including the earth and all life on it. Historical experience shows that a country can recover from the trauma of war, such as Germany and Japan after World War II. But no country can rise rapidly from the destroyed natural environment. As long as we look at the map of the world now, we can see that the most desolate, poorest and poorest place in the world was once the most prosperous and prosperous place in ancient times; At present, the poorest and most difficult people in the world, in ancient times, their ancestors made great contributions to the development of human civilization in a certain period of time. What caused them to turn from prosperity to decline and from wealth to poverty? Let's take a look at the history of world civilization: from ancient Egyptian culture, Babylonian culture and ancient Greek culture; From ancient Indian culture; Maya culture from Central America; When we go to Loulan, China to study the rise and fall of these cultures, we can see the same fact, that is, the rise and fall of these cultures is related to the quantity, quality and distribution of vegetation in the area. Please look at the following facts again! If the situation is not serious, how can heads of government from different countries, different regions, different races and different political views sit together to study the world environment and development (Brazil 1992, Johannesburg 2000)? If the situation is not serious, how can governments of different countries, regions, races and political views in the world be willing to participate in, formulate and implement so many international conventions related to the environment? Things in the world have been a headache for the United Nations. If the situation is not serious, why should the United Nations set up a permanent organization like the United Nations Environment Programme in 1973 to promote and coordinate various environmental problems on earth? Let's use some numbers to describe it, because the expression of numbers can quantify concepts and is often more specific and clear than the expression of words. In 2003, the theme of World Environment Day was "Water-the Life of 2 Billion People", which showed that there were 2 billion people on the earth without proper safe drinking water supply. In the third world, diseases caused by water pollution cause an average of 25,000 deaths every day. Every day, 6,000 children are harmed by sewage, which is equivalent to the number of people who die every day when 20 large passenger planes crash. Water shortage is a worldwide phenomenon, and some countries have already lived by buying aquatic products. Germany buys water from Switzerland, the United States buys water from Canada, and the United Arab Emirates imports rainwater from Japan every year 1984. As long as Japan spends 100 ton of water, it can get 1 ton of oil. Of the 669 cities in China, 400 are short of water, and 1 10 is seriously short of water. Due to the intensification of soil erosion and desertification, the Yellow River, the birthplace of China ancient civilization center, has been cut off for 227 days every year. China's annual economic losses caused by environmental pollution and destruction are as high as 200 billion RMB, which is equivalent to the economic losses caused by 20 Tangshan earthquakes. In 2003, the State Environmental Protection Administration announced that the direct economic losses caused by biological invasion in China reached 57.4 billion! This figure does not include serious ecological and environmental damage. Since the founding of New China, the direct losses (converted into 1990 price) caused by seven natural disasters, such as meteorology, ocean and earthquake, have shown an obvious upward trend every year: in the 1950s, the average annual loss was about 48 billion yuan; 57 billion yuan in the 1960s; In the 1970s, it was 59 billion yuan; 69 billion yuan in the 1980s; In the first five years of 1990s, it was about11900 million yuan; From 65438 to 0996, the direct economic losses caused by floods alone reached 220 billion yuan; From 65438 to 0998, the losses caused by natural disasters in China amounted to 300.7 billion yuan. According to a statistical report of the World Bank 1997, the economic loss caused by air and water pollution alone in China is as high as $54 billion every year, equivalent to 3%-8% of GDP. This figure does not include the losses caused by other environmental damage and ecological disasters, nor does it include the losses caused by the continuous deterioration of the ecological environment in China after 1997. This means that the actual loss will be even greater by 2002. In 2002, China's GDP (Gross Domestic Product) increased by about 8%, and the actual figure of this year's 8% growth is 654.38+billion, 654.38+billion! Frankly speaking, at present, China's economic growth has paid a huge ecological price. If the environmental loss in China reaches 8% of GDP, it means that the wealth created by the people in a year is offset by the destruction of the ecological environment, and it is in vain! In this way, how can we enrich the country and strengthen the people and enter a well-off society in an all-round way! Today, most people can recognize, understand, need and accept ecologicalization. Because the development concept of pursuing economic growth in the 20th century has brought heavy environmental disasters to human beings, human beings have been unable to bear the losses caused by the deterioration of ecological environment, natural revenge on human beings, and various extremely tense relationships between people and land, people and generations. In our country, perhaps not everyone can correctly understand the profound meaning of ecologicalization, and perhaps some people are still using the appeal of ecologicalization to achieve the purpose of making profits. However, our national leaders are worried. In 2002, at the Fifth Session of the Ninth National People's Congress, Premier Zhu Rongji talked about the ecological environment in his government work report: "The ecological environment problem is still quite serious". Qu, chairman of the Environmental Protection Committee of the National People's Congress, said: "The destruction of local environment may lead to overall environmental problems and even threaten the living conditions of the whole country and nation." In 2003, Yang Chaofei, director of the Nature Protection Department of the State Environmental Protection Administration, said in response to a reporter's question: "The ecological pressure faced by China is still great. In terms of ecology, if one party manages the destruction in various ways, it will manage the destruction at the same time, and the management will not keep up with the destruction. " In 2000, the National Outline of Ecological Environment Protection issued by the State Council put forward the scientific idea of ecological protection for the first time. Most people of insight are convinced that ecological transformation is the foundation of survival, development, health and happiness, and the only way out for the continuous development of all walks of life and human society; This will be the only choice for everyone on earth and put it into practice. "Ecology" is not only a forward-looking, innovative, strategic and directional word, but also an unavoidable torrent, a concrete embodiment of human society advancing with the times and the necessity of social development.
Edit this section of the ecological crisis in the Yellow River Basin.
Most of the Yellow River basin is located in arid areas, and water resources are inherently insufficient. According to statistics, the Yellow River has only 58 billion cubic meters of water resources. Moreover, the Yellow River water needs at least 20 billion cubic meters of water every year to wash away 65.438+0.6 billion tons of sediment because of too much sediment. Available water must be reduced by 20 billion cubic meters. In this way, the Yellow River can actually use 30 billion cubic meters of water every year for the use of nine provinces and regions along the river and two provinces and cities of Hebei and Tianjin. Demand has been in short supply, and the unreasonable utilization and waste of water resources make the situation of water resources more and more severe. Water shortage has become a major problem faced by the Yellow River in 2008+0979. There are 154 cities in the Yellow River Basin that are short of water. 1988, the number of water-deficient cities increased to 300, with a total water shortage of 5.4 billion cubic meters. Since the 1990s, the number of cities short of water has been increasing every year. After the expansion of the city and the sharp increase of floating population, urban water has to be squeezed out of agricultural water, or a large amount of groundwater is overexploited in the city, resulting in a large area of groundwater funnel and land subsidence. Groundwater quality deterioration, etc. Due to the lack of water, Hebei Province, a granary in the north, has been suffering from drought for years, and the amount of cultivated land has decreased year by year. 1986 The irrigated area of paddy field is 9 million mu less than 1980, and the grain output has been stagnant for a long time. In Ningxia and Gansu, due to serious water shortage, a large number of people live below the subsistence level and cannot get rid of poverty. Water resources in the Yellow River Basin are inherently deficient. Under the influence of human activities, especially in the past 20 years, the downstream water cut-off has occurred frequently, which not only aggravated the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources, but also brought a series of impacts on the ecological environment of the basin. According to the records of the Yellow River, the maximum discharge of 176 1 Yellow River Huayuankou is 32,000 cubic meters, and that of July 1958 is 200 cubic meters per second. Hydrological data show that the annual runoff of the Yellow River is 56 billion cubic meters, and the proportion of the Yellow River's inflow into the sea to the total runoff is 79% in the 1950s, 60% in the 1960s, 70% in the 1970s and 80% in the 1980s. The Yellow River was cut off for the first time in 1972, and it was cut off in that year for 17 days,1991-1995, with an average of 620 kilometers per day. 1997 Interception 13 times ***226 days, and the length of the intercepted reach is 683 kilometers. The Yellow River may become a seasonal inland river. Where the water cut off, the sail shadow of the Yellow River became a boat without water. The cut-off has seriously affected the life of urban residents in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Dongying, Binzhou, Puyang and other cities provide regular water supply to residents, and every household stores water for standby, filled with pots and pans. On both sides of the Yellow River, the seedlings withered and scorched, and the flow was cut off for a long time, and the grain was not harvested. The suspension of production has caused great losses to industrial and agricultural production. For example, Zhongyuan Fertilizer Plant, with an annual output of 300,000 tons of urea and synthetic ammonia, had to stop production due to the interruption of the Yellow River. In a word, the economic loss, ecological damage and environmental pollution caused by water stoppage along the Yellow River are very serious. Take Binzhou, Shandong Province as an example: Binzhou is located in the north of Shandong Province, in the hinterland of the Yellow River Delta, and near the Bohai Sea in the north, which is the only place where the Yellow River enters the sea. The climate in this area is dry, with little rainfall, and the underground is salty water, which is very unpalatable. Therefore, the industrial and agricultural production and the life of urban residents in this area mainly depend on the Yellow River water, which is its economic lifeline.