Philosophy, world outlook, basic problems of philosophy, historical view, materialism, idealism, Marxist philosophy, dialectical materialism, historical materialism. The principles to be mastered are: the theory of Marxist philosophy on the basic problems of philosophy; The basic characteristics, conditions, historical position and limitations of modern metaphysical materialism: the basic viewpoint of idealism and its origin and existence; Two fundamental defects of historical idealism; The conditions for the emergence of Marxist philosophy; The content of Marxist philosophy; The object of Marxist philosophy research; The essential characteristics and functions of Marxist philosophy; The establishment of historical materialism is the greatest achievement of scientific thought.
The essence and basic characteristics of Marxist philosophy. To understand Marxist philosophy, we must first understand the general philosophical problems, and the basic problems of philosophy are one of the key problems. Only by mastering the basic problems of philosophy can we grasp the essence of materialism and idealism and the basic clues of their development, and then grasp the basic problems of historical view. In the history of philosophy, Marxist philosophy solved the basic problems of philosophy correctly and scientifically for the first time.
The content of Marxist philosophy, that is, the organic and high unity of materialism and dialectics, the organic and high unity of materialistic and dialectical view of nature and materialistic and dialectical view of history, can only be understood if we master the theory that the emergence of historical materialism is the greatest achievement of scientific thought and the organic unity of the scientific and revolutionary nature of Marxist philosophy with truth and proletariat.
The first part is introduction and materialism.
First, the principle of dialectical materialism
Matter is a philosophical category that marks objective reality. The category of "material" is the highest abstraction of materialist philosophy about the origin and unity of the world (different material forms have objective reality). The fundamental feature of matter is objective reality.
Second, the principle of practice essence
As a kind of "new materialism", Marxism understands the material world based on practice: Marxist philosophy not only recognizes the materiality of the world, but also advocates grasping the material world from practice. Understanding the world is not only the result of natural evolution, but also the product of practical creation.
Third, the nature of consciousness and the principle of initiative.
Consciousness is subjective in form, objective in content and a subjective reflection of the objective world. It embodies the unity of opposites between subjective and objective in consciousness.
Consciousness has a dynamic influence on matter. Mainly manifested in: consciousness reflects the world with purpose, planning and initiative; Consciousness guides people's actions and actively transforms the world.
Restriction of the active role of consciousness. The dynamic role of consciousness is enormous, but its play is conditional.
Fourth, the principle of world material unity.
The principle of world material unity is a basic principle of Marxist philosophy about the nature of the world.
The basic expression of this principle: the world is unified, that is, the origin of the world is one; The unity of the world lies in its materiality, which is the origin of the world; The unity of the material world is the unity of diversity, which is based on objective reality.
The second part dialectics
Two characteristics
First, the principle of connectivity and system integrity
1. Contact characteristics
The viewpoint of connection is one of the general characteristics of materialist dialectics.
(2) The so-called connection refers to the mutual influence, mutual restriction and interaction among various elements within and between things.
③ Contact is objective, universal, diverse, conditional and systematic.
2. The principle of system integrity
The system has integral features that some parts of it do not have in isolation.
The integrity and functionality of (1) system can only exist in the interrelation of each component, rather than the simple addition of isolated elements.
(2) The nature and function of elements are influenced and restricted by the whole system. Without the whole system, their nature will also change.
The nature of the system depends more on the combination of these elements, that is, the structure.
Second, the development principle and process theory
1. development view
The concept of development is another basic viewpoint and overall feature of materialist dialectics.
The interrelation and interaction of things constitute the movement, change and development of things.
③ Movement is the existing form of matter; Change is the general content of movement, and development is the movement change of progress and rise.
Development is a progressive movement, an upward movement of things from low to high, from simple to complex, from disorder to order. The essence of development is the emergence of new things and the demise of old things.
2. Process theory is the concentrated expression of development view.
Everything is developing, that is, everything is a process. There is a history of its emergence, development and transformation, past, present and future.
It is a great basic idea of materialist dialectics to regard the world as a collection of processes. It is the ideological feature of metaphysics to regard the world as a collection of eternal things.
③ The principle of process theory of materialist dialectics is an important principle for us to understand and transform the world. It requires us to understand the problem from a historical perspective; It requires us to study new situations, blaze new trails and keep pace with the times.
Three laws
First, the law of quantitative change and qualitative change
Quantitative change is the increase or decrease of the number of things or the change of places, which is a gradual and insignificant change. Qualitative change is the change of the fundamental nature of things and the interruption of the gradual process. Whether it is excessive or not is the fundamental sign to distinguish quantitative change from qualitative change.
② Quantitative change is the necessary preparation for qualitative change, which is the inevitable result of quantitative change; Qualitative change can not only complete quantitative change, but also open the way for new quantitative change; There are some qualitative changes in the total quantitative change, and there are quantitative changes in the qualitative change.
(3) It is recognized that qualitative change is an important symbol to distinguish dialectics from metaphysics.
Second, the law of unity of opposites.
1. The principle of dialectical relationship between identity and struggle of contradictions
(1) contradiction refers to the unity of opposites within things or between things and their relationships. That is, the relationship between opposing factors (contradictory parties) that constitute the unity of things.
② Identity and struggle are two basic attributes of contradiction. Identity refers to the nature and trend of mutual connection and attraction between contradictory parties. Struggle refers to the nature and trend that the two contradictory sides are separated and mutually exclusive.
③ The dialectical relationship between contradictory identity and struggle. On the one hand, identity is restricted by struggle, the existence of contradictory parties depends on struggle, and the transformation of contradictory parties depends on struggle. On the other hand, the struggle is restricted by identity, which stipulates and restricts the form, scale and scope of the struggle.
2. The principle of contradiction transformation
(1) Contradictions promote the development of things through the transformation of contradictions. Contradictory transformation means that both sides of the contradiction move towards their own opposites, which is the solution of contradictions and the alternation of old and new contradictions.
② Contradictory transformation is the highest form and final confirmation of contradictory identity, and it is also the most important expression of contradictory movement.
③ The transformation of contradictions must meet certain conditions. The mutual transformation between contradictory parties is by no means arbitrary.
It is the main task to create favorable conditions and promote things to change in the direction of progress.
⑤ Deny the transformation of contradictions, and look at things as metaphysical from a solidified point of view. Without conditions, empty talk is relativism and sophistry.
3. The principle of dialectical relationship between internal and external factors
The internal contradiction of things, that is, the internal cause, is the fundamental reason for the development of things. The external connection of things, that is, external causes, is the second reason for the development of things.
② Internal cause is the basis of things' change, and external cause is the condition of things' change. External causes work through internal causes.
(3) It is an important philosophical basis of the policy of independence, self-reliance and opening to the outside world.
4. The principle of dialectical relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction.
The universality of contradiction means that contradiction exists in the development process of everything, and there is a contradictory movement from beginning to end in the development process of everything.
The particularity of contradiction refers to the multiple contradictions of specific things and the two aspects of the same contradiction have their own characteristics.
(2) Due to the particularity of contradictions, there are many ways to solve them: one party defeats the other; Both sides of the contradiction perish together; Contradictory two sides merge into a new thing; Create a form that allows both sides of the contradiction to exist for a long time; There are also differences between antagonistic and non-antagonistic forms in the social field.
(3) The dialectical relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction is the relationship between general and special, individual and individual, absolute and relative.
5. The principle of unbalanced development of contradictions and the method of contradiction analysis.
① Principal contradiction and non-principal contradiction. In the contradiction system, the main contradiction is the contradiction that dominates and determines the development of things; Non-principal contradictions are subordinate contradictions that do not play a decisive role in the development of things.
② The main and non-main aspects of contradiction. Whether it is a principal contradiction or a non-principal contradiction, the opposing party is always in a dominant position, playing a leading role and becoming the main aspect of the contradiction; Correspondingly, the non-main aspects of contradictions are in a dominant position and cannot play a leading role.
Third, the law of negation of negation
Everything contains positive and negative factors, and the contradiction between these two factors promotes the development of things themselves, from the positive stage to the negative stage.
② Negation is a link in the development of things. Things develop themselves through negation. However, the development of things in the negative stage is both reasonable and one-sided.
(3) Because of the inherent contradiction of things, it is bound to deny the negative stage of things, that is, the negation of negation. Things discard one-sidedness and inherit rationality. Realize the self-improvement of things.
(4) After two dialectical negations and three stages, both sides of the contradiction have been fully developed, and their one-sidedness has been abandoned. A new (basic) affirmation was reached.
This process is tortuous in form and progressive in content.
Four pairs of categories
1. Dialectical relationship between phenomenon and essence
2. Dialectical relationship between inevitability and contingency
3. Dialectical relationship between cause and effect
4. Dialectical relationship between possibility and reality
Part III Epistemology
First, the nature, mechanism and principle of cognition
Cognition is the dynamic reflection of the subject to the object on the basis of practice.
1. Cognition is the dynamic reflection of the subject to the object, and it is the unity of reflection and creation.
(1) Cognition is the reflection of the subject to the object. This is the same principle of reflection theory recognized by all materialism.
② Cognition is the dynamic reflection of the subject to the object. This is the fundamental viewpoint of dialectical materialism epistemology.
③ Cognition is the dialectical unity of reflection and creation. Creation is not fiction, but based on reflection; Creation is also a reflection, but it reflects the essence, law and development trend of things. Practice is the basis of reflecting and creating dialectical unity.
2. The relationship between reflection and information, choice and reconstruction.
Information is the representation of the attribute, meaning and state of things, which is expressed through the interaction and reflection between things. Reflection is the process of information exchange and reception. The subject shows obvious selectivity in the cognitive process, that is, information processing.
Reconstruction is the internal mechanism to realize dynamic reflection. Reconstruction refers to the process of constructing object information in the subject's mind, that is, the system in which the subject selects, processes and transforms object information into ideas and then recombines them.
Second, the principle of dialectical relationship between practice and cognition.
Marxist philosophy holds that practice determines cognition, and cognition also guides practice. This is a two-way process. As far as the source and foundation of cognition are concerned, Marxist philosophy emphasizes that practice determines cognition; As far as the function and function of cognition are concerned, Marxist philosophy emphasizes guiding practice with correct cognition and theory; As far as the dialectical relationship between practice and cognition is concerned, Marxist philosophy emphasizes the unity of practice and cognition.
Third, the principle of dialectical relationship between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge.
(1) perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge are interdependent. Rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge, which is epistemology materialism; Perceptual knowledge needs to develop into rational knowledge, which is the dialectics of epistemology. (2) Perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge permeate each other.
Fourthly, the principle of dialectical process of cognition.
The development from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge is the first leap in the process of cognition. The leap from rational understanding to practice is a more important leap. From the perspective of practice, the leap from rational understanding to practice is a process in which knowledge guides practice. From the perspective of cognition, the leap from rational cognition to practice is a process of testing cognition in practice.
Five, the principle of dialectical relationship between absolute truth and relative truth
The absoluteness of truth or absolute truth has three meanings: as far as the objectivity of truth is concerned, any truth contains objective content that does not depend on people; As far as the essence of human cognition is concerned, we can correctly understand the infinite development of the material world; As far as the development of truth is concerned, the sum of countless relative truths constitutes absolute truth.
(2) Absolute truth and relative truth are mutually contained. Any relative truth contains particles of absolute truth; The sum of countless relative truths constitutes absolute truth. Absolute truth and relative truth are dialectically transformed. Any understanding of truth is a link in the process of transforming relative truth into absolute truth.
③ Oppose absolutism and relativism on the question of truth, and adhere to and develop Marxism scientifically.
④ Insist on the concreteness of truth: truth is the unity of various regulations; Any truth has its specific scope; The concrete existence of truth is an endless way from subjective to objective, not a static state that will never change once it is reached.
Six, the standard of truth and its certainty principle
The essence of truth and the characteristics of practice. The essence of truth is the consistency of subjectivity and objectivity. To test the truth is to test the consistency between subjective and objective. Pure subjective and objective scope cannot be solved, only subjective and objective.
② Practice standard is both absolute and relative. Everything that has been proved by practice is an objective truth and has an irrefutable nature; Practice can test all knowledge, even if the current practice can't be judged, it will be judged by the later practice.
The fourth part of the historical view
I. Principles of social basic structure
1. The principle of the relationship between social existence and social consciousness
(1) Social existence is the material aspect of social life, which includes three material elements, namely, geographical environment, population factors and the mode of production of material materials. The former two are material entities, while the latter is the unity of material strength (productivity) and material social relations (production relations).
② Social consciousness is the spiritual level of social life and the reflection of social existence, which summarizes all the elements of human consciousness and all the spiritual phenomena of society. It can be divided into social ideology (ideology and non-ideology), social psychology and customs.
2. The practical essence of social life.
Practice is the birthplace of social relations.
The triple relations in human society are divided into material social relations and ideological social relations, which profoundly reveal the essential structure and mechanism of human society.
(3) The social relationship between matter and thought constitutes the most basic relationship in human society.
3. The principle of political superstructure
① The political superstructure is the political structure of the society, which includes two parts: one part is the political and legal facilities (such as political parties, organs of political power, army, police, courts and prisons), and the other part is the political and legal system (a system composed of political organization forms, legislation, judicature, constitution and other rules and regulations).
② The essence of political superstructure is "the material attachment of thought"
These two parts of the political superstructure are formed through people's consciousness according to the requirements of the economic base, and are "material appendages of thought".
4. Ideological principles
① In social consciousness, it is divided into social psychology and social consciousness according to the level reflecting social existence.
(2) In the form of social ideology, it is divided into ideology and non-ideology according to whether it has class nature.
5. The essence of culture and the principle of social function
① Ideology is a culture in a narrow sense. Culture in a broad sense is "humanization", that is, everything created by human activities. Culture in a narrow sense mainly refers to ideology (including customs).
② The essence and social function of culture are the essence and social function of ideology. In other words, it is a class-oriented form of social consciousness that reflects the economic foundation and political system. As a social consciousness, it generally reflects and reacts to social existence, which is the general essence of ideology (that is, narrow culture).
③ The relative independence of ideology (narrow sense culture).
④ Advanced culture refers to a culture that reflects the development requirements of advanced productive forces, conforms to the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, represents the future development direction and is conducive to social progress. In contemporary China, it is necessary to develop socialist culture, thus enriching people's spiritual world and enhancing people's spiritual strength.
6. Science and technology is the principle of primary productivity.
Second, the principle of the law of social development
The first law: the relations of production must be suitable for the content and significance of the development law of productive forces.
Its content is: productivity determines the relations of production, determines the nature of relations of production and the direction of its development and change, and the reaction of relations of production to productivity ultimately depends on and obeys the objective requirements of the development of productive forces.
The second law: the superstructure must be suitable for the content and significance of the development law of the economic base.
The content is: the economic base determines the emergence, nature and development direction of the superstructure, and the reaction of the superstructure depends on and serves the nature and requirements of the economic base. This law shows that the nature and development of the superstructure, whether the superstructure needs reform, and the form and direction of reform all depend on the state of the economic base.
Third, the philosophical basis of Scientific Outlook on Development.
1. The principle of coordinated development in social and natural
(1) Society and nature are interdependent, so they must also develop harmoniously. How to deal with the relationship between human beings and social and natural has always been an eternal theme for human beings.
② Society and nature have different laws of motion, and human beings must respect nature while transforming it. Establish a harmonious ecological civilization view between man and nature, and strive to realize the coordinated development of human social and natural.
③ Natural geographical environment and ecological balance.
2. Truth principle and value principle.
① Pursuing truth and creating value are the two themes of human cognitive activities and practical activities, while truth principle and value principle are the two basic principles of human activities.
Truth is people's correct understanding of objective things, and value is the satisfaction of objective things to people's needs. Truth and value are basically the same, that is, all truths must be valuable, and nothing of value should contradict the truth.
(3) Only by correctly reflecting the object and actively transforming the object to meet people's needs can it be truly valuable, even the highest value, and the unity of truth and value can be realized.
The contradiction between truth and value is the inherent contradiction of human activities. The unity of truth and value is the inherent requirement of human activities.
Fourth, the realization of human value and human development.
1. Value and value evaluation principles
Value as a philosophical category refers to the usefulness of the object to the subject and the positive significance to people and society.
The objectivity of value lies in that value must be based on the attributes of objective things themselves; People's needs are not subjective and arbitrary, but are restricted by social practice and historical conditions.
(3) Value evaluation means that the subject applies the internal scale of his own needs to the object on the basis of understanding the attributes, essence and laws of the object.
④ The scientific value scale is a reasonable subjective need with objective inevitability.
2. The principle of value choice and value realization
① People's value choices are also diverse, which are manifested in differences in values. However, it is not subjective and arbitrary, and the choice of value is influenced and restricted by subjective factors such as utility, emotion, morality, aesthetics and objective factors such as social and historical conditions. Therefore, people's value choices are diverse and unified.
② In a particular society, people's value choice must be to maintain a mainstream value orientation among many value orientations, thus guiding the correct value choice.
③ Establishing correct values is the primary premise of realizing value, and the only way to realize value is to carry out practical activities to achieve a specific value goal, that is, value practice.
3. Principles of human values
(1) The value of human beings is a value relationship with human beings and their activities as the object of value. It is the usefulness of man as a value object to himself, others or society, and is based on man's labor creation activities.
(2) the duality of human value
People's value has a purpose: when people possess value according to their own needs, people are the subject of value, and this aspect of people's value is called personal value. People's value is instrumental: when people take meeting the needs of others and society as the object of value, this aspect of people's value is called social value.
③ Dialectical relationship between social value and personal value.
There is a contradiction between the two. But it is essentially unified. Social value is the dominant aspect of human value, and personal value can only be realized in society.
4. People-oriented and social development principles
① As a historical view, it emphasizes people's dominant position and role in social development;
As a kind of value, it emphasizes the people's status as masters, and respects, liberates, relies on, serves and shapes people.
(3) As a way of thinking, it requires us to adhere to the historical scale, establish and apply the human scale when analyzing and solving all problems, and take the realization of people's fundamental interests and people's free and all-round development as the starting point, purpose and standard of economic and social construction.
④ People-oriented is the core of Scientific Outlook on Development and the fundamental principle of building a harmonious socialist society.
Reference/School/Du Wen/2007/12-10/19293.htm.