The results or theories reported by 1. are universal. General academic discussion articles, commonly known as "argumentative papers", are speculative research papers. The stylistic structure of such papers is flexible and changeable. It can be written mainly according to the accumulated knowledge and experience of researchers and ready-made literature materials, without systematic and special research actions. The characteristics of speculative papers are theoretical analysis and logical proof. In terms of content, they pay attention to viewpoint innovation, theoretical depth and academic discussion. In terms of methods, causal analysis, contradiction analysis, historical analysis, comparative analysis, structural function analysis and inductive deduction are commonly used.

2. There are one or more new achievements with theoretical significance.

3. The research results have important practical significance and applicability.

4. The idea of the paper is new and different, or the old problem is explained in a new way.

5. The explanation of the research results is clear and reasonable.

6. This paper synthesizes the new research data in a concise way.

7. The article points out the problems or limitations of some previous theoretical viewpoints.

8, the research has a clear research schema, ideas or experimental (or practical) operation.

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