1. Northern Dialect (abbreviation: Northern Dialect)

2. Cantonese (Cantonese for short)

3. Jiangsu and Zhejiang dialect (Wu dialect for short):

4. Fujian dialect (Fujian dialect for short):

5. Hunan dialect (Hunan dialect for short):

6. Jiangxi dialect (referred to as Gan dialect):

7. Hakka dialect (Hakka for short):

1, northern dialect

Also known as Northern Dialect, represented by Beijing Dialect, the lingua franca is China's northern provinces, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan and some counties and cities in central China. Northern dialect is divided into four sub-dialect areas:

(1) North China dialect is popular in Beijing, Tianjin, Northeast China, Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces. Among them, Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang dialects are the closest to Beijing dialect.

(2) Northwest dialect, popular in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang.

(3) Southwest dialect, which is popular in most areas of Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Hubei. Border areas of northern Hunan and Guangxi.

(4) Jianghuai dialect, commonly known as Xiajiang Mandarin, is popular in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, including some areas along the Yangtze River in Anhui, Jiangsu and Jiangxi.

2. Wu dialect

Wu dialect is also called Jiangsu and Zhejiang dialect or Jiangnan dialect. It used to be represented by Suzhou dialect. Nowadays, with the development of Shanghai's economy, more and more people use Shanghai dialect, and people who are familiar with Shanghai dialect are gradually increasing. So the representative of Wu dialect today is Shanghai dialect. The traffic area is mainly south of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, east of Zhenjiang, a small part of Nantong, and most of Shanghai and Zhejiang, which can be divided into five parts:

(1) Taihu film represented by Shanghai dialect is popular in Shanghai, Changzhou, Hangzhou, Ningbo and other places.

(2) Taizhou movies represented by Linhai dialect.

(3) Eastern European movies represented by Wenzhou dialect.

(4) Wuzhou piece represented by Jinhua dialect.

(5) Li Qu films represented by Lishui dialect.

3. Hunan dialect:

Hunan dialect is also called Hunan dialect or Huxiang dialect. Represented by Changsha dialect, it is distributed in most areas of Hunan Province. From the internal phonetic differences, there are differences between the new Xiang dialect and the old Xiang dialect. The old Xiang dialect is widely popular in Ningxiang and Hengyang in central Hunan, and the new Xiang dialect is popular in Changsha, Zhuzhou and other large and medium-sized cities.

4. Gan dialect

Gan dialect is also called Jiangxi dialect, Gan dialect or xi dialect. Nanchang dialect, as the representative, is popular in most areas of Jiangxi Province and some counties and cities in western Fujian and Hunan Province. Because the northern Han nationality moved south many times in history, most of them passed through Jiangxi, and their hometown was geographically adjacent to Jianghuai Mandarin, Xiang dialect and Peng Min dialect, which made the marginal areas of Jiangxi Province deeply influenced by other dialects and led to the weakening of the characteristics of Gan dialect.

Gan dialect can be divided into seven parts:

(1) Changjing film represented by Nanchang dialect is popular in Nanchang and Gao 'an.

(2) Liu Yi movies represented by Yichun dialect are popular in Yichun, Xinyu and Hunan.

(3) Jicha tablets represented by Ji 'an dialect are popular in Ji 'an, Jinggangshan and Chaling, Youxian and Lingxian areas of Hunan Province.

(4) Fu Guang movies represented by Fuzhou dialect are popular in Fuzhou.

(5) Eagle Yi films represented by yingtan dialect are popular in yingtan, Guixi, Leping and Jingdezhen.

(6) Gannan film (also known as Ganzhou film), represented by Ganxian dialect, is popular in Gannan. (This piece of Gan dialect is intentionally divided into a branch of dialect by ethnologists of ethnic department. )

(7) Western Fujian, represented by Changting dialect, is popular in Tingzhou area of western Fujian. (This branch of Gan dialect is also classified as a branch of dialect by researchers from Peng Min, which is a great trouble in linguistics.)

Cantonese, also known as Cantonese or Cantonese, is popular in most parts of Guangdong Province, southern and eastern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Hong Kong and Macao.

(1) Cantonese, represented by Guangzhou dialect, is popular in the Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong, some counties and cities in western and northern Guangdong, and Wuzhou region of Guangxi.

(2) The Siyi area represented by Taishan dialect is in Jiangmen, Guangdong (Xinhui, Taishan, Jiangmen, Kaiping, Enping and Heshan).

(3) Northern Guangdong, represented by Shaoguan Cantonese, passes through Shaoguan, Yangshan, Fogang and a part of yingde city.

(4) Levin films represented by Yangjiang dialect are popular in Maoming and Yangjiang.

(5) Qin Lianpian, represented by Qinzhou dialect in Guangxi, is popular in Zhanjiang in Guangdong, Qinzhou in Guangxi and parts of Leizhou in Guangdong.

(6) Uighur film represented by Huizhou Cantonese (this film was once mistaken by shed people as a branch of shed dialect, especially the residents of Heyuan, Guangdong Province, who, like shed people, mistakenly thought they were shed people). Tongda area: Huizhou, Heyuan, Jieyang, Guangdong, Puning and Jiexi, Luhe County, Shanwei, Wuhua and Xingning, Meizhou.

(7) Yong Xun films, represented by Nanning dialect in Guangxi, are popular in Nanning, Guangxi and parts of Yulin.

(8) Goulou piece, represented by Yulin dialect in Guangxi, passes through Yulin area in Guangxi and a part of Wuzhou in Guangxi.

6. Peng Min dialect

Peng Min dialect is also called Jiaying dialect, Hakka dialect or Liu Hua. Represented by Guangdong Meicheng dialect, it is mainly used in Meizhou, Guangdong, and scattered in the southern tip of Jiangxi and western Fujian. Historically, the shed people were migrants from the Central Plains who moved south several times to escape the war since the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The densest place where they live is Meizhou, Guangdong. Some overseas Chinese also speak shed dialect.

7. Min dialect

Min dialect is also called Min dialect or Fulao dialect. Fuzhou dialect used to be the representative, but now there are more and more Minnan residents in Min dialect, and more and more people use Minnan dialect. Therefore, today's Fujian dialect is generally represented by the Xiamen dialect of Minnan dialect. Min dialect can be divided into five parts.

(1) The eastern Fujian film represented by Fuzhou dialect-

(2) The Minnan dialect film represented by Xiamen dialect is divided into several small pieces in Fujian dialect: 1, and the Zhang Quan film is based on Xiamen dialect in Fujian. 2. Chaoshan movies should be based on Shantou dialect in Guangdong. 3. Leizhou film is based on Haikang dialect. 4. Wen Qiong's films are based on Haikou dialect in Hainan.

(3) Northern Fujian, represented by Jian 'ou dialect.

(4) Minzhong film represented by Yong 'an dialect.

(5) Puxian film represented by Putian dialect.

A considerable number of Chinese communities in Nanyang Islands also come from Fujian dialect areas, but Minnan dialect is the main language.

Attached:

Another criterion is to divide the whole country into eight dialect areas, that is, to divide Fujian dialect into two branches.

1, northern Fujian dialect, also known as Min dialect.

Northern Fujian dialect is distributed in northern Fujian, parts of southern Zhejiang and parts of Taiwan Province Province. In addition, some overseas Chinese in Nanyang also speak northern Fujian dialect. The northern Fujian dialect is represented by Fuzhou dialect.

2. Minnan dialect is called Chaozhou dialect in Guangdong and Xiamen dialect in Fujian.

Minnan dialect is distributed in southern Fujian, eastern Guangdong and parts of Hainan Island, and some overseas Chinese communities also spread Minnan dialect. Minnan dialect is represented by Xiamen dialect.

(This is divided by geographical north and south. If Fujian dialect is integrated, Fuzhou dialect belongs to eastern Fujian dialect. )

chinese dialect

Language family-language-dialect-sub-dialect

┌ Jin dialect —————————— Datong dialect

Taiyuan dialect

│

│ ┌ Shaanxi-Gansu dialect-Shaanxi dialect

Gansu dialect

│ ┌ Northeast dialect

Hebei dialect (Mandarin, Mandarin)

┌ Northern Dialect Group-Northern Chinese-Shandong Dialect.

Jiaodong dialect

Henan dialect

│ ┌ Northern Hubei dialect

│ │ Chu language

Hunan putonghua

│└ Northern Dialect ———————— Jiang Cen Dialect

│ ├ Southwest Chinese-Guiliu Dialect

Northern Guizhou dialect

Qiannan dialect

│ │ ├ Red words

││├ Kungui Dialect

Western Yunnan dialect

Hefei Hua

Yangzhou dialect

│ ├ Jianghuai Dialect ——————— Nantong Dialect

Jiujiang dialect

Nanping dialect

│ └———————— Military words [Zhongshan Township, Wuping County, Fujian Province, China]

│

│ ┌ North —————— Nanchang dialect

│ ├ East ———————— yingtan dialect

│ ┌ Gan dialect ————————— Fuzhou dialect.

│ │ ├ West ————————— Yichun Dialect

│ │ └ Southwest ————————— Ji 'an Dialect

│ │

├ Hakka Group-┤┌ Hakka dialect in northwest Jiangxi-Tonggu dialect

Ganzhou Dialect of Hakka in Southwest Jiangxi

│ │ ├ Hakka dialect in southeast Jiangxi-Ningdu dialect

│ │ Hakka dialect in western Fujian-Changting dialect

Liancheng dialect

│ │ ├ Raoping Hakka [Chaozhou dialect; Zhuolan Town, Miaoli County, China]

Meixian dialect and Sixian dialect [Meizhou City, Guangdong Province; Taiwan Province Province, China]

│ │ ├ Tai Po cavity [Meizhou City, Guangdong Province; Taichung County, Taiwan Province Province, China]

│└ Hakka dialect-Hakka dialect in Meijiang, eastern Guangdong-Huiyang Hakka dialect, Hailu dialect [Shanwei, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province

Dongguan City and Qingyuan City; Taiwan Province Province, China]

Shaonan [Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province]

Sichuan Hakka

Hakka in East Guangdong [Heyuan City, Huizhou City, Guangdong Province]

Hakka in northern Guangdong [Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province]

Huizhou Hakka dialect

│ ├ She Dialect in Zhejiang [Lishui City, Zhejiang Province]

│ │ Jiangxi She dialect [Ji 'an City, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province? 〕

│├ She nationality in Fujian She dialect [Nanping City, Ningde District, Fujian Province]

Guangdong She dialect │ └ She [Shantou, Jieyang, Shanwei, Huizhou, Guangdong]

│

Xuanzhou dialect

Changzhou dialect

↓↓↓ ├ Shanghai dialect

↑├ Northern, Taihu Wu Dialect-Huzhou Dialect]

Chinese department ┤ │ ├ Hangzhou dialect

├—————————————— Vietnamese in Wu dialect.

Ningbo dialect

│├ Central and Wuzhou Wu Dialect-Jinhua Dialect

│ ├ South, Chuwu Quhua-Quzhou Dialect]

Lishui dialect

Taizhou dialect

│ └ Wenzhou dialect —————— Wenzhou dialect

│ └ European

│

│ ┌ North, Jingzhan-Jingde Dialect

│ ├ East, she county dialect

├———————————— West, Hugh —— Tunxi Dialect.

Southwest, Qi-De-Qimen Dialect

Yanzhou dialect

│

Changyi (Xinxiang dialect)-Changsha dialect

├ Chu dialect ————————————— Lou Shao (hometown dialect) —— Shuangfeng dialect

│ └ Jili ————————— Jishou dialect

│

│ ┌ Northern Fujian Dialect ———————————— Jian 'ou Dialect

│ ├ Mindong dialect ———————————— Fuzhou dialect

Taishun is rude.

│ ├ Min dialect ——————————— Yong 'an dialect

├ Min dialect group-Puxian dialect, Xinghua dialect and Putian dialect.

│ │ ┌ Minnan dialect —————————— Xiamen dialect

People from Taiwan Province, China,

│ └ Minnan dialect ————————————— Chaoshan dialect.

Shantou dialect

the leizhou dialect

│└ Hainan dialect and Wen Qiong dialect

│

│ ┌ Cantonese-Cantonese.

Dongguan dialect

│ ├ Ish dialect ——————— Taishan dialect

│ │ └ Yayao dialect and Lajia dialect [

├—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————  dialect.

Wuzhou dialect

│ ├ Southern Guangxi Cantonese-Nanning Dialect

│└ Qinlian Dialect

│ ├ Wuchuan dialect [Wuchuan, Zhanjiang, Guangdong]

Hometown dialect and dialect [Guangdong Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]

│

├————————— Danzhou Dialect [Danzhou City, Changjiang Li Autonomous County, Hainan Province]

│

├————————— Maojiahua Miao [Hunan, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]

│

├————————— Ling Hua Miao [Longsheng Autonomous County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]

│

└———————— Pingyao Yao dialect Hanyao [Hunan, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]

On thread 1. Modern Chinese dialect * * * is the same language. Modern Chinese is the language of modern Chinese. There are not only the same language-Mandarin, but also different dialects. (Broad sense) The usage of homonyms in modern Chinese: It is the language that all Han people communicate, and it is also the language that Han people communicate with their brothers and between China people and foreigners. The formation of homonyms in modern Chinese: Homonyms in modern Chinese are gradually formed on the basis of northern dialects and through long-term mutual communication. The predecessor of modern Chinese is Yayan (also called Xia Yan) in the Spring and Autumn Period, Tongyu in the Han Dynasty, Mandarin in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and Vernacular in the May 4th Movement. The "Vernacular Movement" and "Mandarin Movement" promoted and influenced each other, which made the written and spoken languages of national languages develop unprecedentedly. Two forms of national language: spoken language and written language. The oral form of oral communication is spoken language; The written form recorded in words is written language. Putonghua is called "national language" in Taiwan Province Province and overseas, while it is called "Chinese" in Singapore. 2. The main factors of dialect differences in modern Chinese are: due to population growth, the living area has expanded; Due to social unrest, people migrate to distant places; Due to the barrier of mountains and rivers and traffic congestion, people's communication is inconvenient; Due to the contact with foreign languages, language interaction and integration have taken place. Chinese dialect is the product of the historical development of the Han nationality. In the long historical development process, Chinese dialects have formed various differences in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Among them, the phonetic difference is the biggest, followed by vocabulary and grammar is the smallest. Modern Chinese dialects can be roughly divided into seven dialects: Northern Dialect, Wu Dialect, Xiang Dialect, Gan Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Min Dialect and Yue Dialect. (1) Northern dialect, formerly known as "Mandarin", represented by Beijing dialect, has the largest population, accounting for more than 70% of the total population of Han nationality. Northern dialect includes four sub-dialects: 1, North China dialect; 2. Northwest dialect; 3. Southwest dialect; 4. Jianghuai Dialect (2) Wu dialect, also known as Jiangsu and Zhejiang dialect, is represented by Suzhou dialect or Shanghai dialect, accounting for 8.4% of the Han population. (3) Hunan dialect is represented by Changsha dialect, accounting for 5% of the Han population. (4) Gan dialect is represented by Nanchang dialect, accounting for 2.4% of the Han population. (5) Hakka dialect is represented by Meizhou dialect in eastern Guangdong, accounting for 4% of the Han population. (6) Min dialect is spoken in most parts of Fujian, Chaoshan area in eastern Guangdong, Leizhou Peninsula in the south, Hainan and Taiwan Province provinces, accounting for 4.2% of the Han population. Including Minnan, East Fujian and Middle Fujian dialects. (7) Guangdong dialect is represented by Guangzhou dialect, and Hong Kong and Macao account for 5% of the Han population. Three. Understanding of language and writing work in the new period: Principles of language and writing work in the new period (page 8, paragraph 1, policies of language and writing work in the new period ... at the end of the paragraph) Understanding: At present, the two most important tasks of language and writing work in China are: vigorously promoting Putonghua and promoting the standardization of Chinese; Strengthen the management of Chinese characters in society and promote the standardization of Chinese characters. The standard of modern Chinese * * * is "Putonghua with Beijing pronunciation as the standard, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm". Understanding: "Taking Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation" means taking the dialect pronunciation in a specific place as the standard pronunciation, so that people can have a clear and specific standard of life pronunciation to follow. "Dialect based on northern dialect" is the basis of taking northern dialect as vocabulary norm. "Taking the typical modern vernacular works as the grammatical norm" means taking the general use cases in the representative works of modern and contemporary famous writers as the grammatical norm. (The above three points should be understood on page 9- 1 1 of the book. The introduction part accounts for about 3-5 points. The first chapter is phonology and an overview of phonology 1. The essence of phonology is the sound that represents a certain meaning when human beings speak. It includes physiological attribute, physical attribute and social attribute. (This noun explains essential words and poor words) (1) Understanding of the physiological properties of pronunciation: The vocal organs of human body can be divided into three parts: lungs and trachea, larynx and vocal cords, oral cavity and nasal cavity. (2) The physical attributes of phonetics The four elements of phonetics (namely, the four physical elements): pitch, sound intensity, sound length and timbre. 1. Pitch is the sound level, which depends on the frequency of sound waves. Pitch plays a very important role in Chinese. 2. Sound intensity is the intensity of sound, which depends on the amplitude of sound waves. Light sounds in Putonghua are related to sound intensity. 3. The sound length is the sound length, which depends on the time when the pronunciation body vibrates. Volume is related to pitch, sound intensity and sound length. 4. Timbre, also called tone quality, is the feature and essence of sound, and it is the most basic feature that different sounds can be distinguished from each other, depending on the form of sound wave vibration. The difference of timbre is caused by three factors: First, the pronunciation style is different. Second, the pronunciation is different. Third, the buzzer has different shapes. (3) The social attribute of pronunciation: first of all, it is reflected in the sociality of the combination of sound and meaning, and also in the systematicness of pronunciation. Social attribute is the essential attribute of pronunciation. Phonetic analysis (1) syllable is the basic structural unit of phonetics and the smallest phonetic fragment that people naturally feel in hearing. Two Chinese characters with children, one syllable. (2) Phoneme is the smallest phonetic unit divided from the perspective of timbre. Phones are divided into consonants and vowels. When pronouncing, the airflow does not necessarily vibrate the vocal cords, and the phonemes formed by obstruction in the mouth or throat are called consonants (also called consonants). When pronouncing, the airflow vibrates the vocal cords, and the phonemes formed in the mouth or throat are called vowels (also known as vowels). The difference between vowels and consonants: whether the pronunciation airflow in the pronunciation organ is blocked. The short answer form of the difference between yuan and auxiliary: 1, whether there are obstacles; (Consonants have obstacles, vowels have no obstacles) 2. Nervous; (Consonants are tense locally and vowels are balanced) 3. Intensity of airflow; (Consonant airflow is strong, vowel airflow is weak) 4. Loudness; (Small consonants and big vowels) (3) Phoneme is the smallest phonetic unit that can distinguish meanings in a certain language (or dialect), which is summarized according to the semantic function of pronunciation. (1) initials, finals and tones A syllable is divided into three parts: initials, finals and tones. Initial consonant refers to the consonant at the beginning of syllable, and vowel refers to the part after initial consonant. If a syllable does not start with a consonant, it is called a "zero initial". Tone refers to the unique pitch change of syllables. The three-tone symbol Chinese Pinyin scheme is the legal Pinyin scheme for recording the modern Chinese phonetic system. The scheme of Chinese Pinyin is mainly used to pay attention to Chinese characters as a tool to promote Putonghua. There are five Chinese phonetic alphabets: letters, initials, finals, tone symbols and sound insulation symbols. (Page 24-26) Section 2 Consonants and Vowels in Putonghua I. Pronunciation Analysis of Consonants There are three stages in the pronunciation process of consonants: first, the sound resistance, second, the sound resistance, and third, the sound resistance removal. (1) Pronunciation part of consonant: the part where the airflow is blocked when pronouncing. There are seven kinds of consonant pronunciation parts: double lip sound, lip tooth sound, front sharp sound, middle sharp sound, back sharp sound, tongue surface sound and tongue root sound. (2) Consonant pronunciation: the method of airflow to break the pronunciation barrier. 1. Blocking mode: it can be divided into five types according to the ways of making or removing obstacles. 1) Stop (breaking): B, P, D, T, G, K (combined with consonants, the first two of the first three groups) 2) Fricative sounds: F, S, sh, R, X. 1) aspirated sounds: p, t, k, c, ch, q2) non-aspirated sounds: b, d, g, z, zh, j Note: the first sound in each group in the initial consonant list is not aspirated; The second sound in each group is aspirated sound. Only when there is a stop sound or a fricative sound, can you consider air supply or no air supply. First, the pronunciation analysis of vowels The nature of vowels is determined by the following three aspects: (the height of the tongue, the shape of the front and back and the lips) The height of the tongue is divided into four degrees: high vowels, semi-high vowels, semi-low vowels and low vowels; The front and back of the tongue are divided into three degrees: front vowel, middle vowel and back vowel; Lips have two shapes: round vowels and non-round vowels. Mandarin has two vowels: monosyllabic vowel and complex vowel. (1) Vowels whose tongue position and lip shape remain unchanged when pronounced are called vowels. Monosyllabic vowels are divided into tongue vowels, tongue tip vowels and rolled tongue vowels. 1, tongue vowels: I, u,? , a, o, e, e 2, the vowel on the tip of the tongue: -i[], only after the initials z, c, s, -i[], only after zh, ch, sh, R. 3. Curled vowel: er Note: It will be more convenient to remember with a 35-page tongue vowel chart. (2) Vowels whose tongue position and lip shape change during pronunciation are called compound vowels. Compound vowels include: 1, pre-voiced binary vowels: ai, ei, ao, ou, ao2, post-voiced binary vowels: ia, ie, ua, uo, ue3, and medium-voiced ternary vowels: iao, iou, uai, uei. Section III: Analysis of Putonghua syllables 1. Of the 22 consonants in Putonghua, there are 22 initials * * *, one of which is zero. Second, Mandarin has 39 vowels. According to the components of vowels, they can be divided into three types: single vowel, complex vowel and nasal vowel. (1) The single vowel has 13 vowels * *, that is, I, U, U, A, O, E, Mi, -i, -i, er (2) The compound vowel has 13 vowels * *. Pronunciation compound vowels: ai, ei, ao, ou, ao; Pronounced compound vowels: ia, ie, ua, uo, UE; Chinese compound vowels: iao, iou, uai, uei (3) nasal vowels: vowels and nasal consonants together form a vowel. The consonants that can appear at the end of syllables are only the voiced nasal sound n at the tip of the tongue and the voiced nasal sound ng at the root of the tongue. N can appear at the beginning and end of syllables; Ng only appears at the end of syllables. Mandarin has 16 nasal vowels. 1, 8 nasal vowels on the tip of the tongue: an, ian, uan(u plus dot), uan, en, in, uen, un(u plus dot) 2, 8 nasal vowels on the base of the tongue: ang, iang, uang, eng, ing, ung. Public address: no rhyme. Mouth call: vowels with a rhyme or belly of U, wearing a green hat: vowels with a rhyme or belly of U (U plus points). Third, pitch is mainly determined by pitch. Tone value is the actual pronunciation of tone, that is to say, each syllable has a tone sandhi form. The numerical adjustment adopts "five-degree marking method". The type of ups and downs represented by lines is called mode. Note: You should be able to use the method of adjusting values and remember the diagram on page 42. Pay attention to the method of asking questions when answering questions: the adjustment value is marked with five-degree marking method; The voice calls for Yin, Yang, Shang and Tuowen. Tone category refers to the category of tone, which is obtained by summarizing all tone values of a language or dialect. Mandarin has four tone values: flat tone [55], rising tone [35], rising tone [2 14] and falling tone [5 1]. Note: There are three important laws in the evolution of tone category in Middle Chinese to Putonghua: the first is "equal division of yin and yang"; The second is "turbidity change"; The third is "joining the four voices". Fourth, the syllable structure (this section is the key, you need to read it several times) The syllable structure of Putonghua is divided into three parts: initials, finals and tones. Vowels are divided into three parts: rhyme head, rhyme belly and rhyme end. The rhyme belly, also known as the main vowel, is the vowel with the largest opening and the loudest sound among vowels. All single vowels can form a rhyme belly. Vowel, also called middle tone, is a high vowel between initial and final. The opening of the rhyme is small and the loudness is poor, and it can only be composed of three high vowels: I, U and u(u plus points). Rhyme refers to the ending part after vowels, including vowel ending and consonant ending. Vowel endings consist of I and U, consonant endings consist of N and ng, and each syllable should have a rhyme and tone. Note: memorize the twelve forms of syllable formation types on page 45, and pay attention to the decomposition of words such as ao, ye, Wei, Cao and Gui in the list. Among the formats, the most complex format contains four phonemes and one tone, while the simple format contains only one phoneme and one tone. Vowels can be arranged into syllables in succession, up to three. V. Rhyme and Harmony of Rhyme There are 265,438+0 consonants, 1 zero consonants and 39 vowels in Putonghua. There are six main rules in the phonological coordination of Putonghua: 1. Billip sounds B, P and M can be coordinated with the vowels of open mouth and flat mouth, and the coordination with closed mouth is limited to vowel U, but not with the vowels of closed mouth. 2. Lip-tooth sound F can be combined with open vowels, and the combination with closed vowels is limited to single vowel U, and cannot be combined with straight-toothed and pinched vowels. 3. The relationship between consonants D, T, N and L on the tip of the tongue and vowels is slightly different. N and L can match four-call vowels, while D and T can't match pinch vowels, but they can match other three-call vowels. 4. Consonants Z, C, S before the tip of the tongue, vowels zh, ch, sh, R after the tip of the tongue, and vowels G, K, H at the root of the tongue have the same coordination relationship, all of which can be coordinated with the opening and closing vowels, but not with the opening and closing vowels. (This is easy to ask multiple-choice questions) 5. Tongue sounds J, Q and X are contrary to the first three groups of initials, and can only be matched with straight and open vowels, but not with open and closed vowels. 6. Among all initials, the range of vowels that can be matched by the labial tooth sound F is the narrowest; The middle tones N, L and zero initial Ф on the tip of the tongue can match the widest range of vowels, and can match the vowels of four calls. The most consonant is open call, and the least consonant is pinch call. Section 4 Dialect Correction (non-Beijing students can pay attention to the sample sentences in the book) Section 5 Tone sandhi. 1. softly: some syllables in a word or sentence lose their original tone and become short and weak. This phonetic phenomenon is light tone. Tone mainly depends on pitch, while the opening of light tone depends on sound intensity and sound length. The law of light tone: 1, auxiliary verb; 2. Function words; 3. Components indicating direction; 4. Words used after verbs to indicate trends; 5. The second syllable after nouns and verbs overlap. (Pay regular attention to the examples in the book. The function of light tone: light tone has the function of distinguishing words from non-words, meaning and part of speech. Second, Erhua Erhua: The vowel "er" in Putonghua is not spliced with the initial, but can be attached to other syllables and integrated with the previous vowels. Turn the previous vowel into a roll vowel. This phenomenon is called "Hua Er". Hua Er's role: to distinguish the meaning of words from parts of speech, and in some cases, to express subtle and intimate colors. Third, when reading tone sandhi syllables and syllables together, this tone will change due to mutual influence. This change is called tone sandhi. (1) Tone sandhi 1, Tone Up+Tone Up = Tone Up+Tone Up (two Tone Up words are connected, and the preceding Tone Up is pronounced) 2. Upper voice+non-upper voice = semi-upper voice+non-upper voice 1, upper voice+soft voice (non-upper voice) = semi-upper voice+soft voice 2 2, read the rising tone and then go away. 3. Read softly between overlapping monosyllabic verbs. (3) The tone sandhi of "bu" is 1. Read the rising tone before you go out. 2. Read softly in positive and negative coordinate questions and possible complement negation. Note: Pay attention to the examples in (1), (2) and (3). Intonation and reading 1. Intonation: refers to the variation form of the voice that has the function of expressing semantics and feelings and runs through the whole sentence. Including pause, stress and ups and downs. (1) Pauses can be divided into grammatical pauses, logical pauses and rhythmic pauses. 1. Grammatical pause: a pause determined by the grammatical relationship of a sentence. Punctuation marks are written symbols of grammatical relations. 2. Logical pause: a pause used to express feelings and emphasize the need for a certain meaning. 3. Rhythm pause: used to express the pause of the rhythm of the poem. (2) Stress Stress can be divided into grammatical stress and logical stress. 1, grammatical stress: refers to the stress adopted according to the characteristics of grammatical structure. 2. Logical stress: refers to the stress adopted according to the needs of semantic or emotional expression. Note: Contrast between grammar and logic (examples in the book). (3) Ascending and descending intonation refers to the pitch change of the whole sentence, which is the backbone of intonation and can best express the thoughts and feelings of the whole sentence. Understand the four types of intonation: rising tone, falling tone, flat tone and tortuous tone.