The ancient summaries of "Reading thousands of books, writing like a god" and "A clever woman can't cook without rice" illustrate the importance of "accumulation" in writing from both positive and negative aspects. "Usually rely on accumulation, the examination room depends on play", which is the same experience of the students in the examination room.

(A) language to establish a "vocabulary". Vocabulary is the cell of an article. Vocabulary in a broad sense refers not only to the collection of words and phrases, but also to sentences and sentence groups. There are two ways to establish "vocabulary": the first is reading. Usually, you should read books, newspapers and periodicals extensively, take reading notes, extract some beautiful words, sentences and paragraphs from a specific notebook, or make reading cards. The second is life. At ordinary times, we should capture the fresh language in the popular spoken language and write it down in a small notebook or card that we carry with us. Over time, we can say it chapter by chapter and write it beautifully.

(2) Strengthen the accumulation of materials. Materials are the flesh and blood of the article. Because many students usually don't pay attention to accumulating materials, they are worried every time they write a composition, or edit or copy it. The solution to this problem is to accumulate materials. Usually, you can take a video camera and tape recorder with you, observe life deeply, actively participate in life, and record your experiences in family life, campus life and social life in time in the form of sketching, keeping a diary and writing observation notes. When recording, we should grasp the details and the characteristics of people, things, things and scenery. The article written in this way is flesh and blood.

(3) We should strengthen ideological accumulation. Opinion is the soul of an article. The center of the article is not clear, or the thought is not profound, which often shows that the author's thought is superficial. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a "think tank". There are two ways: first, be thoughtful. "One more miss, one more gain." Think deeply at ordinary times and ask "why", "what" and "how" when something happens. So you can see the essence through the phenomenon. It is also necessary to record the "sparks" of thinking and the conclusions of thinking at any time. The second is compilation, that is, extracting famous sayings and aphorisms.

In short, the composition should be accumulated, and the three writing warehouses of vocabulary, material and thought should be regularly counted, sorted and classified to continuously enrich and expand.

Second, learn to observe before writing a good composition.

Mr. Lu Xun emphasized two points when answering the question of "how to write good articles" for young artists: one is to read more books, and the other is to practice more. Here, "seeing more" means observing more. This shows that in order to write a good article and master skillful writing skills, it is necessary to observe more and learn to observe, and observation is the necessary premise and foundation of writing.

Russian novelist Chekhov earnestly warned beginners: "A writer must train himself to be a keen observer and never give up! -It is a habit to exercise your own observation, as if it were second nature. " It takes time to hone observation into habit and second nature, which is very useful and remarkable.

Pay attention to the people, events, sights and things around you, and hunt for the materials needed in the composition: be interested in some seemingly insignificant but meaningful things, and pay attention to the cause, process and result of things; You should pay attention to how the plants in the campus flower beds change their colors all year round, and learn to get to the bottom of it and find out the ins and outs of these changes; You should go out, enter the society, meet more people, observe their words and deeds, think about some things, and integrate into your own thoughts at any time. This is the process of observation, and the following points should be paid attention to in the process of observation:

(a) Observation should not be limited to "eyes". Broadly speaking, more practical observation refers to mobilizing all the five senses of people: listening with ears, feeling with the body and, more importantly, thinking with the mind, so that the observation will be more delicate and profound.

(2) Pay attention to the use of "bad writing" in the observation process. As the saying goes, a good memory is better than bad writing. Many students see a lot and think a lot every day, but they are not good at writing it down at any time, which will waste the observed materials and a lot of valuable things.

(3) Pay special attention to perseverance in observation. Don't make "brain fever". Three minutes of heat is not conducive to writing a good composition. You should observe life and think about every day in your life, so that you can write wonderful articles.

Learning to observe plays a great role in laying the foundation and promoting a good composition. Without observation, you often find it difficult to write. May you learn to observe, constantly cultivate and improve your ability to observe, and make great progress in your writing practice.

Third, the meaning is high, and the text wins.

Intention is to establish the center and intention of the article. So what problems should the article pay attention to when expounding ideas?

(A) the idea should be correct

Correctness is the first meaning of the article. The so-called correctness is to ensure that the feelings and thoughts of the article are correct, in line with the nature and laws of objective things, in line with China's basic political principles, in line with people's basic moral requirements, and can give people positive inspiration.

(2) single-minded.

"The problem of composition is more expensive than being single. Specialization is fine, and dispersion is stupid. " No matter how complicated things are, the main idea cannot be dispersed. An article should explain both this problem and that point of view, and it is ambiguous to ramble. In fact, if you want to cover everything, it is definitely not in place. Moreover, an article can only have one center. Instead of "biting off more than one can chew", it is better to concentrate on expressing a center with pen and ink. Even if we express the center through several things, we should stick to the center, keep the same goal, pay attention to the combination of materials and centers, and let all the forces contained in materials point to the center.

(c) Ideas should be novel.

The article is the most taboo to echo others' opinions, and the novel angle is the core of composition innovation. The novelty of conception requires jumping out of the old box, not following the advanced thinking, habitual thinking or the original psychological formula, but examining the alternative content contained in the topic from a unique perspective to avoid what others often write and what others have not written. Even if the same writing object can always be cut in from multiple angles, as long as we break the mindset, stand at the height of the times, avoid "vulgarity" and seek "difference", think from multiple angles and sides, or associate, expand, analogize or reverse, and build your most beautiful rainbow in the colorful sky.

(4) be profound.

Profound conception means that the established theme is not the superficial truth that people are familiar with, but to look at the essence through the phenomenon and dig deeper meaning.

(5) ingenious conception.

In limited words, if you want to express profound thoughts, you can only see the world from a grain of sand, reproduce the whole picture of life from one branch and one leaf, and describe and think about society and life from one drop, one fragment, one moment and one phenomenon, that is, you should focus on the big picture and put pen to paper in a small place, but you can see great dullness from a small angle.

Fourth, how to write a good article about things.

How to write a good article? Please remember the following five points:

(1) Explain the origin

Introducing the history of the article in one or two sentences at the beginning of the article naturally leads to the following.

(2) Specific description

Through color and modeling, the shape of the article is accurately outlined, and the characteristics are written, giving people a distinct feeling. Use some appropriate rhetorical devices to develop a reasonable imagination. Give it emotion, and it will make things on paper come alive.

(C) the combination of static and dynamic

Write the static shape characteristics first, and then write its dynamics. This will add some interest and the articles written will be more vivid.

(4) Interpretation function

Each item has its own unique function. Generally speaking, this kind of article should explain the function of the article at the end, which will highlight the characteristics of the article.

(5) Integration with feelings

Between the lines, it is necessary to reveal the author's love and cherish for the things described, which will enhance the appeal of the article.

Five, to make a long story short

You must be very moved to read a good article, right? If you want to introduce the story to others simply, you can use abbreviations. This exercise is an abbreviation, which requires the main content to be complete and focused; The language is concise, with no more than 300 abbreviations.

Abbreviation is a common form in composition. Abbreviation is to compress a long article into a short article without changing the center and genre and retaining the main content of the original text. Learning abbreviations can help us better understand the content of the text, cultivate our reading ability and generalization ability, and then improve our language expression ability. So, how to abbreviate it?

(a) leave the trunk, branches and leaves. When we abbreviate the text, we should delete the minor characters, minor events, explanations and explanations, leaving the main content of the text. For example, in the article "the little scribe", we should first think about: under what circumstances did Sulio start to help his father, why did he do it in secret, how did he do it, what was the result, and draw the place that touched you the most. Then write down what he copied for his father and delete his thoughts when he was misunderstood by his father.

(2) Simplify the task language directly. In narration, direct narration should be changed into indirect narration, and the language of characters should be simplified as much as possible. This not only makes the plot coherent, but also makes the sentence concise.

(3) Keep the context of the article clear. The abbreviation of the text should keep the main context of the article clear and complete, especially the time, place, person, cause, process and result of the event, so that people can have a general understanding of the original text after reading it.

(4) Either change the original intention of the text. The most important thing of abbreviated words is that the original intention of the words will not be changed after abbreviation, so that the content is basically consistent with the original text and readers will not be confused.

Ending skills of composition in senior high school entrance examination

If the beginning is compared to "firecrackers", then the end is like "bells". The ancients said, "A good ending is like chewing dried fruit and tasting the fragrance."

Ming, memorable. "Like the beginning, the end is also very important. If an article with a clear theme and a novel angle is read to the end, it is

It's a pity that the ending is not good! The ending should not only serve the content and center of the article, but also be restricted by the "beginning", so that

Speaking of which, the ending is even harder to write. People call the end of a good article "leopard tail". Judging from the composition of the senior high school entrance examination, although there is no need to have an article.

The endings are all "leopard tails", but the endings are also required to be concise, vivid and just right. Generally speaking, the common mistakes at the end of students' compositions are: ①.

Gild the lily. Is the full text has ended, intriguing, but the author is still not at ease, determined to shake a few words, hand over the whereabouts of people who do not need to explain.

Only by staying can this meaning be realized. Empty slogans. Finally, in order to show his position and attitude, he shouted that it had nothing to do with the content of the article.

Shouting, this ending is a big theme. 3 sloppily. The meaning of the ending is clear, but it is too late to finish, which conflicts with the theme of the article.

From this point of view, the ending of the senior high school entrance examination composition is particularly important. How to write a good ending and improve the quality of exam composition? The following closing technique,

Are commonly used in the composition of the senior high school entrance examination.

1, natural beam. No matter what style the article is, after expressing the content, it is natural to collect the full text without designing the connotation.

A philosophical statement with profound implications is called "natural ending" without carving out rich symbolic forms. Completely avoided gilding the lily.

The end fault of foot moaning without illness is simple, lively and unpretentious, which is widely used in the composition of senior high school entrance examination. The composition atmosphere in the examination room is tense and the competition is fierce.

It is impossible to pay too much attention to "form" and "law" because of fierce competition. As long as you are passionate and comfortable, you can write wherever you want.

It is a good article to express your feelings in different categories, but paying attention to "nature" does not mean arbitrariness and rashness, but nature that develops with literary thinking.

The trend is over. There are many such examples in the learned text, so I won't repeat them here.

2. Echo from beginning to end. The end should echo the beginning, write sentences that echo the beginning, and don't simply repeat. This way of ending is varied.

The common beam acquisition method in this paper. This method can arouse readers' psychological aesthetic feeling and produce a feeling of rounded head and tail. such as

"A Precious Shirt" begins with "At my home, there is a very cool white shirt". At the end, it reads: "In the past four years, this work

Precious shirts, I carefully collect, I am not willing to wear them once. "Praise of Poplar" echoes from beginning to end: "I want to praise Bai loudly.

Poplar! "

3, the pawn Zhang Xianzhi style. This way of ending depends on the content of the full text and puts the theme at the end of the article in concise language.

Express your thoughts clearly, or explain your writing intention clearly at the end of the full text, so this ending method is also called "making the finishing point"

Type ". For example, at the end of Jujube Kernel, it said, "Changing nationality does not mean changing national feelings. No nation is so attached to its homeland as we are. "

Yes At the end of "Remember a Spinning Wheel", I wrote: "It is a pleasure to struggle with difficulties. -Remember a spinning wheel. "

4. Famous sayings and epigrams. Ending with famous aphorisms and poems is intended to extend the article and reveal the true meaning of some kind of life. It often appears in a scattered form.

At the end of the article, narratives and essays, in a few words, express a profound and thought-provoking philosophy or warning content, which is deeply imprinted on

In the reader's mind, there is an effect of "endless words and endless meanings". At the end of "Pear Blossoms in the Post Road", it reads: "Pears in the Post Road are everywhere."

5. Lyric discussion. Ending an article with lyrical comments can express the feelings in the author's heart, arouse the emotional waves of readers and cause

The voice of the reader has a strong artistic appeal. This way of ending is mainly used in the narration of writing notes, as well as in discussion and discussion.

Writing of literature. There are various forms of lyric discussion ending, which makes the ending more free and a good "lyric discussion" ending.

The ending is bound to give readers a real and full feeling. For example, the end of "Flower Market" wrote: "She stood in a hundred flowers with a smile, too.

Like a flower, like a beautiful and elegant orchid. "Another example is the two natural paragraphs at the end of Memories of Mother, which is a typical lyric argument.

The end of.

The composition should be done in one go, and the ending should be in the same strain as the previous text, which is indispensable. The end of the composition is different from the beginning, but it is also

There are rules to follow. The above ending methods are just some common ending methods, so don't copy them mechanically. The really good ending lies in the exam.

Students' usual solid training lies in the improvisation and "extra-poetic merit" of candidates.

Please look at the end of the examinee's composition:

If life is no longer green, we are still looking for it, why not take action to protect green and the environment, so that we can have green forever. At that time, green will sing: "I come gently, just like you (desert) walk quietly ..." (Anonymous "If Life is Without Green")

Comments: The author naturally thinks of green from the environment, and then starts a topic around "If life is no longer green". Starting with the comparison of "past", "today" and "tomorrow", the article emphasizes that the environment is deteriorating and the green is decreasing, which will naturally lead to anxiety. Then, he skillfully used the beautiful sentence in Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge, which triggered thinking about life without green, leaving room for imagination. Middle school students' friends, there is no fixed method for writing. Which ending method you use depends on the stylistic requirements and your own preferences, and you can't copy dogma. If some can be discussed, some can be described, some can be suspended, some can be quoted, and so on. Middle school students' friends also need to exercise more and experience more in practice, and try their best to explore in order to achieve the same effect. In this way, I believe that the students will be able to write the ending of "When the bell rings, the reverberation will be around the beam".

Migration training

The ancients said: "A good ending is like chewing dried fruit and tasting fragrant tea, which makes people memorable." Like the beginning, the ending is also very important. It would be a pity if an article with a clear theme and a novel angle was ruined by an ominous ending when it was finished! How to make the ending profound and powerful, lingering and memorable is the key for us middle school students to practice ending writing. The following are several training questions for students to learn from.

Segment training questions:

1. Write a composition on the topic of "reading".

Writing Tips: "Books are the nourishment of human beings" and "Books are the ladder of human progress". The master said that books are the crystallization of human wealth and wealth, and they are also our teachers and friends. We students must have something to say about this broad topic. How to do it better, we should also pay attention to the following points: ① The angle should be new and small, and the story of reading a book and a problem in reading will be written deeply and thoroughly because of the small angle. (2) Write your own experiences and feelings, write real feelings, do not write false and empty content, and do not write cliches. (3) Give priority to one expression, and avoid disunity in style. At the end of this composition, you only need to summarize the full text and ask questions at the end of the article. Example at the end of the article: Life tells me that only those who can really read "extracurricular books" are the outstanding children of the times! I seem to feel the wind of the times passing by my ears, leaving a sentence: be careful! I would also like to advise thousands of colleagues in Qian Qian: read more carefully and distinguish carefully! For our beautiful tomorrow! ("I watch extracurricular reading")

2. Lyrics writing skills in winter: An article can express strong feelings, soft feelings, deep feelings and light feelings. The key is from what angle the author writes. This lyrical article. When writing, we should inject the author's true feelings, so that the article can have life and vitality. We encourage students to write stories and express their true feelings, so that the ending can naturally play a finishing touch and sublimate their feelings. Otherwise, the empty lyric at the end will only make people feel like a poster posted casually, which is very uncoordinated.

Example at the end: "If winter comes, can spring be far behind?" This famous poem has been quoted repeatedly for decades and is nothing more than a symbol of hope. In this transparent winter, people can clearly understand the road under their feet with a clear head. Walking step by step, lying still or taking detours will delay the realization of hope.

3. Write a composition on the topic of "window" from your own point of view. Except poetry, the style is not limited, and the topic is self-made

Writing Tip: Building projects must have windows. The human eye is called the window of the soul ... There are too many connotations attached to the window and too many extended meanings, which are worth exploring. As a topic, there are many ideas to elaborate. Write from a familiar angle according to your own feelings. At the end of this kind of composition, you can use the finishing touch. The ancients compared the ending to a bell in order to produce the artistic effect of lingering sound. If the ending can leave readers room for imagination, it will be memorable and will undoubtedly add luster to the article.

Not long ago, grandma left, taking away laughter, greetings, windows and my heart. I know, that window is the most beautiful memory in my life ... ah! Old people, true feelings, small windows ... ("Grandma's Small Windows")

Fan Wenxuan analysis

Ruthless character

Reading Zhu Ziqing's back reminds me of my parents' back. But it's not completely different, because Zhu Ziqing's article shows his father's concern for him, and my parents' back leaves me only ruthless regrets. When I was five years old, I was taken to court, and my grandmother held me in a chair. When I saw my parents, I called them loudly, but they ignored me. My father and mother argued endlessly in court. Finally, I heard that it was awarded to my mother, and my father left the court. I shouted "Dad-",but the "shadow" left me without looking back. Since then, I have lived with my mother and grandmother.

But a few days later, my heartless mother also left me. Grandma wanted to leave me, but she couldn't bear it, so she left me, so I was like a child without mom and dad, living with her all day.

In the days when my grandmother accompanied me, I often remembered the scene of living with my parents: my father rode a car, took me to play in the street and took me fishing by the river; My mother took me shopping and bought me clothes. I can't stop crying when I think about it.

Later, my grandmother sent me to school, and the tuition was provided by my uncle. When my classmate invited me to his birthday party, I really envied seeing other people's parents give their children beautiful gifts and make wishes in front of candles. I thought about my birthday more than once. I don't want that sweet and delicious cake, and I don't want that exquisite gift. I just want my parents to make up and wish me a happy birthday, but I've been looking forward to today, but I haven't.

When I learned from my uncle that my mother remarried and my father got married, I cried bitterly. Grandma came over and said, "Don't cry, son. They are heartless things. They don't deserve your grief. You should study hard and do something big for them. " At this time, grandma's tears flowed down unconsciously.

Dad, mom, I want to have a home, a warm and happy home, I want to have the love of my parents, but I can't get it. Dad, mom, you know, your departure has brought me infinite sadness and resentment, made me feel the pain of losing my loved ones, and made me a child with parents but not caring for them experience many ups and downs in the world! Once again, I call from my heart: "Dad, Mom, have pity on me and marry again ..." However, all I can answer is the echo and the shadow that is getting farther and farther away from me and getting smaller and smaller in my eyes. ...

Final comment: Parents' divorce has brought indelible trauma to children's minds. The little author expressed his yearning for his parents in the article, especially at the end, which was touching and tearful. The real call for parents to remarry seems to haunt us for a long time, leaving endless thoughts and aftertaste.

The beginning of a work

[Date: 2005- 1 1-09] Source: Author: [font: large, medium and small]

The beginning of the composition (Shunde teaching and research section)

When commenting on the Grand View Garden, Jia Baoyu said something insightful: all beauty must be "natural and interesting". The excellent college entrance examination composition of millions of candidates in China cannot be separated from a "reason" and a "fun". The college entrance examination magazine collected and sorted out the excellent compositions of the college entrance examination in recent years, and found that there are many remarkable places, but they are all interesting. Just reading the beginning and end of these articles is enough to make us feel gratified and encouraged. Let's classify them and dedicate them to you. Maybe you can learn from them.

First, the voice saw the opening.

The most taboo at the beginning is the feeling of digressing with a pen. Tell the marking teacher directly that the author has not carefully examined the meaning of the topic, and the composition score will be greatly reduced. Please look at the beginning of several compositions in the 2004 Guangdong College Entrance Examination.

Example 1 "remembered by language and communication": "Look at the flowers blooming and falling, the clouds are rolling and the clouds are comfortable. The bright sunshine in early spring reveals the breath of summer; The lush green clothes in midsummer indicate the harvest in autumn; The fruit of autumn shows the bleak winter. The four seasons cycle, autumn comes and winter comes, and everything in nature is wonderful. How can we expect the hope of early spring without the baptism of severe winter? Our human society is also like nature. Without language connection and the same lifestyle, how can we connect the world into a whole and build a bridge of communication? " The metaphor at the beginning is inappropriate, and the previous metaphor part does not pave the way for similarities. Why do you say that? Language and communication are the relationship between premise and result, but where is the relationship between "green dress" and "bumper harvest", "fruit" and "bleak"? In particular, the rhetorical question "How can we hope for early spring without the baptism of severe winter" has nothing to do with the topic.

Example 2 "Spiritual interaction": "Trees never laugh at the weakness of grass, which, though weak, adds green to the grassland; Peony never laughs at the simplicity of wild flowers. Although wild flowers are simple, they bring infinite vitality to the earth. Trees and grass, peony and wildflowers can live in harmony because they have a common language, mutual communication and spiritual interaction. " When the beginning is close to the topic, there is no similarity, which seems far-fetched

Example 3 "Language and Communication": "Language is a grass, and communication is a shade; Language is white clouds, communication is floating clouds. Language is a flower, and communication is an ocean of flowers. " This beginning regards "language" and "communication" as the relationship between individuals and the whole, and fails to understand the relationship between them.

All the above three situations use metaphors to increase literary talent, which is also the usual writing method of many candidates. If the examinee does not have an accurate grasp of the topic, he will take a wrong turn at the beginning, which will seriously affect his score. The following examples illustrate the function of language more accurately and vividly.

Example 4 "Communication begins with language": "Language is a bridge, connecting this shore and the other shore; Language is a waterfall, connecting streams and deep pools; Language is a rainbow, connecting the sky and the earth. Only when the language is expressed accurately can communication be successful. If the language is wrong, it may have unpredictable consequences. Then how can we make the language expression accurate and promote the success of communication? "

Therefore, whether the opening is well written or not, the core issue is still in the exam; When judging the meaning of a question, seek accuracy first, and then seek image. Many methods are introduced at the beginning.

1, quoting famous sayings and sentences

(1) Ask what the world is and teach people life and death. Yuan Haowen is really good at asking questions, and so is he. His question can be said to have been asked for a long time Over the years, how many people have lingered on this issue, and how many people have made the final answer in life after paying a huge price. But every family's words are as different as everyone's face.

Shi said, "Love is a tool. ..... "("What is love in the world ")

In a medieval church, a saint began his speech: "I became a saint because I saw through money. What belongs to me belongs to everyone." Long years, a snap of your fingers. In a cross-century prison, a thief began his monologue: "I became a thief because I saw through the money, and everyone's is mine."

(Saints and Thieves)

Rodin, the master of aesthetics, once said, "Beauty is everywhere. For our eyes, it is not the lack of beauty, but the lack of discovery. " Today, inspired by this innovative scholar, I want to say: "The answer is universal. For our brains, it is not a lack of thinking, but a lack of perspective. " Many times, we are confused by problems or wandering at the crossroads of multiple solutions. How to go has become a mystery in our hearts, and we are often indecisive. At this time, it is necessary to consider it from another angle, which will bring you more chances of success. ("Spin this kaleidoscope")

2. Clever use of letter format

(1) Dear Grandpa Confucius:

Hello! I am your ordinary descendant. Thousands of years later, I still dare to write to bother you, not only to pay tribute to you, but also to have some difficult problems waiting for your advice. (A letter to Confucius)

(2) Damn standard answer:

Seeing you, I am really filled with indignation. Therefore, driven by the flame of anger, I wrote this letter to condemn you. The answers are colorful, but you have to wear a "standard" hat. You know, because of the word "mark", countless tragedies have happened. These are your three main accusations: ... (a letter with a standard answer)