A, the nature of oxygen:

(1) Reaction of simple substance with oxygen: (combination reaction)

1. Magnesium burns in air: 2Mg+O2 ignites 2MgO.

2. Iron burns in oxygen: 3Fe+2O2 ignites Fe3O4.

3. Copper heating in air: 2Cu+O2 heating 2CuO.

4. Aluminum burns in air: 4Al+3O2 ignites 2Al2O3.

5. Combustion in hydrogen and air: 2H2+O2 ignites 2H2O.

6. Red phosphorus burns in air (experiment to study air composition): 4P+5O2 ignites 2P2O5.

7. Sulfur powder burns in air: S+O2 ignites SO2.

8. Complete combustion of carbon in oxygen: C+O2 ignites CO2.

9. Incomplete combustion of carbon in oxygen: 2C+O2 ignites 2CO.

(2) the reaction of compounds with oxygen:

10. Carbon monoxide burns in oxygen: 2CO+O2 ignites 2CO2.

1 1. Methane burns in air: CH4+2O2 ignites CO2+2H2O.

12. Alcohol burns in air: C2H5OH+3O2 ignites 2CO2+3H2O.

(3) Oxygen source:

13. Boyle studies the composition of air experiment 2HgO heating Hg+O2 =

14. heating potassium permanganate: 2KMnO4 heating k2mno4+MnO2+O2 = (principle of oxygen production in laboratory 1)

15. decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide with manganese dioxide as catalyst: H2O2, MnO, 22h2o+O2 = (principle of oxygen production in laboratory 2)

Second, the water in nature:

16. Decomposition of water under the action of direct current (experimental study on composition of water): 2H2O electrified 2H2 =+O2 =

17. quicklime is soluble in water: CaO+H2O == Ca(OH)2.

18. Carbon dioxide is soluble in water: H2O+CO2==H2CO3.

Third, the law of conservation of mass:

19. Magnesium burns in air: 2Mg+O2 ignites 2MgO.

20. The reaction between iron and copper sulfate solution: Fe+CuSO4 = = FeSO4+Cu.

2 1. Reduction of copper oxide by hydrogen: H2+ copper oxide heats copper +H2O.

22. Magnesium reduces copper oxide: magnesium+copper oxide heats copper+magnesium oxide.

Four, carbon and carbon oxides:

Chemical properties of (1) carbon

23. Carbon burns completely in oxygen: C+O2 ignites CO2.

24. Reduction of copper oxide with charcoal: 2Cu, high temperature 2Cu+CO2↑ =

25. Reduction of iron oxide by coke: 3C+ 2Fe2O3, high temperature 4Fe+3CO2↑ =

(2) Three reactions in coal furnace: (several combined reactions)

26. Bottom of coal stove: C+O2 ignites CO2.

27. Middle layer of coal furnace: CO2+C high temperature 2CO.

28. Blue flame in the upper part of coal stove: 2CO+O2 ignites 2CO2.

(3) Preparation and properties of carbon dioxide:

29. Marble reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid (carbon dioxide made in the laboratory):

CaCO3 + 2HCl == CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

30. Carbonic acid is unstable and decomposed: H2CO3 == H2O+CO2↑ =

3 1. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water: H2O+CO2== H2CO3

32. Calcined limestone at high temperature (industrial carbon dioxide production): CaCO3, high temperature CaO+CO2↑ =

33. Lime water and carbon dioxide reaction (carbon dioxide identification):

Calcium hydroxide+carbon dioxide = = calcium carbonate ↓+ H2O

(4) Properties of carbon monoxide:

34. Reduction of copper oxide by carbon monoxide: CO+ CuO heats Cu+CO2.

35. Combustibility of carbon monoxide: 2CO+O2 ignites 2CO2.

Other reactions:

36. Sodium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid (the principle of fire extinguisher):

Na2CO3 + 2HCl == 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

Verb (abbreviation of verb) fuel and its utilization:

37. Methane burns in air: CH4+2O2 ignites CO2+2H2O.

38. Alcohol burns in the air: C2H5OH+3O2 ignites 2CO2+3H2O.

39. Burning in hydrogen and air: 2H2+O2 ignites 2H2O.

Six, metal

(1) the reaction of metal with oxygen;

40. Magnesium burns in air: 2Mg+O2 ignites 2MgO.

4 1. Iron burns in oxygen: 3Fe+2O2 ignites Fe3O4.

42. Copper is heated in air: 2Cu+O2 heats 2CuO.

43. Aluminum forms an oxide film in air: 4Al+3O2 = 2Al2O3.

(2) Simple metal+acid salt+hydrogen (displacement reaction)

44. Zinc and dilute sulfuric acid Zn+H2SO4 = ZnSO4+H2 Write

45. Iron and dilute sulfuric acid Fe+H2SO4 = FeSO4+H2 Write

46. Magnesium and dilute sulfuric acid Mg+H2SO4 = MgSO4+H2 Write

47. Aluminum and dilute sulfuric acid 2al+3H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3+3H2 Write

48. Zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid Zn+2HCl = = ZnCl2+H2 Write

49. Iron and dilute hydrochloric acid Fe+2 HCl = = FeCl 2+H2 Write

50. Magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid Mg Mg+ 2HCl == MgCl2+H2↑ =

5 1. aluminum and dilute hydrochloric acid 2Al+6HCl = = 2AlCl3+3H2 =

(3) Simple metal+salt (solution)-new metal+new salt

52. The reaction between iron and copper sulfate solution: Fe+CuSO4 == FeSO4+Cu.

53. The reaction between zinc and copper sulfate solution: Zn+CuSO4 ==ZnSO4+Cu.

54. The reaction between copper and mercury nitrate solution: Cu+Hg(NO3)2 == Cu(NO3)2+Hg.

(3) The refining principle of metallic iron:

55.3CO+ 2Fe2O3 high temperature 4Fe+3CO2↑ =

Seven, acid, alkali, salt

1, chemical properties of acid

(1) acid+metal salt+hydrogen (see above)

(2) Acid+metal oxide-salt+water

56. Reaction of iron oxide with dilute hydrochloric acid: Fe2O3+6HCl ==2FeCl3+3H2O.

57. The reaction of iron oxide with dilute sulfuric acid: Fe2O3+3H2SO4 == Fe2(SO4)3+3H2O.

58. The reaction of copper oxide with dilute hydrochloric acid: CuO+2HCl ==CuCl2+H2O.

59. The reaction between copper oxide and dilute sulfuric acid: CuO+H2SO4 == CuSO4+H2O.

(3) acid+alkali-salt+water (neutralization reaction)

60. Reaction between hydrochloric acid and caustic soda: HCl+NaOH == NaCl +H2O.

6 1. The reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium hydroxide: 2HCl+Ca(OH)2 == CaCl2+2H2O.

62. Aluminum hydroxide drugs treat hyperacidity: 3HCl+Al(OH)3 == AlCl3+3H2O.

63. Reaction between sulfuric acid and caustic soda: H2SO4+2NaOH == Na2SO4+2H2O.

(4) acid+salt-another acid+another salt

64. marble reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: CaCO3+2hcl = = CaCl2+H2O+CO2 =

65. Reaction of sodium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid: Na2CO3+2HCl = = 2NaCl+H2O+CO2 =

66. Sodium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: nahco3+HCl = = NaCl+H2O+CO2 =

67. The reaction between sulfuric acid and barium chloride solution: H2SO4+BaCl2 == BaSO4 ↓+ 2HCl.

2. Chemical properties of alkali

(1) alkali+nonmetallic oxide-salt+water

68. Caustic sodium will deteriorate when exposed to air: 2NaOH+CO2 == Na2CO3+H2O.

69. Caustic sodium absorbs sulfur dioxide gas: 2NaOH+SO2 == Na2SO3+H2O.

70. Caustic sodium absorbs sulfur trioxide gas: 2NaOH+SO3 == Na2SO4+H2O.

7 1. The slaked lime deteriorates in air: Ca(OH)2+CO2 == CaCO3 ↓+ H2O.

72. The slaked lime absorbs sulfur dioxide: Ca(OH)2+SO2 == CaSO3 ↓+ H2O.

(2) Alkali+acid-salt+water (neutralization reaction, see above).

(3) alkali+salt-another alkali+another salt

73. Calcium hydroxide and sodium carbonate: Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3 == CaCO3↓+ 2NaOH.

3. Chemical properties of salt

(1) salt (solution)+simple metal-another metal+another salt

74. The reaction between iron and copper sulfate solution: Fe+CuSO4 == FeSO4+Cu.

(2) salt+acid-another acid+another salt

75. Sodium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: Na2CO3+2HCl = = 2NaCl+H2O+CO2 =

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: nahco3+HCl = = NaCl+H2O+CO2 =

(3) salt+alkali-another alkali+another salt

76. Calcium hydroxide and sodium carbonate: Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3 == CaCO3↓+ 2NaOH.

(4) salt+salt-two new salts

77. Sodium chloride solution and silver nitrate solution: NaCl+AgNO3 == AgCl↓+NaNO3.

78. Sodium sulfate and barium chloride: Na2SO4+BaCl2 == BaSO4↓+2NaCl agreement.

14748

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Fifth floor

All chemical equations in high school (not necessarily all)

Non-metallic elements (fluorine, chlorine, oxygen, sulfur, N2, phosphorus, carbon, silicon)

1, oxidizability:

F2 + H2 === 2HF

F2 +Xe (excess) = = XeF2

2F2 (excess) +Xe = = XeF4

NF2+2m = = 2mfn (for most metals)

2F2 +2H2O===4HF+O2

2F2 +2NaOH===2NaF+OF2 +H2O

F2 +2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2

F2 +2NaBr===2NaF+Br2

F2+2NaI ===2NaF+I2

F2 +Cl2 (equal volume) = = 2clf

3F2 (excess) +Cl2===2ClF3

7F2 (excess) +I2 ===2IF7

Cl2 +H2 ===2HCl

3Cl2 +2P===2PCl3

Cl2 +PCl3 ===PCl5

Cl2 +2Na===2NaCl

3Cl2 +2Fe===2FeCl3

Cl2 +2FeCl2 ===2FeCl3

Cl2+Cu===CuCl2

2Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2

Cl2 +2NaI ===2NaCl+I2

5cl 2+I2+6H2O = = = 2hi O3+ 10 HCl

Cl2 +Na2S===2NaCl+S

Cl2 +H2S===2HCl+S

Cl2+SO2 +2H2O===H2SO4 +2HCl

Cl2 +H2O2 ===2HCl+O2

2O2 +3Fe===Fe3O4

O2+K===KO2

s+H2 = = H2S

2S+C===CS2

S+Fe===FeS

S+2Cu===Cu2S

3S+2Al===Al2S3

S+Zn===ZnS

N2+3H2===2NH3

N2+3Mg===Mg3N2

N2+3Ca===Ca3N2

N2+3Ba===Ba3N2

N2+6Na===2Na3N

N2+6K===2K3N

N2+6Rb===2Rb3N

P2+6H2===4PH3

P+3Na===Na3P

2P+3Zn===Zn3P2

2. Reducing ability

S+O2===SO2

S+O2===SO2

Sulfur +6HNO3 (concentrated) = = sulfuric acid +6NO2+2H2O

3S+4 HNO3 (diluted) = = 3so2+4NO+2h2o

N2+ oxygen = = 2no

4p+5o2 = = p4o 10 (often written as P2O5)

2p+3x2 = = 2px3 (X represents F2, Cl2, Br2)

PX3+X2===PX5

4h2o nitric acid (concentrated) = = 4h3po4+20no2+4h2o

C+2F2===CF4

C+2Cl2===CCl4

2C+O2 (small amount) = = 2co

C+O2 (sufficient) = = CO2

Carbon+carbon dioxide = = carbon dioxide

C+H2O = = Co+H2 (generating water gas)

2c+SiO2 = = Si+2co (producing crude silicon)

Si (coarse) +2cl = = sicl4

(sicl4+2h2 = = Si (pure) +4HCl)

Silicon (powder)+oxygen = = silicon dioxide

Silicon+carbon = = silicon carbide (emery)

Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2

3. Disproportionation (in alkali)

Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO

(Adding acid to inhibit disproportionation, adding alkali or light to promote disproportionation)

Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O

2cl 2+2Ca(OH)2 = = = CaCl 2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O

3Cl2+6KOH (hot, concentrated) = = 5kcl+kclo3+3H2O

3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O

4P+3KOH (concentrated) +3H2O = = PH3+3K2PO2

1 1P+ 15 cuso 4+24H2O = = = 5Cu3P+6h3po 4+ 15 h2so 4

3C+ Cao = = = calcium chloride+carbon monoxide

3C+ silica = = = silicon carbide+carbon dioxide

Secondly, the reducibility of metal elements (sodium, magnesium, aluminum, iron).

2Na+H2===2NaH

4Na+O2===2Na2O

2Na2O+O2===2Na2O2

2Na+O2===Na2O2

2na+s = = Na2S (explosion)

2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2

2Na+2h 3 = = = 2n H2+H2

4Na+TiCl4 (melting) ===4NaCl+Ti

Mg+Cl2===MgCl2

Mg+Br2===MgBr2

2 mg+oxygen = = 2 mg

Mg+S===MgS

Mg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2

2 mg+titanium tetrachloride (molten) = = = titanium +2 mg titanium chloride

Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb

2 mg+CO2 = = = 2 mg+CO2

2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+Si

Mg+H2S===MgS+H2

Magnesium+sulfuric acid = = = magnesium sulfate +H2

2Al+3Cl2===2AlCl3

4al+3o2 = = 2al2o3 (passivation)

4Al(Hg)+3o 2+2xH2O = = = 2(al2o 3·xh2o)+4Hg

4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn

2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr

2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe

2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe

2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2

2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2

2Al+6H2SO4 (concentrated) = = Al2 (SO4) 3+3SO2+6H2O

(Aluminum and iron are passivated in cold concentrated H2SO4 HNO3 HNO3)

Al+4HNO (dilution) = = Al (NO3) 3+NO+2h2o

2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2

2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3

Fe+I2===FeI2

Fe+S===FeS

3Fe+4H2O (g) ===Fe3O4+4H2

Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2

Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu

Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2

(Iron can't completely dissolve tin tetrachloride in acidic environment.

Reduction to elemental tin Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)

Third, nonmetallic hydrides (hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, H2O, H2S, ammonia).

1, reducibility:

4HCl (concentrated) +MnO2 = = mncl2+Cl2+2h2o

4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O

16 HCl+2 kmno 4 = = = 2 KCl+2 mncl 2+5cl 2+8H2O

14 HCl+k2 Cr 2 o 7 = = = 2 KCl+2 rcl 3+3c L2+7H2O

2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2

2H2S+3O2 (sufficient amount) = ===2SO2+2H2O

2H2S+O2 (small amount) = = 2s+2h2o

2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2O

H2SO4 sulfuric acid (concentrated) = = sulfur+sulfur dioxide +2H2O

3H2S+2HNO (dilution) = = 3s+2no+4h2o

5H2S+2k MnO 4+3h2so 4 = = = 2 mnso 4+k2so 4+5S+8H2O

3H2S+k2cr 2 o 7+4h2so 4 = = = Cr2(SO4)3+k2so 4+3S+7H2O

H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH

2h 3+3c uo = = = 3Cu+N2+3H2O

2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl

8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl

4NH3+3O2 (pure oxygen) = ===2N2+6H2O

4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O

4NH3+6NO = = 5N2+6HO (NO is removed by ammonia water)

Na +H2O = = = sodium hydroxide +H2

4NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2

CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2

2. Acidity:

4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O

This reaction is widely used to determine the content of silicon dioxide in ore or steel samples.

2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCl

H2S+Fe===FeS+H2

H2S+ copper chloride = ===CuS+2HCl

H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3

H2S+ mercuric chloride = = mercury +2 hydrogen chloride

H2S+ lead nitrate = = PBS+lead nitrate

H2S+FeCl2===

2n H3+2Na = = 2n H2+H2

(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)

3. Alkalinity:

NH3+HCl===NH4Cl

NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3

2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4

NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2 = = nah co 3+NH4Cl

(This reaction is used to prepare baking soda and soda in industry)

4. Instability:

2HF===H2+F2

2HCl===H2+Cl2

2H2O===2H2+O2

2H2O2===2H2O+O2

H2S===H2+S

2h 3 = = = N2+3h 2

Fourth, nonmetallic oxides.

Reducibility of low valence state:

2SO2+O2===2SO3

2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4

(This is an environmental chemical reaction, and SO2 occurs slowly in the atmosphere.)

SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl

SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBr

SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI

SO2+NO2===SO3+NO

2NO+O2===2NO2

NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2

(used to absorb NO and NO2 in nitric acid industrial tail gas)

2CO+O2===2CO2

CO+CuO===Cu+CO2

3CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2

Carbon monoxide +H2O = = carbon dioxide+H2

Oxidation:

SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2O

SO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2

NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH

(Bromine vapor and NO2 cannot be distinguished by starch KI solution)

4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O

2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2

Carbon dioxide+2mg = = 2mg carbon dioxide+Celsius.

Carbon dioxide cannot be used to put out the burning fires of magnesium, calcium, barium, sodium and potassium. )

SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2O

SiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si

3, the role of water:

SO2+H2O===H2SO3

SO3+H2O = = = sulfuric acid

3NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO

N2O5+H2O===2HNO3

P2O5+H2O===2HPO3

P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4

(P2O5 absorbs moisture easily and can be used as a gas desiccant)

P2O5+3H2SO4 (concentrated) = ===2H3PO4+3SO3

CO2+H2O===H2CO3

Interaction with alkaline substances:

SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3

SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3

(This is the reaction of recovering SO2 in a sulfuric acid plant. First, SO2 is absorbed by ammonia water.

Then treated with H2SO4: 2nh4so3+H2SO4 = = (NH4) 2SO4+2H2O+2SO2.

The generated ammonium sulfate is used as fertilizer, and SO2 is recycled as feed gas).

SO2+Ca(OH)2 = = caso 3+H2O

(SO _ 2 and CO _ 2 cannot be identified by clarified limewater. It can be identified by magenta. )

SO3+ MgO = = = magnesium sulfate

SO3+ calcium hydroxide = = = calcium sulfate +H2O

CO2+2NaOH (excess) ==Na2CO3+H2O

CO2 (excess) +NaOH = = nahco3

Carbon dioxide+calcium hydroxide (excess) = = calcium carbonate +H2O

2CO2 (excess)+calcium hydroxide = = calcium bicarbonate 2

CO2+2 NAA lo 2+3H2O = = = 2Al(OH)3+na2co 3

CO2+c 6 H5 ona+H2O = = = c 6 H5 oh+nah co 3

SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3

Silicon dioxide +2 sodium hydroxide = = = sodium silicate +H2O

(Strong alkali will slowly corrode glass at room temperature)

Silicon dioxide+sodium carbonate = = silicon dioxide+carbon dioxide

SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2

Verb (abbreviation for verb) metal oxide

1, reducibility of low valence state:

6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4

FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O

2. Oxidation:

Na2O2+2Na===2Na2O

(This reaction is used to prepare Na2O)

MgO and Al2O3 are hardly oxidized, so it is difficult to be reduced to Mg and Al.

Usually, magnesium and aluminum are produced by electrolysis.

Fe2O3+3H2 = = 2Fe+3H2O (used for manufacturing reduced iron powder)

Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe+4H2O

3, the role of water:

Na2O+H2O===2NaOH

2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2

(This reaction is divided into two steps: Na2O 2+2H2O = = 2 NaOH+H2O 2；;

2H2O2 = = 2H2O+O2。 H2O2 can be prepared by a similar reaction:

BaO2+H2SO4 (diluted) = ===BaSO4+H2O2)

Magnesium oxide +H2O = = magnesium hydroxide (slow reaction)

4. Interaction with acidic substances:

Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4

Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3

Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O

2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2

Na2O2+H2SO4 (cold, diluted) = ===Na2SO4+H2O2

Magnesium oxide+SO3 = = magnesium sulfate

Magnesium oxide+sulfuric acid = = = magnesium sulfate +H2O

Al2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2O

(Al2O3 is an amphoteric oxide:

Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O)

FeO+2HCl===FeCl2+3H2O

Fe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2O

Fe2O3+3H2S (g) = ===Fe2S3+3H2O

Fe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O

6. Oxyacid

1, oxidizability:

4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HCl

HClO3+HI===HIO3+HCl

3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HCl

HClO+h2so 3 = = h2so 4+HCl

HClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2

(oxidation: HClO & gtHClO2 & gtHClO3 & gt perchloric acid,

However, the strong and hot HClO4 is very oxidizing)

2H2SO4 (concentrated) +C===CO2+2SO2+2H2O

2H2SO4 (concentrated) +S===3SO2+2H2O

Room temperature passivation of H2SO4+Fe(Al)

6H2SO4 (concentrated) +2Fe = = Fe2 (SO4) 3+3SO2+6H2O

2H2SO4 (concentrated) +Cu===CuSO4+SO2+2H2O

H2SO4 (concentrated) +2hbr = = SO2+Br2+2h2o

H2SO4 (concentrated) +2hi = = SO2+I2+2h2o

H2SO4 (diluted) +Fe===FeSO4+H2

2H2SO3+2H2S===3S+2H2O

4HNO3 (concentrated) +c = = CO2+4no2+2h2o

6HNO3 (concentrated) +S===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O

5HNO3 (concentrated) +P===H3PO4+5NO2+H2O

6HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O

4HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O

30 nitric acid+8Fe = = 8Fe (NO3) 3+3N2O+15h2o

36 HNO 3+ 10Fe = = = 10Fe(NO3)3+3n 2+ 18H2O

30 nitric acid+8Fe = = 8Fe (NO3) 3+3Nh4NO3+9H2O

2. Reducibility:

H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX

(X represents Cl2, Br2, I2)

2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4

h2so 3+H2O 2 = = h2so 4+H2O

5h2so 3+2k MnO 4 = = = 2 mnso 4+k2so 4+2h2so 4+3H2O

h2so 3+2 FeCl 3+H2O = = h2so 4+2 FeCl 2+2 HCl

3. Acidity:

H2SO4 (concentrated) +CaF2===CaSO4+2HF

H2SO4 (concentrated) +NaCl===NaHSO4+HCl

H2SO4 (concentrated) +2NaCl===Na2SO4+2HCl

H2SO4 (concentrated) +NaNO3===NaHSO4+HNO3

3H2SO4 (concentrated) +CA3 (PO4) 2 = = 3caso4+2h3po4

2H2SO4 (concentrated) +ca3 (po4) 2 = = 2caso4+ca (h2po4) 2

3HNO3+Ag3PO4===H3PO4+3AgNO3

Nitric acid+calcium carbonate = = calcium nitrate +H2O+ carbon dioxide

H2S, hydrobromic acid and sulfur dioxide cannot be prepared from nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid.

Equal reducing gas)

4h3po4+ca3 (po4) 2 = = 3ca (h2po4) 2 (heavy calcium)

H3PO4 (concentrated) +NaBr===NaH2PO4+HBr

H3PO4 (concentrated) +NaI===NaH2PO4+HI

4. Instability:

2HClO===2HCl+O2

4HNO3===4NO2+O2+2H2O

H2SO3===H2O+SO2

H2CO3===H2O+CO2

H4SiO4===H2SiO3+H2O

Seven. alkali

Reducibility of low valence state:

4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)3

Interaction with acidic substances:

2NaOH+SO2 (small amount) = ===Na2SO3+H2O

NaOH+SO2 (sufficient) = = nahso3

2NaOH+SiO2===NaSiO3+H2O

2NaOH+Al2O3===2NaAlO2+H2O

2NaOH+Cl2===NaCl+NaClO+H2O

NaOH+HCl===NaCl+H2O

NaOH+H2S (sufficient amount) = ===NaHS+H2O

2NaOH+H2S (small amount) = ===Na2S+2H2O

3NaOH+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3NaCl

NaOH+Al(OH)3===NaAlO2+2H2O

(Which is more acidic, AlCl3 or Al(OH)3? )

NaOH+NH4Cl===NaCl+NH3+H2O

Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl===MgCl2+2NH3。 H2O

Al(OH)3+NH4Cl is insoluble.

3. Instability:

Magnesium hydroxide = = = magnesium oxide +H2O

2Al(OH)3===Al2O3+3H2O

2Fe(OH)3===Fe2O3+3H2O

Copper hydroxide = = = copper oxide +H2O

Eight, salt

1, oxidizability:

2FeCl3+Fe===3FeCl2

2FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2

(used for engraving copper circuit boards)

2FeCl3+Zn===2FeCl2+ZnCl2

FeCl3+Ag===FeCl2+AgC

Fe2 (SO4) 3+2ag = = FeSO4+Ag2SO4 (difficult to react)

Fe(NO3)3+Ag does not react.

2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S

2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I2

FeCl 2+Mg = = Fe+MGC L2

2. Reducibility:

2FeCl2+Cl2===2FeCl3

3Na2S+8HNO3 (diluted) = = 6Nano3+2NO+3S+4H2O

3Na2SO3+2HNO3 (diluted) = = 3NA2SO4+2NO+H2O

2Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO4

3. Interaction with alkaline substances:

Magnesium chloride +2 ammonia. H2O = = = magnesium hydroxide+ammonium chloride

AlCl3+3NH3。 H2O = = = aluminum hydroxide+3NH4Cl

FeCl3+3NH3。 H2O===Fe(OH)3+3NH4Cl

4. Interaction with acidic substances:

Na3PO4+HCl===Na2HPO4+NaCl

Na2HPO4+HCl===NaH2PO4+NaCl

NaH2PO4+HCl===H3PO4+NaCl

Sodium carbonate+hydrochloric acid = = = sodium bicarbonate+sodium chloride

Sodium bicarbonate+hydrochloric acid = = = sodium chloride +H2O+ carbon dioxide

3n a2 co 3+2 ALCL 3+3H2O = = = 2Al(OH)3+3 CO2+6 NaCl

3n a2 co 3+2 FeCl 3+3H2O = = = 2Fe(OH)3+3 CO2+6 NaCl

3NaHCO3+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3CO2

3NaHCO3+FeCl3===Fe(OH)3+3CO2

3na 2s+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O = = = 2Al(OH)3+3H2S

3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O===4Al(OH)3

5. Instability:

na 2 S2 o 3+h2so 4 = = = na2so 4+S+SO2+H2O

NH4Cl===NH3+HCl

Ammonium bicarbonate = = NH3+H2O+CO2

2KNO3===2KNO2+O2

2Cu(NO3)3===2CuO+4NO2+O2

2KMnO4===K2MnO4+MnO2+O2

2KClO3===2KCl+3O2

2 sodium bicarbonate = = = sodium carbonate +H2O+ carbon dioxide

Calcium bicarbonate = = = calcium carbonate +H2O+ carbon dioxide

CaCO3===CaO+CO2

MgCO3===MgO+CO2 agreed.

Miss Sister | Level 2

Junior high school chemistry equation

1. Two displacement response laws

1. Acid+metal = = salt+hydrogen.

Reaction conditions: ① Strong oxidizing acids, such as nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid (usually dilute sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid) are not allowed.

(2) Metals must be located before hydrogen (commonly used are magnesium, aluminum, zinc and iron).

Magnesium+hydrochloric acid = = magnesium chloride+H2 = magnesium+sulfuric acid = = magnesium sulfate+H2 =

2Al+6 HCl = = 2 ALCL 3+3 H2↑2Al+3 h2so 4 = = 2Al 2(SO4)3+3 H2↑

Zn+2 HCl = = ZnCl 2+H2↑Zn+2h2so 4 = = znso 4+H2↑

Fe+2 HCl = = FeCl 2+H2↑Fe+h2so 4 = = = feso 4+H2↑

2. Salt+metal = = new salt+new metal

Reaction conditions: ① Salt (reactant) must be soluble in water.

(2) Simple metal (reactant) is more active than metal in salt, and potassium, calcium and sodium are not used.

Fe+cuso 4 = = feso 4+cu2al+3c uso 4 = = Al2(SO4)3+3Cu

Zn+cuso 4 = = znso 4+Cu Cu+2 agno 3 = = Cu(NO3)2+2Ag

Copper+mercury (nitric acid) 2 = = copper (nitric acid) 2+ mercury

Two. Three decomposition reaction laws

1. acid (oxyacid) = = nonmetallic oxide+water

H2CO3 === H2O+CO2↑

2. Alkali (insoluble) = = metal oxide+water

Copper hydroxide+H2O 2fe (OH) 3 Fe2O3+3H2O

3. Carbonate (insoluble) = = metal oxide+carbon dioxide

CaCO3 CaO+ CO2↑

Three. Four laws of compound reaction

1. metal+oxygen = = metal oxide

2Mg+O2 2 MgO 3 Fe+2 O2 fe3o 4 2 Cu+O2 2 CuO

2. Metal oxide+water = = alkali (soluble)

Calcium oxide +H2O== calcium hydroxide Na2O+H2O== sodium hydroxide

3. Non-metal+oxygen = = non-metal oxide

S+O2 SO2 4P+5O2 2P2O5 C+O2 CO2 (complete combustion of carbon)

2 C+O2 2CO (incomplete combustion of carbon) 2h2+O2 2h2o

4. Non-metallic oxide+water = = acid

CO2+H2O = = h2co 3 SO3+O2 = = h2so 4 SO2+O2 = = h2so 3

Four. Five Laws of Translocation Reaction (Sulfuric Acid)

1. Acid+alkali = = salt+water

Copper hydroxide+dihydrochloride = = copper chloride +H2O aluminum hydroxide+trihydrochloride = = aluminum trichloride +3H2O

Copper hydroxide+sulfuric acid = = copper sulfate +2H2O magnesium hydroxide+nitric acid = = magnesium nitrate +2H2O.

2. Acid+salt = = new acid+new salt

Reaction conditions: It conforms to the conditions of metathesis reaction (the actual reaction conditions are very complicated).

CaCO3+2 HCl = = CaCl 2+H2O+CO2↑na2co 3+2 HCl = = 2 NaCl+H2O+CO2↑

AgNO3+HCl==AgCl↓+HNO3

na2co 3+h2so 4 = = na2so 4+H2O+CO2↑h2so 4+bacl 2 = = 2 HCl+baso 4↓

H2SO4+Ba(NO3)2==2HNO3+BaSO4 ↓

3. Salt+alkali = = new salt+new alkali

Reaction conditions: all reactants are soluble in water, and at least one product is insoluble (dissolved before settling).

cuso 4+2 NaOH = = Cu(OH)2↓+na2so 4 FeCl 3+3 NaOH = = Fe(OH)3 ↓+ 3 NaCl

na2co 3+Ca(OH)2 = = 2 NaOH+CaCO3↓cuso 4+Ba(OH)2 = = Cu(OH)2↓+baso 4↓

4. Salt+salt = = new salt+new salt

Reaction conditions: all reactants are soluble in water, and at least one product is insoluble (dissolved before settling).

NaCl+agno 3 = = nano 3+AgCl↓na2so 4+bacl 2 = = 2 NaCl+baso 4↓

Na2SO4+Ba(NO3)2==2NaNO3+BaSO4 ↓

5. Acid+metal oxide = = salt+water

fe2o 3+6h cl = = 2 FeCl 3+3H2O fe2o 3+3h2so 4 = = Fe2(SO4)3+3H2O

CuO+2 HCl = = cuc L2+H2O CuO+h2so 4 = = cuso 4+H2O

Magnesium oxide+nitric acid = magnesium nitrate +H2O

Verb (abbreviation for verb) Other reactions

1. alkali+nonmetallic oxide = = salt+water (not belonging to the four basic types of chemical reactions)

2 NaOH+CO2 = = na2co 3+H2O 2 NaOH+SO2 = = na2so 3+H2O

2 sodium hydroxide +SO3 = = sodium sulfate +H2O calcium hydroxide+carbon dioxide = = calcium carbonate ↓+H2O

2. Three reducing agents (H2, C, O2) react with oxides.

H2+ copper oxide +H2O (displacement reaction) Cobalt+copper oxide+carbon dioxide

3co+Fe2O3, 2fe+3co2 = c+2cuo2cu+CO2 = (displacement reaction)

C+CO2 2CO (combination reaction)

3. Making three kinds of gases in the laboratory (common method)

2k MnO 4 k2mno 4+MnO 2+O2↑2 kclo 3 2 KCl+3 O2↑

Zn+2 HCl = = ZnCl 2+H2↑Zn+2h2so 4 = = znso 4+H2↑

CaCO3+2HCl==CaCl2+H2O+CO2

4. Salt decomposition

Cu2(OH)2co 3 2CuO+H2O+CO2↑CaCO3 CaO+CO2↑

kmno 4 k2mno 4+MnO 2+O2↑2 kclo 3 2 KCl+3 O2↑

5. Combustion of three kinds of organic matter

Methane+H2O++CO2 C2H5OH+3O2 3 H2O+2CO2

2ch3oh+3o2h2o+2co2 praise