Understanding the writing of abstract
Summary of learning and writing
Writing instruction
Generalization is comprehensive narration, that is, all parts and attributes of the analyzed object or material are integrated into a unified whole, and then described. It needs a strong ability of abstraction, generalization and classification. From the writing point of view, summary is also a common writing form for comprehensively sorting out many materials, which is often used to introduce people, sort out meeting minutes, reflect the situation, report activities and so on.
Write a summary should pay attention to the following three points:
First, collect and analyze materials. Relevant data should be collected through observation, experiment, interview, investigation and reading. Pay attention to the breadth, depth and accuracy of data when collecting. Then, the available materials are sorted out and analyzed to prioritize.
Second, arrange the structure. Materials should be arranged in a certain order, and attention should be paid to the scientific classification and organization of materials.
Third, language expression should be appropriate. The purpose of summing up is to make the facts and situations clear. Therefore, the language should be concise, general and plain, and lengthy descriptive language is unnecessary.
Judging from the news style, abstract is a kind of critical news, which is a news report that makes a comprehensive comment on some news facts. Common news includes comprehensive news (also called news summary), dynamic news, current affairs summary, letters from readers, etc. Here, the comprehensive news and the summary of readers' letters are taken as examples to illustrate.
Comprehensive news is a news report that reflects the overall situation of a period or an activity or an event. There are two common synthesis methods: synthesizing a situation of multiple reported objects horizontally; A vertical synthesis of the development process of a certain report object. There is also a combination of writing. When writing, you should have a high foothold, refine your ideas comprehensively through the induction of a large number of materials, pay attention to highlighting the characteristics, and prevent the delay. In the following comprehensive news, the author noticed the combination of generalization and typical cases, which reflected the fruitful results of the development of the film industry in the new period from one side.
This paper expounds the purpose and function of literature review, provides readers with the concept, framework and steps of how to write a good literature review, points out the common mistakes in literature review writing, and recommends four basic steps of literature review: overview (classification), abstract, criticism and suggestion.
Literature review plays an important role in the writing of master's and doctoral dissertations, and is an important chapter in the thesis. The quality of literature review is directly related to the success or failure of the paper.
Literature review is the abbreviation of literature comprehensive review, which refers to a systematic and comprehensive description and comment on the research achievements, existing problems and new development trends of research issues (disciplines and topics) in a certain period on the basis of comprehensive collection and reading of a large number of relevant research documents and comprehensive analysis and arrangement. "Narration" is to describe and comment on the viewpoints and conclusions of the literature by combining the author's viewpoints and practical experience. Its purpose is not to list the articles that may be found, but to synthesize and evaluate these materials based on their own papers on the basis of determining relevant materials. A successful literature review, with its systematic analysis and evaluation and well-founded trend prediction, can provide strong support and demonstration for the establishment of new topics.
First, the role and purpose of literature review
Literature review should aim at a certain research topic and explore the achievements of current academic circles. Literature review aims to integrate the information that has been thought and studied in the specific field of this research topic, and systematically display, summarize and comment on the efforts made by authoritative scholars on this topic. Before deciding the research topic of the thesis, we usually have to pay attention to several questions: how much do we know about this problem in the research field or other fields; What research has been completed; Whether the previous suggestions and countermeasures were successful; Have you suggested new research directions and topics? In short, literature review is the basis of all reasonable research.
Most graduate students do not consider these problems, but discuss the literature directly, briefly quote or classify the existing literature found in a short time, and do not criticize. It has nothing to do with the feasibility and necessity of the research.
In fact, the purpose of review is to see what exploratory research is, so we should actively expand the sources of research literature. Only in this way can we increase the hypotheses and variables of the study and improve the design of the study.
The basic purposes of literature review are at least: to familiarize readers with the progress and predicament of related research in the existing research disciplines; Provide thinking for the follow-up researchers: whether the future research can find more meaningful and meaningful results; To explain the positions of various theories, we can put forward different conceptual frameworks; As the basis of new hypothesis and research idea, the possible explanation of a phenomenon and behavior; Identify the assumptions between concepts and learn how others define and measure key concepts; Improve and criticize the shortcomings of existing research, introduce alternative research, explore new research methods and ways, and verify other related research.
In a word, research literature can not only help to determine the research topic, but also find out different views on the research problem. Published research reports and academic papers are important sources of problems, and reviewing papers will provide valuable information and examples of research feasibility.
Second, the common problems in literature review
Literature review can help new researchers to innovate on the basis of existing knowledge, so when writing this chapter, it is necessary to explain to readers that the paper is different from previous research. This is a new and important academic research of this kind of research topic. However, graduate students are prone to make the following four mistakes when writing literature reviews:
1. Many articles are listed and piled up.
It is wrong to think that the purpose of literature review is to show the understanding of other related studies. Therefore, many literature reviews are not centered on the problems studied, but become a list of reading experiences.
2. Give up the right to learn and criticize easily.
In China's colleges and universities, most of our students are postgraduate students, so there is often a phenomenon that a large number of research results of their own tutors are cited without paying attention to the research results of other peers. Students are worried that their papers will fail, so they seldom criticize the shortcomings of their tutors' existing research. Students are more likely to give up the right to criticize when they meet famous teachers. Because of a large number of quotations from other people's works, each paragraph begins with who said it, which makes my paper a verification report of the effectiveness of other people's research and cannot convince readers that my paper has made important contributions.
3. Avoid and abandon research conflicts and find another way.
When there are many academically controversial research topics, or when there are contradictions in the existing research conclusions, some graduate students' papers will avoid contradictions and conduct a research that they think is innovative. In fact, giving up all these conflicts means giving up a lot of valuable information, and this so-called innovation will be abandoned by future generations because it has no connection and comparison with any existing research and has no reference value. In case of incongruity or contradiction, although it will take more time to deal with it, don't shy away from the important or even give up on your own initiative. In fact, these disharmonies or conflicts are very valuable and should be used more. It is necessary to integrate the conflicts and contradictions in the existing literature. The new research has better and stronger explanatory power than the old research. One of the reasons is that the new research will integrate and improve the past achievements.
4. Selectively explore the literature
Don't some graduate students have systematic courses? Looking for suitable questions or predictable assumptions, they claim that some studies lack literature, and they think their research is exploratory. If the existing literature is discussed selectively, the literature review will become a reflection of the subjective will of graduate students, which is an opportunistic review.
Therefore, we must conduct a systematic and comprehensive literature review, seek, evaluate and integrate scientific research evidence with rigorous scientific design, ensure that the literature review is complete and impartial, correct the style of study, dare to explore and avoid conflicts, and analyze the causes, methods and conclusions of conflicts, so as to lay a successful foundation for future research and papers, and make the research results of the papers have application value and theoretical significance for future research.
III. Overview of Basic Methods and Steps
Literature review is not only a summary of a series of irrelevant contents, but also a synthesis of previous research ideas. The basic steps of literature review are as follows:
1. Literature review Step 1: Generalization.
There are two main ways to collect documents: one is to search through various retrieval tools, such as document index, abstract magazine, etc., or through CD-ROM or network; The second is to extract the relevant literature catalogue from comprehensive articles, monographs, teaching materials and other references.
When choosing documents, we should go from near to far, because the latest research often contains the reference materials of previous studies, which can make people know the current situation of knowledge and cognition faster. First of all, we should read the abstracts and abstracts of the literature to determine whether they are relevant to the research to be done and whether they need to be included in the literature review. Secondly, according to the needs of relevant scientific theories and research, the collected literature should be further screened. Systematically write down the problems, objectives, methods, results and conclusions of the research, as well as the existing problems, shortcomings of viewpoints and problems not raised in the reviewed literature. Classify related and similar content respectively; Literature with inconsistent conclusions should be compared and analyzed, and right and wrong judgments should be made according to certain evaluation principles. At the same time, the source of each item should be marked with the complete source, and the secondary information of the reference should not be ignored, such as publication time, page number, city where the publishing unit is located, etc.
Summarize (not repeat) the literature to be reviewed, and then analyze, compare and contrast it. The purpose is not to explain the previous studies in detail, but to ensure that readers can understand the main aspects of the previous studies related to this study. It is very important to analyze and comment on the advantages, disadvantages and contributions of previous studies individually and collectively.
2. Literature Review Step 2: Abstract.
Different disciplines have different requirements and expectations for citation abstracts [1]. Although literature review is not only abstract, it is necessary to conceptualize and organize the research results. These methods include: organizing materials and connecting them with papers or research questions; Integrate the review results and extract the known and unknown parts; Sorting out the advantages and disadvantages in the literature; The problems to be further studied are put forward.
3. The third step of literature review: criticism
Whether the literature review is valuable depends not only on the amount of new information and knowledge, but also on my own views and opinions on the authors and editors of the literature.
When reading literature, we should avoid external influence or even interference, objectively describe and compare the viewpoints, methods, characteristics and achievements of relevant academic schools at home and abroad, and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. Criticism should be made according to the needs of research, and attention should be paid not to give people the feeling of finding fault.
Critical review must be accurate, self-evident and informative. The degree of criticism is mainly to test the evaluation skills of graduate students: whether they can analyze the central concepts and arguments of the article, make a summary and make a brief evaluation.
The third step of literature review is whether formal criticism meets some basic writing standards, that is, whether a good article depends on the standards of articles and comments cited in the literature. Some Taiwan Province scholars summarize it as representativeness, uniqueness, relevance, timeliness and conciseness.