Pine of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is a perennial herb, and likes to live in a humid climate, suitable rainfall, deep and cool forest. With the rapid development of traditional Chinese medicine industry, there is an increasing demand for Rhizoma Paridis in society. Yunnan shows a trend of sustained growth. Due to over-exploitation, the output of wild Paris polyphylla decreased. Yunnan continues to decrease to some extent. The current supply has been difficult to maintain the production of pharmaceutical companies. In this case, enterprises have tried artificial planting to balance the tight supply and demand of seven leaves and one flower. Yunnan pine. As a new industry, seven leaves and one flower. Pinus yunnanensis planted under the forest has a good development prospect. Although it has just begun to take shape in Mojiang County, it has gradually shown the role of increasing farmers' income and consolidating the achievements of forest reform, and it is a new industry that promotes the leap-forward development of rural economy.

Plant characteristics and growth habits of flowers with seven leaves and one branch. Yunnan 1

1. 1 Overview

Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, alias "one-horned lotus", was first seen in Shennong Materia Medica Classic, also known as "seven leaves and one flower", or "placenta hominis", "grass and grass cart" and "lampstand seven", and its scientific name is Paris polyphylla.

Salvia yunnanensis. ) hand. -Maz. . It belongs to Paris of Trilliaceae and is a perennial herb distributed in temperate and tropical regions of Eurasia, with 24 species, of which 19 species are distributed in the north and south of China, but mainly concentrated in the southwest. Among them, Paris. Pinus yunnanensis is mainly produced in central Yunnan, eastern Yunnan, northeastern Yunnan, western Yunnan and northwestern Yunnan, and has been artificially introduced and domesticated in various places.

Plant characteristics of flowers with seven leaves and one branch. Yunnan 1.2

The rhizome of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is stout, with a length of 12cm and a thickness of 1-3cm. The stem is about 25- 100cm high, the whole plant is hairless, the stem is erect, with longitudinal stripes and purplish red, and there are 1-3 membranous leaf sheaths at the base. The leaves are green, 5- 1 1 wheel (mostly seven leaves), 4-9.5 cm long and 0/.7-4.5 cm wide. They are obovate oblong or oblanceolate, thick in texture, non-membranous, pointed or tapering at the top, wedge-shaped to round at the base, and usually have a pair of obvious bases. The flower apex is born in the center of the impeller, bisexual, with slender pedicels, two round perianth, 4-6 outer perianth, green, oval or lanceolate, the inner perianth and the outer perianth are the same number, linear or filiform, yellow-green, the upper part often expands into a narrow spoon shape, with a width of 2-5 mm, 3-7 flower bases, 2-4 round stamens and 8-/kloc-0. Style base is purple, thickened and discoid. Stand upright when flowering and spread out in fruit.

Pine of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is nodular, oblate and slightly curved. Generally, the surface is yellowish brown or grayish brown, and the epidermis is white; A thick ring with layered protrusions. There are obvious nodules on one side and oval concave stem marks on the nodules; The other side has sparse fibrous roots or warty fibrous roots.

The growth habit of Paris polyphylla. Yunnan 1.3

Paris polyphylla var. Yunan has the habit of "being suitable for shade, being afraid of the sun, liking humidity and avoiding dryness", and is suitable for growing in the shade under the forest at an altitude of 1500-3000m. Judging from the light and temperature, the seeds of seven leaves and one flower. The seed germination and seedling stage of Pinus yunnanensis usually need shading. In the first two years of maturity, it is necessary to appropriately reduce the shading time and increase the light, which is beneficial to the accumulation of secondary metabolites and dry matter to some extent. Conventionally, 18℃-20℃ is the most suitable temperature for seed germination, root growth and terminal bud germination, and the germination temperature is controlled at about 20℃. The growth temperature of aboveground plants is controlled at 65438 06℃

At 20℃, the growth temperature of underground rhizomes is controlled at 14℃- 18℃, and the leaves will wither under strong light. Judging from soil moisture and humidity, humus or red loam with good water permeability and slight acidity is most suitable for the growth of Paris polyphylla. Yunnan pine. If the soil moisture content is low, it is easy to cause a certain degree of water loss of stems and leaves, and then the root system will die because of drying; On the contrary, if the water content is too high, it is easy to cause pests and diseases, and even lead to root rot. Therefore, the growth of seven leaves and one flower. Pinus yunnanensis generally grows in hillside forests, valleys or grasslands with scattered light, fertility, good drainage and ventilation.

2. Cultivation techniques of Paris polyphylla. Yunnan forest

2. 1 seed selection

Planting method of Rhizoma Paridis. Yunnan is mainly divided into two kinds: seed propagation and rhizome cutting propagation. Seed propagation is mainly to transplant seedlings with seeds, and rhizome cutting propagation is to select tubers with buds for transplanting and planting. In the process of planting Paris polyphylla. In Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, it is necessary to choose the excellent seeds or rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis as the cultivation provenance.

2.2 Seedling raising

2.2. 1 seed selection and treatment

① seed propagation

Selection of flowers with seven leaves and one branch. Yunnan pine is mainly full and mature, without disease, mildew and damage. In general, we can harvest seeds in September and June when the seed coat turns crimson after the capsule is cracked, and in June of 65438+ 10, but we can't dry them or dry them in the sun. We can sow directly after cold soaking in plant ash for 24 hours, or sow after sprouting on a clean wet sofa. It is a variety of Paris polyphylla. The physiological characteristics of Yunnan pine seeds are "secondary dormancy", so embryos can germinate after dormancy. In the natural state, the seeds sown directly can not be unearthed until two years later, and the emergence rate is very low. In order to improve the germination ability of seeds, the picked seeds should be properly treated with wet sand to accelerate germination: first, the harvested fruits should be washed away and slightly dried; Then, with carbendazim wettable powder accounting for 65,438+0% of the seed weight, the seeds and fine sand were evenly mixed in the ratio of 65,438+0: 5, put into a germination accelerating frame, and then germinated in the greenhouse. Usually, the indoor temperature is controlled at 65,438+08-22℃, and the humidity of fine sand is kept at 30-40%. Finally, do a good job of observation, check once every 15 days, and sow when the seeds germinate halfway in April and May of the following year.

② rootstock cuttage propagation

Rootstock cutting propagation is the main way of Paris polyphylla propagation. At present, it should be carried out in winter in Yunnan, which is dry and rainy, which is convenient for wound healing and adventitious roots. There are two methods, one is cutting propagation with terminal buds, and the other is cutting propagation without terminal buds. Usually, the survival rate of the part with terminal bud is as high as 100%, and the survival rate of the part without terminal bud is 92%. From the growth point of view, the rhizome with terminal buds does not cut the terminal buds.

1.5-2.5 times. At present, in our production process, the main breeding method is cutting with terminal buds. The specific steps are as follows: a, cutting and propagating with terminal buds: after seven leaves and one flower. Yunnan seedling inversion, seven leaves and one flower rhizome inversion. Cut Yunnan pine with normal shape and no disease at the node length of 3-4cm with terminal buds, then treat the wound with plant ash or quicklime, and cultivate it according to the standard of undergrowth planting, so that seedlings can emerge in the next spring; The rest can be sold as commodities after drying. B. Cutting propagation without terminal buds: the rhizome without terminal buds is cut in nodes, and the incision is in the middle of adjacent nodes, and the section is as smooth as possible. Plant ash or quicklime can also be used to treat wounds, and a certain amount of auxin can be used to improve the incidence of buds and the formation of adventitious roots. After treatment, drill holes in the seedbed, cover with loose hair or broken grass, and keep it moist. After the adventitious buds formed in the second winter, they were dug out and transplanted into the forest for planting. (Author: Zhou Fangyu)

Seedbed preparation

Select the plot with high terrain, good drainage and organic matter as the seedbed. In early April, seedbeds can be prepared in dry land with water source, open space under forest or sloping land with good shade (light transmittance of 20%). Before digging, it is best to disinfect the soil with 5- 10g of 40% pentachloronitrobenzene mixed fine soil per square meter. Then plow about 15cm, crush the clods, pick up the stones and weeds inside, and make a flat box with a width of 120cm and a ditch width.

30cm, ditch depth 25cm, keep the ditch unblocked, which is beneficial to drainage.

2.2.3 Sowing and seedling raising

Seeding and seedling raising are divided into direct seeding and on-demand seeding. (1) Direct seeding: After getting wet in the middle and late May, shallow ponds with row spacing of 30-35 cm, plant spacing of 20-25 cm and depth of 3-5 cm are drilled on the whole wet surface of soil. After cold soaking, plant ash seeds are mixed and 2-3 seeds are sown under each pool. After sowing, cover 2-3 cm with fertile soil with half fine fertilizer and half fine soil, and maintain the seedbed by watering and covering with plastic film. (2) Sowing: Sowing the seeds treated in the greenhouse on the prepared compartment surface according to the plant row spacing of 5×5cm. After sowing, cover the seeds with humus soil with a thickness of 1.5-2cm, and then cover them with a layer of loose wool or broken grass, preferably without exposing the soil, and water them to keep them moist. After emergence, remove 2/3 of the covered grass. In the process of seedling raising, the seedbed should be kept moist to avoid soil hardening, dryness and excessive sunlight, and the occurrence of pests and diseases should be monitored, weeds on the soil surface should be removed in time, and appropriate topdressing should be carried out according to the seedling situation in the next year. After two years, when the obvious root system is formed, it can be transplanted into the forest.

2.3 Land selection

It is a variety of Paris polyphylla. Yunnan pine, because it likes darkness, should avoid direct glare. When planting under the forest, sandy black loam, red loam or yellow-brown loam with good shading, good drainage and high organic matter content are usually selected. In the process of land selection, planting plots can be arranged reasonably according to the distribution structure of trees. Generally speaking, we can relatively choose the open space under the forest to facilitate management.

2.4 Soil preparation

2.4. 1 farming

Choose sunny days in winter and plow when the ground under the forest is dry. The depth of ploughing is controlled at about 25cm, which is beneficial to the growth of root system of Hedysarum septemlobata. Yunnan pine. In the process of ploughing, clods are broken, stones, weeds and other sundries are picked out, after ploughing, the soil is disinfected, 3-4 kilograms of 50% carbendazim wettable powder is mixed with fine sand per mu, scattered on the ploughing ground, and then shallowly ploughed.

2.4.2 Digging planting ditch

After soil disinfection, dig a planting ditch with a depth of 50cm and a width of 150-200cm, and the row spacing can be reasonably arranged according to the distribution structure of trees. Soils mixed with decomposed farmyard manure or organic fertilizer and surface ripe soil are evenly scattered at the bottom of the ditch. Under normal circumstances, the amount of fertilizer per mu is controlled at 1000- 1500kg, and then raw soil is backfilled.

2.4.3 Open the drain.

According to the slope of the plot, a drainage ditch with a width of 30cm and a depth of 35cm is opened to connect the drainage ditches with each other, and there is a water outlet to facilitate drainage in rainy season.

2.5 planting

2.5. 1 transplant time

Transplanting seedlings two years after emergence, and transplanting after the aboveground stems are inverted in sunny days in winter. Because the rhizome is dormant at this time, its root system grows rapidly after transplanting, and organs such as flowers and leaves develop completely in the bud sheath, so it grows vigorously after seedling emergence.

Transplant specification

Transplanting in the dug planting ditch according to specifications, transplanting seed seedlings at the plant spacing of 15cm-20cm, transplanting blocks with terminal buds at the plant spacing of 15cm-20cm, and transplanting blocks without terminal buds at the plant spacing of 20cm-30cm.

Transplant method

When transplanting, the tip of the terminal bud is facing upwards, and attention should be paid to protecting the terminal bud and fibrous root from damage. In order to make full use of land resources, cover the front ditch with the soil of the second planting ditch, and so on. After planting, cover pine needles or straw on the surface of the planting ditch, the thickness of which shall be subject to no soil exposure, so as to play the roles of heat preservation, moisture preservation and weed prevention, and thoroughly water the roots to keep the soil moist.

2.6 management

2.6. 1 shading and moisturizing

Because of the heavy building. Yunnan pine is fond of shade. If seedlings cannot be shaded after transplanting, shading nets or branches can be used, and the shading degree should be kept at 70%. Due to the drought in Mojiang County in winter and spring, there are seven leaves and one flower. Water Pinus yunnanensis every 10- 15 days after transplanting, and keep the soil moisture between 30-40%. After emergence, sprinkler irrigation can be used where conditions permit to increase air humidity and promote the growth of Paris polyphylla. Yunnan pine. Pay attention to ditch management before the rainy season to keep the drainage unblocked. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season to avoid water accumulation in border areas. The submerged rhizome of a flower with seven leaves and one branch. Pinus yunnanensis is easy to rot, resulting in plant death and reduced yield.

kill off weed

The growth of flowers with seven leaves and one branch needs loose soil, so special attention should be paid to loosening soil and weeding when planting. Especially in May-August, too much rain will cause soil hardening. While paying attention to drainage, cultivate diligently, loosen the soil shallowly and remove weeds in time. Generally speaking, weeds around a flower with seven leaves. Yunnan plants can be pulled out by hand, and other weeds can be gently pulled out with a special hoe. In the process of weeding, the aerial parts and fibrous roots of seven leaves and one flower. Yunnan can't be hurt, so as not to affect the growth of seven leaves and one flower. Generally, intertillage weeding is combined with scarification.

fertilize the soil or land

Topdressing in the middle of May to the end of August, the most vigorous growth of the seven-leaf and one-flower. Pinus yunnanensis can promote its growth well. Generally, fully decomposed farm manure, livestock manure, oil residue, plant ash and crop straw are selected as main topdressing, while urea, calcium superphosphate and potassium sulfate are used as auxiliary fertilizers. The application rates per mu were 500 kg, 65438 00 kg, 5 kg and 65438 02 kg respectively. Fertilization method is spreading or mixing with water. Water should be poured once after fertilization or before topdressing, and once before it rains. Because of the heavy building. Yunnan usually has the growth law of flowering in the upper part and tuber swelling in the lower part. In July and August, 0.5% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can also be sprayed on the leaves to promote plant growth. The spraying should be carried out in sunny evening, and it should be sprayed every 15 days/time, for a total of 3 times.

Fruit picking

Slice the calyx of a flower with seven leaves and one branch. The seedlings of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis were expanded, the fruits of seedless plants were removed, and only sepals were kept for photosynthesis, which transferred nutrition to the rhizome to some extent and further promoted the growth and development of the rhizome of Paris polyphylla yunnanensis.

2.7 Prevention and control of pests and diseases

It is a variety of Paris polyphylla. Because of its strong stress resistance, Yunnan pine rarely suffers from diseases and insect pests. Usually, the main manifestations of diseases are root rot and leaf blight. Root rot mainly harms underground stems, and then causes underground stems to be eroded to a certain extent. In the process of transplanting, it can be controlled by soaking seeds with 500 times carbendazim 1-2 hours. The main pests are soil silkworm, cutworm and grub, which mainly damage the root system and bite off seedlings or rhizomes. 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution can be sprayed, or fried wheat bran and rice bran can be sprinkled in the field for trapping and killing.

In addition, heavy buildings. Yunnan planted under the forest should also pay attention to the pests brought by trees. Generally, after land selection, the diseases of trees should be prevented first, and then soil preparation and transplanting should be carried out. If there are pests on the transplanted trees, they should be prevented in time so as not to affect the growth of flowers with seven leaves and one branch. Yunnan pine. (Author: Zhou Fangyu) 2.8

Harvesting and processing

2.8. 1 harvesting

Pine of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis can be harvested before and after seedling dropping in autumn and before March in spring. If seeds are used to raise seedlings, in general, the corresponding harvest will be carried out in the sixth year after transplanting; If seedlings with terminal buds and rhizomes are harvested in the third year after transplantation. Harvesting should be done on a sunny day. Cut off the stems and leaves first, and then dig the roots from the side from shallow to deep with a hoe. When digging, the roots should be avoided as much as possible and kept intact. After excavation, the roots must be transported indoors in time for paving. At the same time, dirt, stones and weeds should be picked out, fibrous roots should be removed, and then washed and drained.

process

Among the seven leaves and one flower harvested. Yunnan pine, the part with terminal buds is cut off for seedlings, and the rest can be dried or dried, or cut into 2-3 mm slices and dried, and then bagged for storage or sale.

3 Analysis of planting benefit of Paris polyphylla. Mojiang County Linxia Yunnan

In recent years, with the rapid development of Chinese medicine industry, the dosage of drugs used by Paris polyphylla production enterprises has increased. Yunnan, as a raw material, has greatly increased. However, the long-term predatory exploitation of wild Chinese medicinal materials has made medicinal resources increasingly scarce, which can no longer meet the market demand. Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis planted under the forest is gradually replacing the wild Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, and its economic, social and ecological benefits are also showing a good trend.

3. 1 medicinal value

Chinese medicine believes that seven leaves and one flower have the effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials, relieving swelling and pain, cooling liver and relieving convulsion.

Modern pharmacological research shows that Paris polyphylla. Pinus yunnanensis has hemostatic, expectorant, bacteriostatic, sedative, analgesic, anti-early pregnancy, spermicidal and cytotoxic effects, and is clinically used to treat functional uterine bleeding, neurodermatitis, surgical inflammation and tumors. , the curative effect is remarkable.

Pine of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis has complex chemical constituents, strong pharmacological activity and wide clinical application. Scholars at home and abroad pay attention to its physiological activity and unique medicinal value. Through modern pharmacological research, it provides theoretical basis for some clinical applications of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, and finds some new functions, showing a good development prospect.

3.2 Economic benefits of planting Paris polyphylla. Linxia Yunnan

With the decrease of wild resources in Paris polyphylla. The price of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis has increased year by year, which has brought infinite business opportunities for planting under Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Yunnan pine. Planting in Paris. Yunnan under the forest not only retains the original nature, but also shortens the growth cycle. The growth period of seven leaves and one flower. Yunnan pine is shortened to 2-4 years after germination. According to the row spacing of 20×20cm, there are 65,438+0.8-20,000 Paris polyphylla varieties. Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis can be planted per mu, and the yield of Paris polyphylla per mu at harvest is about 65438 0500 kg. According to the price and profit analysis, the current market price of seven leaves and one flower. Yunnan's is around 200 yuan/Jin. According to the yield per mu 1.500 kg, the output value can reach 300,000 yuan. Excluding the investment cost of 654.38+10,000 yuan per mu, the profit can reach 200,000 yuan, which is undoubtedly another bright spot for farmers to increase their income.

Planting in Paris. Under-forest Yunnan not only increased the added value of forestry, promoted the sustainable development of forestry, but also opened up new channels for farmers to increase income, achieving the goals of greening land, increasing farmers' income, increasing enterprise benefits and increasing financial resources, thus promoting the development of county economy in our county.

3.3 Social benefits of planting Paris polyphylla. Linxia Yunnan

After the reform of collective forest right system, the concept of under-forest economic development has been deeply rooted in people's hearts, and the under-forest farming model has been popularized year by year. Many farmers have joined the tide of forestry industry development. Judging from the current development situation, the development and utilization of under-forest resources in Mojiang County is relatively low, which can provide a broad space for the growth of flowers with seven leaves and one branch. Yunnan pine. In addition, the planting of Paris. Compared with precious Chinese medicinal materials such as Panax notoginseng and Ginseng, Yunnan has the advantages of less investment, easy operation, less diseases, high survival rate, short cycle and considerable price. Its development conforms to the requirements of national collective forest right system reform and ecological civilization construction, and also points out a new development direction for forest farmers. Planting in Paris. Large-scale Yunnan can also effectively reduce market demand pressure.

3.4 Ecological benefits of planting Paris polyphylla. Linxia Yunnan

Planting under the forest of Paris polyphylla. Pinus yunnanensis is an ecological management model that makes full use of the land resources and tree-lined advantages under the forest to plant under the forest. This model is to change field cultivation into undergrowth planting to develop production; Turn livestock manure into fertilizer and make the village clean and tidy; Turn fruit into money and make life richer. Its development is the best combination of organic combination and coordinated development of agriculture and forestry industries, which not only saves agricultural land resources and broadens production space, but also makes great contributions to protecting existing forest resources and maintaining ecological balance.

4 conclusion

With the continuous development and utilization of forest resources, in accordance with the policy of "ecological development, farmers benefit", the planting of heavy buildings. Yunnan under the forest will be gradually popularized in our county. Its production mode has formed a production pattern of combining forest and seedlings, complementing each other's length, sharing resources and complementing each other's advantages, constructed an economical, ecological, recycling and developing economic model, expanded the comprehensive utilization rate of forest land and improved the output rate of forest land. Its development has promoted the rapid development of forestry industry, ensured the value-added of forest land, solved the problem of long forestry benefit cycle, realized the increase of farmers' income and enterprise efficiency, promoted the sustainable development of forestry, and played a great role in deepening forest reform and consolidating the achievements of forest reform. China Organic Agriculture Network