Water problem is related to the survival and development of human beings and is the key to sustainable development. He is related to the survival of each of us, to our future generations, and to whether our Chinese nation can stand proudly in the forest of nations. Therefore, we should understand the water problem from the perspective of universal connection, study the problem from the perspective of population, resources and environment, and start with improving the scientific and technological level of the whole country and the consciousness of the whole people to solve the problem of water and sustainable development.

Keywords: water sustainable development

How to deal with the problem of water and sustainable development has become a problem that human beings, especially water-poor or quasi-water-poor countries, must face. This paper analyzes the relationship between water and sustainable development, and puts forward the ideas to solve the problems of water and sustainable development.

First of all, China is currently facing several major water problems and their causes.

Due to the uneven distribution of water resources and rainfall in China, as well as the influence of historical and human factors, the main manifestations and reasons of water problems facing China at present are as follows:

Frequent droughts and floods

After the founding of New China, floods occurred in seven major rivers in China. In 1990s, there were several floods in China. 199 1 year, floods occurred in the Jianghuai basin; During 1994, floods occurred in the Pearl River, Yangtze River, Liaohe River and Yellow River basins. During 1998, another flood occurred in the Yangtze River, Songhua River and Nenjiang River basins.

It's not just floods. In the 1990s, the area affected by drought reached 27 million hm2 every year, which was more than 1. 5 times that of the 1950s, and the affected area increased by three times. In North China Plain,14 cultivated land suffers from drought every year, and16 cultivated land is seriously desertification. China has 220 million hectares of grassland, of which only 333,000 hectares can be irrigated. At present, there are more than 70 million people and 60 million livestock in rural areas, and more than 300 cities are short of water, of which about 108 is seriously short of water.

The main reasons for the above phenomenon are as follows: First, due to the uneven distribution of rainfall in time and space in China, the annual rainfall changes greatly, resulting in flooding in rainy season and drought in dry season. At the same time, due to historical reasons, the flood control standards of water conservancy projects such as rivers and lakes and reservoir dams are low, some water conservancy projects are in disrepair for a long time, and some projects even have "tofu dregs" projects due to human factors in design and construction. Secondly, due to the shortage of funds, water conservancy projects in many parts of China are not perfect, and construction and maintenance funds are scarce. Furthermore, due to the over-exploitation of water and soil resources, the ecological environment is destroyed, and the destruction of the ecological environment will affect the climate, thus increasing the probability of bad weather. Historically, people have been building fields and dikes around lakes, resulting in less space for flood discharge and water storage. On the other hand, heightening the dike is equivalent to raising the flood level, which further increases the flood control burden and risk. In case of an accident, it will cause even greater disaster.

(2) Desertification is shocking.

The results of 1994 census show that the desert area in China has reached16.89 million km2, and it is expanding at an annual rate of 2460 km2. Desertification not only threatens Beijing, but also affects nearly13 of the country, affecting nearly 400 million people. Last year, the continuous sandstorm weather in northern China sounded the alarm for people. If measures are not taken in time, many cultivated lands will be destroyed, and many cities, including Beijing, our capital, will become "Loulan Ancient City". The most important reason for the seriousness of desertification and its amazing development speed is the extremely low coverage rate of forest vegetation, and the fundamental reason is the collapse of water resources. In fact, the above phenomena are interactive. The lack of vegetation and forest coverage will inevitably affect the regional climate and reduce soil water content, and the lack of water will also reduce the chances of plant survival, thus forming a vicious circle.

(C) The water environment continues to deteriorate

By the mid-1990s, the national soil erosion area was about 3.67 million km2, accounting for 38% of the domestic area, and the annual soil erosion amount was 5 billion tons, equivalent to 12% of the global soil erosion amount. According to the measurement, the loess plateau alone takes away 4 million tons of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium every year due to soil erosion, which is equivalent to the sum of the annual output of chemical fertilizers in China. During the rainstorm, how many "Yellow Rivers" were shocking. Some people worry that if we are not careful, the Yangtze River may become the second Yellow River.

Soil erosion not only leads to poor soil and deterioration of ecological environment, but also brings difficulties to the development and utilization of water resources and the mitigation of water disasters, such as the elevation of river bed, the reduction of flood control ability of dams (dikes) and the increase of flood control difficulty; Reservoir siltation reduces flood control standards and promotes benefits.

According to 1997 China water resources bulletin, the total amount of wastewater discharged in China is 58.4 billion tons, and 47% of the 65,438+10,000 km reach is polluted by water above Grade IV. The ratio of sewage to surface runoff is as high as1:14 ~1:6 in northern basins such as Liao, Huang, Hai and Huai. More than 75% of lakes and 53% of coastal waters in China are seriously polluted. According to the survey of shallow groundwater in national 1 18 big cities, 97.5% of the cities are polluted to varying degrees, and 40% of them are seriously polluted.

The most fundamental reason for the serious water pollution is that we are in the primary stage of socialism, and the technological and economic conditions are still relatively backward, and people lack environmental awareness. On the other hand, due to China's large population, the discharge of production and domestic sewage is significantly higher than that of other countries. In addition, water pollution is closely related to air and environmental pollution. Sulfur and other oxides in the air dissolve in water or form acid rain after rainfall, which pollutes the water body, while metals, phosphorus and other compounds in the environment will eventually become the pollution sources of the water body after oxidative decomposition. In addition, the low forest coverage rate in China can not fully purify the atmosphere and water bodies, which is also one of the main reasons for the deterioration of water environment.

(d) Inefficient water use and water waste coexist.

Although China is facing a great water problem, at the same time, the phenomenon of low efficiency and serious waste of water resources is also widespread. China's total water consumption is equivalent to that of the United States, but its GDP is only 1/8 of that of the United States. The average utilization coefficient of agricultural irrigation water in China is about 0.45, while that in developed countries is 0.7 or even 0.8. 19.97 The industrial water consumption per 10,000 yuan of national output value is 136m3, which is 5 ~ 10 times that of developed countries. According to statistics, the reuse rate of industrial water is 30% ~ 40%, which may actually be lower, while it is 75% ~ 85% in developed countries. The garbage loss rate of water appliances and water pipe networks in most cities of China is estimated to be above 20%. [Next Page]

Second, sustainable development.

The author believes that sustainable development can be understood as the continuous development of human productive forces, the continuous improvement or protection of the natural environment and resources on which human beings depend, and the continuous progress and improvement of human relations of production and civilization.

Because water is the foundation of life, the basic carrier of the earth's material circulation and the foundation of industrial and agricultural production, it can be said that there is no sustainable development of human beings without the sustainable development of water resources. This paper will study the idea of sustainable development of water from the perspective of water.

Three. Water and sustainable development

In order to solve the problem of water and sustainable development, we must use dialectical materialism to connect water with human beings and water with ecosystem. To solve the problem of water and sustainable development, in the final analysis, it is to solve the virtuous circle of ecosystem and resources. As we all know, the three-state change of water is a cycle under the action of solar energy, and the process of human survival is an integral part and a special case of biological cycle. The earth's resources are also in a large circular system, in which water is the carrier and the sun is the driving force, which plays an irreplaceable role. Human production and life can only develop itself without destroying the links and material basis of this cycle. It is helpful to solve the above problems to study water as a link of ecological and resource cycle from the viewpoint of universal connection and understand the relationship between water cycle, human survival and development and ecosystem.

(1) Strengthen scientific research and master the laws of water, ecology and material circulation.

According to research, all water-related problems in the world, such as drought, flood, pollution and soil erosion, are nothing more than breaking the cycle of nature. To this end, we must fully grasp the laws of nature and advanced science and technology, and reduce the impact of production and life on the environment while developing productive forces and improving people's living standards, so that nature and human development can be integrated and promoted each other.

The study of water resources should combine geography, geology, meteorology, hydrology, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, soil, environment, society and economy. To strengthen science and technology, we must first fully study the causes of deterioration of water resources and water environment, reduce the production and use of sewage discharge and environmental pollutants, and increase the intensity of closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, returning farmland to forests and lakes. meanwhile

Strengthen the research in the following aspects and establish relevant institutions.

(1) Establish a national water resources dispatching monitoring center, which is responsible for the national water resources planning and utilization, water quality monitoring, and coordination with meteorological, environmental, atmospheric and other departments.

(2) Strengthen the research and application of medium and long-term flood disaster prediction (including tsunami and typhoon), desertification control, dam hidden danger discovery and reinforcement technology.

(3) Accelerate the research on sewage treatment and water circulation system, rationally optimize industrial and agricultural production (including water-saving and high-efficiency agriculture) and domestic water (including water quality and quantity), increase the role of organic fertilizer in agricultural production, and advocate the establishment of rural and urban ecological protection circles.

(4) Strengthen international cooperation, protect the earth's resources, improve the level of science and technology, and reduce environmental pollution.

(B) rational planning, make full use of water resources

Because water resources are divided by water system, there is no administrative division, water can exist on the ground or underground, and water is solid, liquid and gaseous. Therefore, the rational utilization of water resources needs overall planning and rational dispatching. Comprehensive planning includes rational planning of surface water and groundwater, liquid water and gaseous water, salt water and fresh water. On the premise of respecting the laws of nature, we should make full use of modern science and technology and rationally develop and utilize water resources. In recent years, the Yellow River Diversion Project and the South-to-North Water Transfer Project to be implemented soon are comprehensive geographical planning. Many coastal cities use seawater to flush toilets, which is a rational use of salty and fresh water. Many areas in Guangxi are karst geology and rich in groundwater resources, which requires joint underground and above-ground dispatching. Of course, possible side effects, such as land subsidence caused by over-exploitation of groundwater in the Yangtze River Delta, must be taken into account when taking groundwater.

(3) Accelerate the pace of water control according to law.

Improve the construction of water legal system, make full use of economic leverage, and accelerate the commercialization of water and the legalization of water control.

Four. conclusion

Water problem is related to the survival and development of human beings and is the key to sustainable development. He is related to the survival of each of us, to our future generations, and to whether our Chinese nation can stand proudly in the forest of nations. Therefore, we should understand the water problem from the perspective of universal connection, study the problem from the perspective of population, resources and environment, and start with improving the scientific and technological level of the whole country and the consciousness of the whole people to solve the problem of water and sustainable development.