Baroque art rose in Italy in the second half of16th century, reached its peak in17th century, and gradually declined in18th century. Baroque art has a positive influence on rococo art in18th century and romanticism in19th century. Baroque's artistic style has been strongly supported by the church, which is mainly popular in Italy, Flanders, Spain and other countries where Catholicism prevails. The works of Italian artist Benigni and Flemish painter Rubens reflect the most brilliant achievements of Baroque art in17th century.
The history of western urban planning began in the Baroque period, when the most striking buildings were churches and palaces. Architects believe that architecture is an independent whole shaped according to many requirements, so baroque architecture usually looks like a large sculpture.
Drawing renaissance architecture into a plan has the same characteristics as square, circle and cross; The typical features of baroque architecture are oval, olive and more complex figures which are changed from complex geometric figures.
It is the most important feature of all baroque arts to endow architectural elements with dynamic ideas in the form of regular wave curves and reverse curves. Renaissance architecture, like modern architecture, is based on simple and basic proportions and relationships; Baroque architecture no longer advocates that implicit logic, but pursues surprising dramatic effects. For example:
Michelangelo's assistants Vignola (1507- 1673) and Della? The Church of Jesus, written by G. Della Porta about 1537 ~ 1 Notre Dame de Paris in 602, is recognized as a masterpiece of the transition from stylism to baroque. The main hall and the central dome are highlighted inside the church, which strengthens the role of the central gate and shows new features with its compact structure and strong central effect. Therefore, the interior and facade of the Church of Jesus later became a model of baroque architecture, which can also be called "pre-baroque style".
/kloc-the representative figure of baroque architecture in the early 7th century was C. Madeno (1556 ~ 1629), who completed Michelangelo's unfinished St. Peter's Church (1607- 15). The convex facade or concave facade he designed can be further improved.
Benigni (1598 ~ 1680),1the greatest master, sculptor and architectural expert of baroque architecture in the heyday of the 7th century. 1624 ~ 33, he completed the bronze canopy placed in St. Peter's Cathedral, which is a giant tent with a height of 29 meters and supported by four spirally carved columns. The square and colonnade with arched arms in front of the door (1657) is designed for St. Peter's Cathedral and is one of the most square buildings in the west.
F polomini (1599 ~ 1667) was another master in the heyday of baroque. He likes to use uneven curves and complex interlaces of various geometric shapes, and he can be unique in overall layout and detail arrangement. His masterpiece is Si Quan (65438+)' s Church of San Carlos.
In addition to the Rome area above, the Turin area in northern Italy has also developed quite well. Guarini (G. Guarini, 1624 ~ 83) built the dome of St. Bu (1668 ~ 94) chapel, which presents the dome of heaven and gives people an ethereal and boundless sense of meditation.
Baroque architecture in western European countries has its own advantages in combination with local characteristics. For example, Britain, France and other countries have more rigorous colors, such as the Palace of Versailles in Paris (1669 ~ 85, click the mouse to see a 360-degree rotation map), while southern Germany is gorgeous and brilliant to the extreme, and Spain and Latin America under its rule are also one of the fertile fields of Baroque.
incise
The baroque sculptures of Apollo and Daphne are sometimes part of the architecture, and the artists' methods of expressing the real world are perfect, such as showing the appearance of human skin according to the men, women and children of the subjects, and the texture of curly hair, clothing and cloth is very realistic. The most important feature is to show the dynamic potential. Characters are no longer carved into a static or resting posture, but are always moving.
The most famous is Benigni's (1598 ~ 1680) masterpiece The Phantom of Saint Teresa (1645 ~ 52, St. Mary's Church in Rome), which combines religion and function. To appreciate this kind of statue, it is necessary to match the building with the function. This style has also influenced all parts of western Europe. Other masterpieces include Fountain of Four Rivers (partial map of Rome's Piazza Navona, 1648-5 1) and David (Rome's Piazza Vega, marble, 1623-24, 170 cm high).
French baroque sculptors include:
Miro in Nader, clotho was created by P. Puget (1620-94) (167 1 ~ 83, Louvre).
The busts of Leiblin (1676) and Louis XIV (1680, Versailles) of savak (A. coyevox, 1640 ~ 1720).
draw
Magnificent, dynamic, exquisite perspective changes (such as forward contraction method), dramatic composition, ups and downs, reflecting infinite space, and the contrast with ideal light makes the picture unified and coordinated, such as the effect of stage scenery, which are the characteristics of Baroque painting. Some oil paintings by Rubens (4 paintings)
Caravaggio (1573 ~ 16 10) is a pioneer of baroque painting. His works are characterized by using light to obtain the dramatic effect of the picture, and also using light and shade to contrast the real sense of space and abandon the description of details. His attitude towards nature is intuitive. He paints portraits of rude or simple citizens as models. He also found another way in still life painting. His masterpieces include Dinner of the Imagist (160 1, National Gallery of London), Burying Christ (1604, Vatican Art Museum) and Fruit Basket (Still Life,1596,46× 64). Wild, irritable, irritable and short-lived, he wanted to get rid of stereotypes and rethink art, and was called "naturalist" in style.
Karachi (1560 ~ 1609), diligent in classical beauty, is his representative altar painting-The Virgin Mourning the Death of Christ (1603,92,8 x103,2 cm, National Gallery of London), in which the light shines on the savior.
equipment
Apart from architecture, sculpture and painting, Baroque furniture is undoubtedly the most civic expression of Baroque art. King Louis XIV of France is known as the "king of the sun", and his luxurious decoration of Versailles led to the birth of a large number of Baroque furniture. The development of court art has created the royal furniture in Setvina, England-Baroque style has produced a large number of baroque artists. Complex carving and the extensive use of teak, gold, ivory, rosewood and other precious materials make Baroque furniture the first of the three largest furniture in the world, standing on the top of the world furniture and enduring for a long time.
Armchair-The legs of the chair can be in the shape of an "inverted cone" or a "balustrade", and more and more complicated oval side decorations, groove decorations and leaf decorations appear on it. The H-shaped connecting rod inherited from Louis XIII gradually evolved into the X-shaped connecting rod. The need of etiquette prompted the appearance of a large number of folding chairs and stools with gorgeous carvings on them. Royal Furniture in Setvina, England-Baroque Style (5 pieces)
Double-body furniture-the lines of the wardrobe panel have also become softer, and the lower part is not bent at both ends, which is more complicated as shown in the figure because the protruding parts or corners are crescent-shaped [1].
Dress
From the beginning to the climax of the plot development, this "script" about classical drama is full of luxury. The short and elegant wavy hem makes the coat elegant in tough and sexy, and the Gothic sleeve style is permeated with modernity in retro details, with bright and bright colors, which makes people feel like they are in a grand palace dance.
Baroque fashion attaches great importance to the cutting of the lower body and strives for variety. Slightly fluffy knee-length narrow skirt combined with exquisite folds, coupled with casual lace, exudes a gentle and sweet romantic atmosphere. Although the fabric is not a typical floating brocade, it uses smooth and light tulle, showing a unique sense of luxury. In terms of color, champagne and off-white are no longer dominant, but bright pink. With a milky knitted coat, the neckline is ruffled, which is elegant, reserved and beautiful.
Waist girding is one of the main features of baroque fashion, and it will also become the best protagonist on the fashion stage in the new season. Satin shirts are full of nostalgia, and various patterns express the artistic style of the neoclassical era. The bright red waist is the finishing touch, which not only forms a strong contrast in color, but also highlights the fashionable fashion of red and purple that was once wildly popular in those lost years. The four colors of black, white, orange and red form a strong visual contrast, creating an elegant and noble lady image.
Classical charm is popular, so that romantic wedding dresses full of retro feelings also present a luxurious style. Baroque chest-lifting and waist-binding, layered skirts, showing complex and exquisite workmanship in details, and then incorporating modern popular tailoring and fashion elements, such as bows and folds, to create a different style that is both ancient and modern.
music
Generally speaking, baroque music has the following characteristics: its sense of rhythm is particularly strong, active, short and rhythmic; Delicate melody, jumping and continuous; Adopt the polyphonic technique of multi-melody polyphonic music; Composers generally emphasize the emotional ups and downs of their works, so much so that the speed and intensity of music were valued at that time; The tonality of the repertoire has also developed from a single conservative church mode in the Renaissance to a major and minor mode. At the same time, western orchestral stringed instruments also developed rapidly during the Baroque period. The appearance of violin and the formation of plucked clavichord provided more expressive force for Baroque music. With the development of other musical instruments, the orchestration of some specific baroque music can develop in a diversified and large-scale direction. However, ancient musical instruments such as organ, harpsichord and violin are still widely used.
In terms of musical forms, the Baroque period was much richer than the Renaissance. The demand of the royal family and nobles for music has prompted many baroque musicians to explore many new forms of music expression, and the rise of opera (not the origin, the origin of opera should be traced back a long time ago) is the most prominent point. Although baroque opera was criticized by some experts as "affectation", it was a foundation for the development of opera since then. Other forms of expression in the field of vocal music include drama, classic songs, oratorios, passion and mass, all of which are strongly religious. This shows that in the Baroque period, religious music still occupies a great weight in western music. During the Baroque period, instrumental music developed rapidly with various forms of expression, including concerto, solo concerto, orchestral suite, various dance music, prelude, fantasia, toccata, fugue, sonata and so on. A large part of them developed and evolved, thus becoming a more mature form later.
literature
Baroque literature is a literary school in the late Renaissance of the West, which merged with classical literature and Puritan literature into three major literatures in the17th century. It rose after the decline of humanistic literature movement. It is a kind of aristocratic formalism literature, which advocates that literature should be created for a few people with cultural literacy. Deliberately carved in art, the content tends to write about faith crisis and pessimistic thoughts. This kind of works pursue form, empty content and exaggerated language. Italian marino, Spanish Gongra and Calderon, German Grimmelshausen, British metaphysical poet john donne, French Walter Vataire and so on are all representatives of Baroque literature. Representative works include Calderon's novel Life is Like a Dream, and Grimmelshausen's wandering novel The Story of an Idiot.