1. To overturn the previous conclusion, we should have the spirit of questioning. If it is found that the previous research conclusion is wrong, it needs scientific courage to overthrow it. For example, if someone studies the environmental governance of a certain place, you can study the environmental governance of the whole country or even the whole world, and you can also study the environmental governance of rivers in a certain city. The scope here can be large or small. If the last thing you want to write is a purely literal and expository paper, then this innovation is enough.

2. It is also an innovation to develop and improve on the basis of inheriting previous studies. If you want to do empirical research, then you will have the next data innovation. In other words, there will be some data in your article that you'd better collect yourself, so that your final conclusion will be more rigorous and the first-hand data will be more convincing.

3. New discoveries and theories that fill in the gaps and reveal things that already exist but are not recognized by people are new discoveries. For our undergraduate graduation, it is enough to grasp the scope and data innovation. If you still want to innovate in theory or method, it is basically difficult to achieve it in the undergraduate stage, unless you have a good knowledge reserve and your tutor makes great efforts to guide you, which I think is unrealistic for most students.

4. Put forward your own independent opinions in different opinions, seriously speculate on the opinions and basis put forward by others, and put forward your own opinions and theoretical basis. In fact, writing a thesis, like doing anything else, is always quantitative change that determines qualitative change. Only by reading more literature and previous research in the early stage can we finally have our own ideas. Innovation is not imaginary, but must be familiar.