(Peking University Petroleum and Natural Gas Research Center, Peking University Institute of Earth and Space Sciences, Beijing 10087 1)

About the author: Mao Xiang, male, graduate student, email: maoxiang.pku @163.com.

In this paper, 36 Late Paleozoic volcanic institutions/kloc-0 have been reported in northern Xinjiang, including 23 around Junggar Basin, mainly concentrated in Nushan, Bogda and Krameri Mountains in Borocco, covering many types of volcanic institutions such as caldera, volcanic dome, layered volcano and cone volcano. Eighty-five volcanic structures have been discovered and identified in Junggar Basin, mainly distributed in three depressions and six bulges (Xia Yan, Sangequan, Betty, Dinan, Dishuiquan and Beisantai) in the northwest margin. The distribution of volcanic mechanism in the basin is mainly controlled by Hercynian fault system, which is generally distributed along the northeast and NWW directions of faults, and is most developed at the intersection of faults. Due to the later transformation, the volcanic rocks in the Late Paleozoic were generally denuded, with strong deformation, weathering denudation and leaching transformation. It is difficult to identify a complete volcanic mechanism under the current deep seismic data. The destruction and transformation modes of volcanic institutions in different areas are different: the basalt area of Chepaizi Uplift and the andesite area of Xishi Uplift are mainly structural destruction, the Beisantai Uplift is mainly weathering, denudation and leaching (related to its long-term terrestrial environment in Carboniferous), and Wucaiwan is mainly buried. The late Paleozoic volcanic mechanism in Junggar basin was mainly distributed in the marine environment from Devonian to early Carboniferous, while it was mainly distributed in the continental environment from late Carboniferous to Permian. Volcanic rocks around the basin reflect the changing trend of eruption environment from underwater to water and from continental margin to inland.

Key words: Junggar basin; Volcanic institutions; depositional environment

Study on the distribution and development environment of late Paleozoic volcanoes in Junggar basin

Mao Xiang, Li,

(Peking University Oil and Gas Research Institute; Peking University Institute of Earth and Space Sciences, Beijing 10087 1

Abstract: 36 Paleozoic volcanoes in northern Xinjiang 136 were collected and analyzed, including 23 volcanoes on the edge of Junggar Basin, which are mainly concentrated in Nu Mountain, Bogda Mountain and Ka Rameri Mountain in Poroch. They can be divided into four categories, such as caldera, volcanic dome, layered volcano and volcanic cone. There are 85 volcanoes in Junggar basin, mainly distributed in Kebai fault zone, 3 depressions (Sannan sag, Dishuiquan sag and Wucaiwan sag) and 6 uplifts (Xia Yan uplift, Sanquan uplift, Betty uplift, Dinan uplift, Dishuiquan uplift and Beisantai uplift) in the northwest margin of Junggar basin. Volcanoes in the basin are mainly controlled by Hercynian fault system, distributed along NE and NWW faults, and most developed at the intersection of faults. The long-term transformation of weathering and leaching in the later period makes it difficult to identify volcanoes from seismic data at the current level. There are great regional differences between volcanic failure modes and alteration types: in the basalt area of Chepaizi uplift and andesite area of Xishi uplift, tectonism is the main failure mode; Weathering and leaching are the main factors in Beisantai uplift (this may be due to the fact that this area was in a continental environment for a long time in Carboniferous). In Wucaiwan sag, burial is the dominant factor. Most areas where Paleozoic volcanoes are mainly distributed belong to marine environment from Devonian to early Carboniferous, and continental environment from late Carboniferous to Permian. The volcanic rocks in the margin and basin of Junggar basin show the changing trend of eruption environment from the seabed to the mainland and from the continental margin to the mainland.

Key words: Junggar basin; Volcano; depositional environment

introduce

Junggar Basin is located in Xinjiang, China. It is bounded by Altai Mountain on the border between China and Mongolia in the north and Bogda Mountain and Jiashan Mountain in Khabir in the south. The basin is triangular, with a length of 1 120km from east to west, a width of about 800km from north to south and an area of 380000km2. It is the second great basin in China. The elevation of the basin ranges from 500m to1000m, which is generally high in the east and low in the west.

In the late Paleozoic, the paleo-Asian ocean tectonic domain to which Junggar Basin belongs was in a transitional period when the paleo-Asian ocean basin drifted northward, the ocean crust gradually thinned and the continental crust was not fully formed. Crustal activity is intense, volcanic activity is frequent, and the distribution of volcanic strata accounts for about two-thirds of the whole basin area. In recent years, a large number of breakthroughs have been made in oil and gas exploration of late Paleozoic volcanic rocks in the fault zone on the northwest margin of Junggar Basin and the eastern Junggar Ludong-Wucaiwan Kelameili area, indicating that Carboniferous-Permian volcanic rocks have become an important target layer for oil and gas exploration in Junggar Basin. Volcanic mechanism is the channel for magma to reach the surface, and its scale and distribution characteristics play an important guiding role in studying volcanic rocks and volcanic reservoirs. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand the distribution and development environment of volcanic institutions in Junggar Basin.

According to the tectonic background and sedimentary environment of Junggar basin during the late Paleozoic volcanic activity, predecessors have done a lot of research, such as: Jin Jun et al. [1], Wu Xiaozhi et al. [2] analyzed the sedimentary environment of Carboniferous in Junggar basin and even northern Xinjiang from the geochemical point of view, [3], Wu et al. [4], Wang Fangzheng et al. [5] studied Cai Wu Bay in Junggar basin from the geochemical point of view. However, the existing research on the distribution of volcanic institutions is mostly confined to local areas of Junggar Basin (such as documents [6]~[8]), while the research on the whole basin focuses on the distribution of volcanic rocks [2, 9], without studying the characteristics, distribution and development environment of volcanic institutions in Junggar Basin. In this paper, the volcanic mechanism reported by predecessors in Junggar basin is collected, the distribution characteristics of volcanic mechanism in the whole basin are systematically summarized, and the volcanic eruption environment is analyzed in combination with the sedimentary environment research during the relevant volcanic activities of predecessors.

Geological background of 1

Junggar basin belongs to the eastward extension of Kazakhstan plate and its marginal active zone, located between Central Asian tectonic domain (Paleozoic) and Tethys tectonic domain (Mesozoic and Cenozoic), and is the intersection of Tarim plate, Kazakhstan plate, Mongolia plate and Altai orogenic belt. The northwestern margin of the basin is Mesozoic thrust belt, and the southern margin is Neogene thrust belt. Paleozoic orogenic belt in the northeastern margin is an important clue and basis for inferring the structural integrity of the hinterland of the basin.

Geologically, Junggar Basin is located between the accretionary wedge complex between two giant horseshoe-shaped island arc volcanic belts in Central Asia in the Late Paleozoic, which is the latest closed part of the ocean basin. Compared with accretionary wedge deposit, the island arc complex belt has rigid characteristics. Junggar basin is a typical superimposed basin, which mainly experienced three stages: island arc proliferation at the end of Paleozoic, land block combination, hot spot extension at the beginning of Mesozoic and foreland basin development at the southern margin of Cenozoic.

2 Distribution of volcanic institutions in Junggar Basin and its adjacent areas

Late Paleozoic volcanic mechanism 136 was discovered and identified in northern Xinjiang, which is located in 23 peripheral areas of Junggar and Tangsan Lake basins and 1 13 (figure 1).

2. 1 Distribution and characteristics of volcanic institutions around Junggar basin

Twenty-three volcanic institutions have been reported in the periphery of Junggar Basin, mainly concentrated in Nu Mountain, Bogda Mountain and Crameri Mountain in Borocco. In addition, some volcanic institutions in the south of Turpan-Hami basin are V-shaped. Volcanic institutions found around Junggar include crater, volcanic dome, layered volcano, conical volcano and many other types of volcanic institutions.

Figure 1 distribution map of volcanic rocks in northern Xinjiang and Carboniferous-Lower Permian (distribution of volcanic rocks is based on literature [10]; According to the volcano distribution in literature [6 ~ 8, 14 ~ 17]

Craters include explosion craters and collapse craters, which are distributed in a large number and often have the following characteristics: (1) Craters are mostly round or oval basins with sunken centers; (2) The area is1~ 5km2; ; (3) Volcanic rocks and pyroclastic rocks exposed in the caldera are annularly distributed; (4) The occurrence of the inner rock stratum is gentle and inclined to the center, while the occurrence of the outer rock stratum becomes steep; (5) There are often 1 or several volcanic passages, but most of them are filled, and the volcanic neck has a ring structure; (6) The crater is circular, elliptical or annular on the plane; (7) The pyroclastic rocks of caldera often develop strong wall rock alteration, which is zonal; (8) The collapsed breccia is distributed in the collapsed crater.

The volcanic dome around Junggar has the most prominent characteristics: (1) strata are distributed in a ring shape and inclined outward; (2) The top dip angle is gentle, generally10 ~ 20, and gradually steepens to the side; (3) There are usually 1 to several volcanic passages in the center of the dome, but most of them are filled, and the diameter of the passages is about1km; (4) Volcanic breccia is distributed in an intermittent ring around the passage. In addition, the Hongshan rockburst clock in Aqishan area is also a volcanic dome structure.

Most of the ancient volcanic institutions around Junggar have experienced severe weathering and erosion, and many of them only retain volcanic passages and volcanic neck. Therefore, the volcanic passage and volcanic neck are the most common ancient volcanic institutions in this area, and their characteristics are as follows: (1) Most of them are located in the center of the crater or at the top of the volcanic dome; (2) Most of them are round, oval or nearly round; (3) The diameter is generally 200 ~ 500 m, but the diameters of tens of meters and nearly kilometers are also found; (4) Circumferential and radial cracks are distributed around the channel; (5) There are often alteration zones around the river; (6) The columnar joints of rock mass are developed, and the point structure and flow structure can be seen; (7) The contact zone between rock mass and surrounding rock is steep.

2.2 Distribution and Characteristics of Volcanic Structures in Junggar Basin

Through field investigation, literature study and seismic interpretation, 85 volcanic structures were found and identified in Junggar Basin, mainly distributed in Baike fault zone, three depressions (Sannan depression, Dishuiquan depression and Wucaiwan depression) and six bulges (Xia Yan uplift, Sanquan uplift, Betty uplift, Dinan uplift, Dishuiquan uplift and Beisantai uplift) in the northwest margin.

Due to the later transformation, Carboniferous volcanic rocks generally suffered denudation, and strong deformation, denudation, weathering and leaching occurred. Under the current conditions of deep seismic data, it is difficult to identify complete volcanic institutions, and faults often develop between different volcanic institutions. The destruction and transformation modes of volcanic institutions in different areas are different: the basalt area of Chepaizi Uplift and the andesite area of Xishi Uplift are mainly structural destruction, the Beisantai Uplift is mainly weathering, denudation and leaching (related to its long-term terrestrial environment in Carboniferous), and Wucaiwan is mainly buried.

(1) The explosive facies and volcanic channel facies in the quasi-northwest margin are mainly distributed along the main faults, which generally reflect the location of volcanic institutions. Volcanic rocks are mainly andesite-tuff and basalt, and also distributed along the main fault. Volcanic rocks far away from the main fault are gradually replaced by sedimentary rocks [6]. (2) The volcanic channel facies of long-term inherited activity reflected by seismic facies reveals the volcanic mechanism of Beisantai uplift. The lithology of Carboniferous underground boreholes is mainly volcanic rocks and clastic rocks. The lithology of volcanic rocks is mainly green andesite, andesite volcanic breccia, gray tuff, tuff, egg-blue basalt, basaltic volcanic breccia, purple dacite, fleshy rhyolite and rhyolitic volcanic breccia, and the clastic rocks are mainly yellow tuff gravel. (3) Seven volcanic structures were observed in western Shandong [8], and volcanic rocks appeared in a large area from Carboniferous to Lower Permian. Generally speaking, alkaline rocks are dominant, and gradually change from basic in the northwest to moderately acidic in the southeast. Volcanic rocks are distributed in a strip shape in the northeast-southwest direction, and the basic volcanic rocks in the northwest are mainly eruptive, and then they successively become explosive volcanic rocks and eruptive neutral volcanic rocks in the southeast, and explosive phases appear again in the northwest. (4) Carboniferous volcanic rocks in eastern Shandong-Wucaiwan area were generally denuded and strongly deformed and displaced due to the later transformation. It is difficult to identify a complete volcanic mechanism under the current deep seismic data. Carboniferous sedimentary clastic rocks are divided into two sets of volcanic sequences. The upper volcanic sequence develops basic, neutral and acidic volcanic rocks from bottom to top, while the lower volcanic sequence is still lack of research. Among them, a series of vertically and horizontally superimposed volcanic rocks on Dinan Uplift are mainly distributed in beads along the Dishuiquan North Fault and Dishuiquan Fault, and the crater is often located at the intersection of the EW-trending and NE-trending basement faults. Therefore, it is inferred that the volcanic mechanism is mostly the fracture eruption along the fault, which often undergoes multiple eruptions, forming a multi-stage volcanic rock sequence [17].

2.3 the influence of tectonic landform on the distribution of volcanoes

The distribution of Paleozoic volcanoes in Junggar basin is mainly controlled by Hercynian fault system, and Mesozoic faults have an important influence on the uplift of volcanic institutions. Volcanic structures are distributed in two directions along the fault: the northwest edge is northeast, the north-central part of the basin is northwest, and the east part of the basin is northeast. Volcanic mechanism is most developed at the intersection of faults (Figure 2).

Fig. 2 distribution map of volcanic mechanism faults in Junggar basin

Structure and topography have an important influence on the distribution of volcanic institutions. Generally speaking, fault zones control the distribution of volcanic institutions, such as Chepaizi, Ludong Uplift, east and west sides of Xia Yan Uplift, Mahu Depression, Malang Depression, Wucaiwan Depression and Dinan Uplift. Geomorphology affects lava flow, such as the quasi-northwest margin.

3 volcanic development environment in Junggar basin

According to the existing literature, the age of volcanic rocks in the basin was investigated, and it was found that the volcanic rocks in the basin were mainly Carboniferous, especially early Carboniferous (Figure 3), and some Devonian and Permian volcanic rocks were also developed. According to the dating data, the age distribution of Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Junggar Basin and its surrounding areas is extensive, but the age is 325 ~ 350 Ma, with the peak value of 335 ~ 340 Ma (Figure 3, table 1).

Fig. 3 Age distribution map of volcanic rocks in Junggar Basin

Table 1 Junggar volcanic age table

sequential

Devonian-Lower Carboniferous in Junggar Basin is dominated by marine eruptive volcanic rocks (late Paleozoic volcanic mechanism is concentrated in shallow sea to land-sea interactive environment at this time, as shown in Figure 4), while upper Carboniferous-Permian is dominated by continental eruptive volcanic rocks (late Paleozoic volcanic mechanism is concentrated in land-sea interactive environment, as shown in Figure 4). Volcanic rocks in the basin and its surrounding areas reflect the changing trend of eruption environment from underwater to underwater and from continental margin to inland.

Fig. 4 Sedimentary environment-volcano distribution map of early Carboniferous (upper) and late Carboniferous (lower) in northern Xinjiang.

In the late Paleozoic, with the closure of the Hercynian geosyncline, the seawater in this area gradually retreated to the southeast. By the early Permian, the northeastern margin of the basin was dominated by alluvial fan-river environment, the northwestern margin was dominated by residual sea environment, and the southern margin was dominated by confined sea. In the middle of Middle Permian, influenced by seawater intrusion in the northern trough, a vast coastal lake environment was formed in the eastern part of the basin. In the late Middle Permian, the North Sea began to retreat eastward, the lake area decreased, and local uplift was eroded. In the early late Permian, the environment was dominated by alluvial fans, and the crust subsided in the later period. The eastern part of the whole basin is a transgressive sedimentary sequence, and the abdomen and northwest margin of the basin are alluvial fan-river sedimentary environment.

After the collision between Siberia and Kazakhstan plate in the early Carboniferous, large-scale transgression began in eastern and western Junggar [19]. Volcanic activities in this period were mainly concentrated in the coastal-sub-abyssal environment at the rear edge of the Taike-Kela beautiful suture zone in arman, northern Junggar Basin, and the land-sea transition environment in the Wulungu Rift Zone. In the late Early Carboniferous, the scope of transgression expanded (Figure 4). During this period, the late Paleozoic volcanic institutions were concentrated in several areas. The northwestern margin of the basin was located at the edge of the beautiful Dalabute-Kela residual ocean, the Beisantai and Sannan depressions were located on the land, the Dishuiquan, Xia Yan, Sanquan, Erbeiquan and Dishuiquan depressions were located in the offshore environment, the Wucaiwan depression was located in the river and lake environment, and the Dinan depression was located in the transitional position between the offshore environment and the river and lake environment. Therefore, it is speculated that the volcanic activity in the early Carboniferous may be mainly concentrated in the offshore environment, followed by the onshore-river-lake environment.

In the early Late Carboniferous, the limited ocean basin in the northwest and east of Junggar Basin was closed, and the lagoon-continental margin sea was on the west and south sides of the basin. Bogda Trigeminal Rift and North Tianshan Ocean are the only deep-sea and ocean basin environments in northern Xinjiang. The piedmont uplift belt, central uplift belt and Kelameili uplift belt in western Junggar have intracontinental extensional tectonic environment. Mid-acidic volcanic rocks in the piedmont are widely developed along the fault zone, and intermediate-basic volcanic rocks are developed along the inherited deep faults in the central uplift zone, forming a sedimentary combination of land-sea transitional facies and coastal volcanic rocks [2]. In the Late Paleozoic, except the northwest margin of the basin, most of the areas where volcanic institutions were concentrated were in the land environment. Therefore, it can be inferred that most of the volcanic activities in Junggar area in the late Carboniferous were on land, and most of the volcanic institutions formed in the early Carboniferous began to suffer from weathering and erosion at this time. In the late Late Carboniferous, except for the south Junggar, south of Toli, west Junggar, bordering Ga-Bogda Mountain in Khabir, and the south slope in front of Kelameili Mountain, the whole Junggar area was uplifted [2].

During the Permian period, Junggar area was located between Siberia and Tarim volcanic area. In the early Permian, the peripheral trough of Junggar basin was basically closed, and many huge depressions and uplifts were formed in the basin. In the middle and late Permian, the sedimentary range expanded; At the end of Permian, the basin was in a relatively flat state, and the top of Permian in the basin was widely distributed with a relatively stable thickness [2].

Example analysis of volcanic oil and gas reservoirs

Xidi area is one of the important areas for the development of volcanic oil and gas reservoirs in Junggar Basin. According to the study of 482m core of 14 coring well in Xidi area, it is found that basalt, basaltic andesite, syenite porphyry, adamellite, trachyte, rhyolite, fused tuff, tuff, fused volcanic breccia and volcanic breccia are developed in this area. Through the analysis of the total alkali silica diagram (TAS diagram, Figure 5) of the volcanic rocks of Bashan Formation, it is found that this set of volcanic rocks is mainly composed of basic and acidic rocks, and the intermediate rocks are not well developed, indicating that it has typical characteristics of rift volcanic rocks.

According to the lithology naming of core observation and thin section analysis, the logging lithology interpretation of single well in the study area is carried out, and the lithofacies type of well control area is determined. On the basis of lithology identification, seismic facies model and logging facies model of different lithofacies are established by combining well and seismic. Then, through the comprehensive analysis of root mean square amplitude, waveform classification and other attributes, the phase bands with different characteristics are delineated. Finally, the results of single well drilling facies division and seismic profile facies division and the crater identified on the time slice are comprehensively considered.

The lava flow in the study area is fan-shaped, with the top connected to the eruption center, branching downstream and flowing to low-lying areas, which gradually changes with sedimentation. Early rhyolite distributed near the center of the volcano and did not flow far. In the middle stage, andesite was superimposed by faults in the northern margin, and in the late stage, basalt accumulation was controlled by low-lying parts in the western margin. The empty subfacies are distributed around the center of volcanic ruins, and the center of volcanic eruption gradually moves from southeast to northwest. Generally speaking, the lithofacies in the study area is mainly intermediate-basic overflow facies in the northwest, explosive facies and volcanic sedimentary facies in the middle and intermediate-acid overflow facies in the southeast. The main lithofacies types in different well areas are different with obvious characteristics.

Fig. 5 TAS map of Carboniferous volcanic rocks in Xidi area (according to the data of Xinjiang Oilfield)

Fig. 6 Prediction map of dominant lithology and lithofacies distribution of Carboniferous volcanic rocks in Xidi area.

5 conclusion

(1) 136 Late Paleozoic volcanic institutions were discovered and identified in northern Xinjiang.

(2) A total of 23 volcanic institutions have been reported around Junggar Basin, mainly concentrated in Nu Mountain, Bogda Mountain and Krameri Mountain in Borocco, covering many types of volcanic institutions such as caldera, volcanic dome, layered volcano and cone volcano.

(3) A total of 85 volcanic structures identified by * * have been discovered in Junggar Basin, which are mainly distributed in three depressions and six bulges (Xia Yan, Sanquan, Betty, Dinan, Dishuiquan and Beisantai) in the northwest margin. The distribution of these volcanic institutions is mainly controlled by Hercynian fault system, and they are generally distributed in two directions: the northwest edge is northeast, the north-central part of the basin is northwest, and the east part of the basin is northeast. Volcanic mechanism is most developed at the intersection of faults.

(4) The late Paleozoic volcanic mechanism was mainly distributed in marine environment from Devonian to early Carboniferous, and mainly distributed in continental environment from late Carboniferous to Permian. Volcanic rocks in the basin and its surrounding areas reflect the changing trend of eruption environment from underwater to underwater and from continental margin to inland.

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