Mao, a medical parasitologist. He presided over and participated in the biological research of Schistosoma japonicum and its intermediate host Oncomelania hupensis, and carried out a lot of pioneering and creative research in experimental research technology, immunodiagnosis and development of new anti-schistosomiasis drugs, which effectively guided and promoted the prevention and control practice. He has presided over the work of China Schistosomiasis Research Committee for a long time and played an important role in making scientific research plans and prevention and control strategies. He has been engaged in teaching medical parasitology for many years and trained a large number of talents for the country. In recognition of his contribution to schistosomiasis control, the World Health Assembly awarded the "Leon Billner" Fund Award.

Chinese name: Mao.

Nationality: China.

Place of birth: Shanghai

Date of birth: 19 12.

Occupation: medical parasitologist

Graduate school: Shanghai Aurora University

Masterpiece: Classification index of various genera of parasitic human worms

brief introduction

Mao was born in a scholarly family in Shanghai. His father is an excellent scholar, a member of Zhong Xing Association, open-minded and enthusiastic about social welfare undertakings, which once destroyed the capital to establish hospitals and schools. Mao's parents really want their children to get a good education. When he was a child, he attended private schools and English evening classes in primary schools, and then finished his junior high school studies in CoCo Lee Middle School. Because I was determined to study medicine, I was admitted to the preparatory course of Shanghai Aurora University (

Equivalent to high school). In middle school, Mao was among the best in all subjects because of his hard work, and was often rewarded by the school. 193 1 was promoted to the medical department of sinian university in the summer of, 1937, graduated with a doctor of medicine. At that time, it coincided with the large-scale invasion of Japan and the August 13th Incident in Shanghai. He felt indignant and was inspired by patriotic enthusiasm. He has volunteered to serve in Shanghai No.3 Hospital for the Disabled and Shanghai No.1 Refugee Shelter, and actively participated in anti-Japanese medical rescue work with his medical skills.

1In August, 938, Mao went to France to study abroad, studied tropical medicine, hygiene and malaria at the Medical College of Paris University, and conducted scientific research in his spare time. His tutor was puzzled that the China student chose a subject that was neglected in China. Mao's answer is "There are too many parasitic diseases in China". However, when he returned to China in 1939 with three diplomas and two influential research papers, he had been unemployed for 14 months. In that era of national disaster, he had an empty heart to serve the motherland, but he could not serve the country.

1940 65438+February Mao was appointed as the director of Shanghai Xinyi Serum Vaccine Factory. 1941July was also a lecturer in parasitology at Shanghai Medical College. 1942, the Japanese invaders brazenly occupied the "concession" in Shanghai, and Mao couldn't bear the humiliating life under the iron hoof of the Japanese invaders. He resolutely moved to Shanghai Medical College and went through hardships to Chongqing as an associate professor of parasitology and bacteriology. From June, 65438 to July, 0944, he was employed by Chongqing Central Health Laboratory as a parasitology technician, enabling him to engage in professional research under extremely limited conditions. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Mao moved to Nanjing with the Central Health Laboratory, and was employed as a professor of parasitology in the School of Medicine of Central University at 1946. 1946 During the spring and summer, he and his colleagues went to Wuxi, Suzhou and other rural schistosomiasis endemic areas for investigation. In front of him, they showed a very sad scene: the septic tanks arranged in rows by the river behind the village were full of bright red blood, and the once densely populated village was empty. The harm caused by schistosomiasis is much more serious than he thought. This trip to southern Jiangsu has inextricably linked his academic career with schistosomiasis. His four papers on schistosomiasis research in China, such as Epidemiological Survey of Schistosomiasis in China, Morphological Records of Schistosoma japonicum, Intermediate Host of Schistosoma japonicum in Suzhou and Wuxi of China, and Discussion on Schistosoma japonicum cercariae Escaping Oncomelania, were published in journal of tropical diseases and parasitology magazine, which attracted the attention of international academic circles.

From 65438 to 0947, Mao was sponsored by the World Health Organization to go to the United States, Britain and Egypt for special education and investigation on schistosomiasis, and cooperated with American scholars in the National Institutes of Health to conduct schistosomiasis research. From 65438 to 0948, he just returned to Nanjing from the United States, and he chose a small schistosomiasis endemic area in Qixia Mountain on the outskirts of the city to carry out snail control experiments. Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of local schistosomiasis, only breeds in rivers less than 1 km long. He wants to try to bury snails in the soil to eradicate the harm of schistosomiasis, and the required funds are only 250 kilograms of millet. However, from the local township to the national central health laboratory, he pleaded again and again and hit a wall again and again. The cold reality forced him to give up.

Show your talents

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the people's government provided Mao Baishou with a vast world to display his talents. When the representative of the Ministry of Health of the Third Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army entered the Central Health Laboratory, the first written report he submitted to the military representative was to remind the officers and men who originated in the north to pay attention to preventing schistosomiasis and malaria that are widely prevalent in the south after going south. /kloc-in the winter of 0/949, under the leadership of the Ministry of Health of Sanye, he investigated the worm infection of commanders and soldiers in the coastal areas of Zhejiang. At the end of 1949, the army set up a schistosomiasis control brigade, and he was invited to the Jiaxing Central Prevention and Control Station in Zhejiang Province for technical guidance. During this period, he worked hard with great enthusiasm, trained medical personnel in the army, compiled preventive communication to popularize knowledge of schistosomiasis prevention and treatment, and formulated standards for diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis. It took him three months to complete the survey and treatment of schistosomiasis in all officers and men of the 27 th Army, and quickly controlled the spread of the epidemic. Therefore, he won the second class merit and was awarded as a model worker in Nanjing.

1950 5438+00 In June, China established the East China Branch of the Central Institute of Health in Nanjing. At that time, there were only 17 medical parasitology professionals in hospitals, and there were even fewer professionals all over the country, which was far from meeting the needs of parasitic disease prevention, research and teaching. To this end, he suggested to the leaders of the Ministry of Health and was adopted. 1951-1952, two training courses for senior parasitologists were held in East China Branch, with 7 1 person enrolled. After graduation, these two students were assigned to all parts of the country, becoming the first generation of senior teachers and research technical backbones of medical parasitology after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and trained more professionals through them.

65438-0956, Central Institute of Health was established as China Academy of Medical Sciences. Its East China branch in Nanjing was renamed as Institute of Parasitology, China Academy of Medical Sciences, and 1957 moved to Shanghai (1983 was transferred to Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine). Mao was appointed as a researcher of the Institute, and was successively appointed as deputy director and director. From June 65438 to June 0984, he served as scientific and technological consultant of Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine and honorary director of Institute of Parasitic Diseases.

Personal experience and the sharp contrast between the old and new social systems make Mao firmly believe that only under the leadership of the China * * * Production Party can people be happy and society progress. 1957, joined the China * * * production party.

Snail fever

Mao's contribution to the field of medical parasitology is outstanding in the study of schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis is one of the most serious parasitic diseases that endanger people's health all over the world. It is distributed in 12 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, with more than120 thousand patients, threatening hundreds of millions of people, not only destroying people's lives, but also hindering the development of production. Therefore, the * * * production party and people's government of China attach great importance to the prevention and control of schistosomiasis. The disease is listed as one of the nine major diseases to be eliminated within a time limit in the National Agricultural Development Outline (Draft) from 1956 to 1967. However, it is not easy to eradicate a disease that has been prevalent in China for thousands of years and is widely distributed. The main problems faced at that time were: it was necessary to find out the exact distribution range and the number of patients of the disease; Traditional stool examination alone cannot meet the requirements of large-scale census; As a therapeutic drug, antimony needs intravenous injection, which has a long course of treatment and great toxicity, and serious reaction will lead to death; Burying snails in the soil is not only labor-consuming, but also has limitations in application. There are still many problems to be clarified in the biology of Schistosoma japonicum and its intermediate host Oncomelania hupensis, as well as the study of animal storage hosts.

In order to find out the distribution range of schistosomiasis and the number of infected people in China in a short time, Mao started with the research on immunodiagnosis, improved it, and created an intradermal test with liver egg antigen instead of adult antigen, which proved that its titer was not lower than that of adult antigen. Because it is taken from the liver of infected rabbits, a large number of diagnostic antigens can be prepared. From 65438 to 0957, the application of hepatic egg antigen in intradermal test was popularized in endemic areas of schistosomiasis in China, and combined with stool examination, who had positive intradermal test, the census task of more than 60 million people was quickly completed, thus quickly grasping the epidemic scope and infected number of schistosomiasis in China, providing scientific basis for making schistosomiasis prevention and control plans.

In order to provide a means for the experimental study of schistosomiasis, Mao mastered all aspects of the life cycle of schistosomiasis through years of painstaking research in the 1950s, and established a series of experimental methods and routines, such as artificial feeding of snails, experimental infection of snails with Schistosoma cercariae, in vitro culture of experimental animals with Schistosoma cercariae, experimental treatment of schistosomiasis, and screening of anti-schistosomiasis drugs. It has promoted the scientific research of schistosomiasis and effectively served the prevention and control work.

Mao presided over the research and development of new anti-schistosomiasis drugs, because he grasped the main links of chemical synthesis, screening, pharmacology, clinical trials and so on, carried out multidisciplinary research, and the production and prevention units jointly tackled key problems, which made a breakthrough in the development of oral, efficient, safe and short-term anti-schistosomiasis drugs, and finally the antimony agent used for decades was completely replaced.

Mao and his colleagues came to the conclusion that "Oncomelania hupensis in Chinese mainland belongs to the same species, that is, Oncomelania hupensis" by comparing the samples of Oncomelania hupensis from all over the world, and pointed out that it is not reliable for foreign scholars to use the tooth-tongue formula as the basis for the classification of Oncomelania hupensis, thus clarifying the erroneous conclusion that "there are more than ten species of Oncomelania hupensis in Chinese mainland" in the international parasitology field for more than 20 years. Later, people at home and abroad further verified this correct conclusion from cytology, biochemistry and genetics.

Mao systematically summarized the progress and experience of schistosomiasis control research in China, and edited the monograph Schistosomiasis with nearly 800,000 words. His main works are Parasitology, China Medical Encyclopedia Parasitology and Parasitology, and Literature Review of Human Parasitosis in China. He used to be the editor-in-chief of China Journal of Parasitology and Parasitology, the deputy editor-in-chief of Chinese Medical Journal (English version), the consultant of China Journal of Parasitology Prevention and Control, and the editorial board of American Progress in Clinical Parasitology.

Mao is deeply respected by his peers at home and abroad for his profound knowledge and rigorous academic attitude. Other positions he has been elected or employed include: member of the Chinese Medical Science Committee and chairman of the Schistosomiasis Research Committee, chairman of the Parasitology Expert Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Health, consultant of the National Scientific and Technological Guidance Group for Filariasis Prevention and Control of the Ministry of Health, consultant of the National Echinococcosis Prevention and Control Center, and director of the Chinese Medical Association. Honorary Chairman of the Society of Medical Parasitology of the Chinese Preventive Medical Association, Member of the Global Medical Research Advisory Committee of the World Health Organization, Member of the Western Pacific Medical Research Advisory Committee of the World Health Organization and Member of the Expert Advisory Group on Schistosomiasis, Director of the WHO Cooperation Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis (located in the Institute of Parasitology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine), Chinese coordinator of the Sino-US medical and health cooperation agreement on parasitic diseases, honorary member of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Health, and communication academician of the French National Academy of Medical Sciences. He has been invited to attend international academic conferences for many times to publicize the great achievements in the prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases in China, actively promote international scientific and technological cooperation, and introduce advanced technologies. 1984 may 14, the 37th world health assembly held in Geneva awarded Mao "Leon Billner" fund award in recognition of his outstanding contributions in social medicine, especially in schistosomiasis control research. This is the first time that a China scholar has won this honor. 1989 was nominated by university of perpignan, France, and approved by the French Ministry of Education, Sports and Youth, and was awarded the honorary doctorate of Mao.

Scientific research work

In the research of parasitic diseases, Mao actively carried out the policy of scientific research serving prevention and treatment, adhered to the combination of theory and practice, and combined laboratory and field, and practiced it. In order to explore the law of schistosomiasis control and verify the results of laboratory research, he did not fear the hardships of working and living conditions, packed his bags, led scientific researchers to go deep into the countryside with the worst epidemic situation and set up a pilot project for schistosomiasis control. He often teaches young researchers to go deep into rural investigation and study, and realize the serious harm caused by parasitic diseases to people in epidemic areas through continuous practice, so as to enhance their sense of responsibility and dedication.

Mao attached great importance to the education and training of young and middle-aged researchers. He has presided over more than ten national and advanced parasitology courses organized by the Institute, personally made teaching plans and served as teaching tasks. Since the end of 1970s, in order to adapt to the situation of reform and opening-up, he has personally taught English and French classes organized by the Institute, and sometimes used holidays to tutor students in his own home, which has improved students' foreign language level and created conditions for young and middle-aged scientific research backbones to carry out foreign academic exchanges and international scientific and technological cooperation. He also warned young researchers not to neglect learning Chinese while studying foreign languages hard. To this end, he specially offered Chinese classes for them to improve the writing level of scientific papers. He often says, "Without a solid Chinese foundation, you can't learn any foreign language well." .

Mao has high attainments in science and technology and enjoys a high reputation in academic circles at home and abroad. His serious scientific attitude has also been praised by colleagues and younger generations. Although he suffered from eye diseases for a long time and his eyesight was poor, he reviewed and revised a large number of Chinese and foreign academic manuscripts word for word with a highly responsible spirit. During the "Cultural Revolution", in adversity, he was sent to the rural areas of Jiangxi, where he conducted a general survey of schistosomiasis feces for more than half a year. The manure samples sent by farmers are all wrapped in paper with crooked names on them. Over time, the paper was soaked and the handwriting became more blurred. In order to prevent the names from being confused, Mao always takes a stool sample only two or three centimeters away from his eyes to identify it carefully. Colleagues came to help, but he casually said, "Do parasites still care about these smells?" He cherishes time like gold and never wants to waste a minute of working time unnecessarily. Meetings and lectures in other places often end in the morning and return in the afternoon, or even end in the afternoon and return in the evening. Whether he is on a business trip abroad or somewhere in China and returns to Shanghai, he will appear in his studio on time the next morning. After serving as honorary director of the Institute of Parasitology, although his daily affairs have been lightened, he still insists on going to work in the Institute every day, and the work of writing, revising manuscripts, giving lectures, technical guidance, cultivating doctoral students and academic exchanges at home and abroad is always full. He has too many things to do in his mind, how can he be idle!

biographical notes

191212 was born in Shanghai on February 30th.

193 1 graduated from Shanghai Aurora University.

1937 graduated from the medical department of Shanghai Aurora University with a doctor of medicine.

1938 ——1939 went to the medical school of the University of Paris, France for further study.

1940 ——1942 Director of Shanghai Xinyi Serum Vaccine Factory.

194 1 year lecturer of Shanghai medical college.

1942 ——1944 Associate Professor, Shanghai Medical College (Chongqing).

1944 ——1949 worked as a technician in the central health laboratory (first in Chongqing, then in Nanjing).

1947 Professor, School of Medicine, Nanjing Central University.

1947 ——1948 went to the United States, Britain and Egypt to study and investigate schistosomiasis, and cooperated in schistosomiasis research at the National Institutes of Health.

1950 ——1956 worked as a technician and researcher in East China Branch of Central Health Research Institute.

1956- 1983, researcher, deputy director and director of Institute of Parasitology, China Academy of Medical Sciences, member of Chinese Medical Science Committee, chairman of Schistosomiasis Research Committee and director of Chinese Medical Association.

1984 —— Currently, he is the director and honorary director of Institute of Parasitology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, the scientific and technological consultant of Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, the chairman of the parasitology expert advisory committee of the Ministry of Health, and the honorary chairman of the medical parasitology branch of Chinese Preventive Medical Association.

1April 2, 9921died in Shanghai at the age of 80.

Main thesis

1 gross. A taxonomic index of various genera of parasitic human worms. Laboratory hygiene, 1945, 2: 23-26.

Ermao Baishou. The effect. Gamma rays of hookworm larvae on dogs. Chinese medical journal,1949,35 (4):149-150.

3 Mao, Li Lin, Wu, etc. Discussion on Schistosoma japonicum cercaria escaping from Oncomelania hupensis host. Journal of Internal Medicine, 195 1, 3 (3): 226-23 1.

4 Mao Baishou. Viewing the history of human development from the development of parasites. Medical life, 195 1, 1 (3): 1-4.

5 Mao Li Lin. Distribution of intestinal parasites in China. Journal of Internal Medicine,1952,4 (1): 27-32.

6 Mao, Li Lin. Classification of Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. Acta Zoologica,1954,6 (1):1-14.

7 Mao Baishou. Several problems to be solved urgently in schistosomiasis research in China. China Journal of Health,1954,2 (2):11-1/6.

Mao, Li Yuanhe, Wang Wan Li, et al. Intracutaneous reactivity test of schistosomiasis (production and titer of liver antigen). Chinese Journal of Medicine,1956,42 (5): 471-473.

9 Mao Baishou. Research achievements of schistosomiasis control. Collection of medical achievements celebrating the 10th anniversary of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC). The second volume. Beijing: People's Health Publishing House, 1959: 28.

10 Main research results of human taeniasis in Maoxin China. Chinese medical journal,1960,46 (2):151-155.

Mao, 1 1. Progress in diagnosis of helminthiasis abroad in recent three years. Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine, 19 1, 9 (6): 396-398.

Mao, 12. Research progress in serum immunology of schistosomiasis in recent years. 1963 abstract of the symposium on parasitology. Beijing: Science Press, 1963: 19.

Mao Baishou. Schistosomiasis. Beijing: People's Health Publishing House, 1963.

14 gross, Huang Mingxin. Research on schistosomiasis control and its theoretical basis. Science bulletin, 1964, 1 1: 963-972.

15 gross. Short-term goals of scientific research on schistosomiasis. Journal of Zoology,1964,6 (6): 272-273.

16 gross. Prospect of schistosomiasis control. China Journal of Health, 1965, 10 (4): 260.

17 gross. The past and present of parasitology in China. Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, 1983, 1 (4): 1.

Wu, Mao and Wang. China medical encyclopedia parasitology and parasitology. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1984.

19 gross. On the classification of human and animal parasitic diseases. China Journal of Human and Animal Diseases, 1985, 1 (1): 2-3.

20 Mao Baishou. Development and tasks of parasitology. China Journal of Parasitology Control,1989,2 (3):150-154.

2 1 Mao, Shi Zongjun, et al. Outline of human parasitic diseases in China. Beijing: People's Health Publishing House, 1990.