Introduction:

Piaget was first a biologist, then a generative cognitive philosopher and a developmental psychologist who studied children's psychology. This order of identity represents Piaget's intellectual activities all his life. His forward-looking theory has accelerated the development of modern human beings in various fields and led a brand-new century.

19 15, Piaget got a bachelor's degree in biology from the University of Nachate. In the next three years, he also took courses in philosophy and science. 19 18 years, Piaget, who was only 22 years old at that time, obtained a doctorate in natural science from the University of Nachate with a paper on software animals. During this period, the main development of Piaget's thought lies in the gradual formation of philosophical concepts; After receiving his doctorate, Piaget went to work in a psychology laboratory in Zurich, where he gained a lot of knowledge related to experimental psychology. 19 19, Piaget went to Paris to study, during which Piaget really entered the field of psychology. He studied psychopathology and philosophy of science at the University of Paris, worked as Simon's assistant at 192 1 and worked in the laboratory in Binet.Alfred. Alfred, and is responsible for standardizing Bert's reasoning test. 192 1 Piaget was hired as the director of the research department of Rousseau College and returned to China to take office.

Piaget, 1896 was born in Nachate. Piaget's father is a university professor who mainly studies medieval history and literature. Because Piaget's father studied humanities, he attached great importance to Piaget's view of science and paid more attention to cultivating Piaget's attention to facts and hobbies. On the other hand, Piaget's mother is a devout religious person. She insisted that Piaget receive strict religious training, and chose a godfather with philosophical knowledge-Konut for Piaget. This family background gave Piaget the opportunity to contact and think about philosophy and science, and then developed his own unique thoughts and opinions.

1930 This period was a busy decade for Piaget, who upgraded Rousseau College from a private school to a subsidiary of Geneva University. Piaget was also hired by UNESCO as the director of education, which made it easy for Piaget to spread his theory of children's psychology throughout Europe and carry out a series of educational reforms. In the 1940s, Piaget served as professor of experimental psychology and director of psychological laboratory at the University of Geneva, and was elected president of the Swiss Psychological Society, and founded the journal Swiss Psychology. Piaget also published works on children's numbers, space, cause and effect, geometry, logic and time with his student Ying Guerder. At this time, Piaget's theoretical concept of generative cognitive theory is more mature and stable. He summed up his personal research for more than 30 years and published "Introduction to Generative Cognitive Theory".

1954, Piaget was elected as the president of the International Psychological Society, and as the president, he founded the International Federation of Scientific Psychology. The following year, Piaget founded the International Epigenetic Cognitive Center in Geneva, which is usually called "Geneva School" by academic circles. Its purpose is to spread and develop epigenetic cognitive theory. Piaget's "Biology and Cognition" published in 1967 can be said to sum up his painstaking efforts in research work all his life. Piaget also wrote the article "The Right to Education" in 1972, arguing that the fundamental task of pedagogy is to make children develop in an all-round way so that every child can have a perfect personality.

Piaget retired in his later years and returned to the mountains of Switzerland to rest; However, Piaget did not give up his research work because of his retirement. He devoted all his life to the development of "generative cognitive theory"-a cognitive theory based on science and philosophy. Piaget's works are a rich treasure house of human thoughts. Piaget published more than 50 books and wrote countless articles in his life. Since 1936, Piaget has been awarded honorary doctorates by more than 30 universities and academic groups around the world, and he is also responsible for hosting many important international joint conferences, organizations and groups. He won numerous awards, big and small, in his life. 1969 was awarded the Outstanding Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association, 1977. Piaget's life contribution is not limited to psychology, and his theory has had an immeasurable and far-reaching impact on the development of philosophy, pedagogy and artificial intelligence. Piaget, a great man in the 20th century, died in Geneva on September 6th, 1980 at the age of 84.

Theoretical introduction:

First of all, several main concepts

(1) intelligence

When Piaget worked in Bina Laboratory, he realized that "intelligence" could not be equated with the kind of test questions that children answered correctly, so he fundamentally opposed to defining intelligence according to the number of correctly answered questions on a so-called intelligence test paper. In Piaget's view, an intelligent behavior is the behavior that an organism can produce under the existing conditions and is most suitable for its living conditions. In other words, wisdom is the quality and ability of an organism to respond to the environment most effectively and create living conditions under objective and realistic conditions. This view fully embodies the idea of "survival of the fittest" in biological evolution. Piaget was a doctor of biology before he engaged in psychological research, so he always tried to link biology with epistemology in the future research of children's intelligence development. It is from the biological point of view that Piaget believes that wisdom is a special manifestation of biological adaptation, that is, human wisdom is a means for the body to adapt to the environment. ?

2) Schema

Piaget believes that wisdom has a structural basis, and schema is a particularly important concept he used to describe the structure of wisdom (cognition). Piaget defines schema as "an organized and repeatable behavior or way of thinking". Everything that can be repeated and summarized in action is called schema. Simply put, schema is the structure or organization of action.

(3)? Adapt, adapt (also called adjustment)?

Assimilation and adaptation are two basic processes Piaget used to explain children's schema or intellectual development. Piaget believes that "assimilation is the integration of external factors into a forming or formed structure", that is, environmental factors are incorporated into the existing schema or structure of the body to strengthen and enrich the actions of the subject. It can also be said that assimilation is to acquire knowledge through the existing cognitive structure. Adaptation means "the form or structure of assimilation is changed by the influence of the elements it assimilates." That is, change the action of the subject to adapt to objective changes. It can also be said to change the cognitive structure to deal with new information.

(4) Operation

Operation is one of the main concepts of Piaget's theory. The operation here refers to psychological operation.

What is the operation? Operation is an internalized, reversible action with conservation premise and logical structure.

As can be seen from this definition, operation or psychological operation has four important characteristics:

1, psychological operation is a psychological and internalized action.

2. Psychological operation is a reversible internalization behavior.

3. Operation is a behavior based on conservation. When an action has the meaning of thinking, isn't it just internalized? Reversible action, it must also have the premise of conservation.

4. Operation is an action with logical structure.

Second, the stage of children's intellectual development.

(1) Perceived motor stage (from birth to about 2 years old)

From birth to about 2 years old, it is the perceptual movement stage of intellectual development.

(2) Preoperative stage (2-7 years old)

Compared with nastic movement stage, children's wisdom in the early stage of operation has made a qualitative new leap.

(III) Specific operation stage (7~ 1 1 year)

Marked by children's internalized, reversible, conservative and logical actions, children's intelligence? When force enters the operational stage, the first is the specific operational stage. We can only think or calculate with concrete things, objects or processes, and we can't use things and processes stated in language or words as the basis of calculation.

(4) Formal operation stage (12~ 15 years old)

The operation of using language to solve problems, get rid of the shackles of specific things and reconstruct things and processes in your mind is called formal operation.