Japanese journals related to fruit tree horticulture mainly include ① Journal of Horticultural Society, sponsored by the Japanese Horticultural Society, and initiated by 1923. It mainly publishes research papers on fruit trees, vegetables and flowers, including Japanese or English, and publishes about 15 ~ 20 papers in each issue. ② Agriculture and Horticulture was first published in 1926, a monthly magazine. There are several research papers on fruit trees in each issue. ③ Agronomy was first published in 1946, a monthly magazine. It mainly publishes articles on fruit trees, vegetables, flowers, market conditions and advertisements. , is a popular publication with pictures and texts. (4) Fruit Japan, published by Japan Horticultural and Agricultural Cooperation Association, the first issue 1946, monthly. Mainly publish articles on fruit trees. In addition, journals that publish articles on fruit tree gardening include Breeding Journal, Agricultural Technology Research, Journal of Japanese Agrochemical Society, and Plant Epidemic Prevention. Some local publications, such as Fruit Trees published by Okayama Prefecture, are mostly popular publications. Journals of agricultural colleges and universities with fruit trees in Japan often publish fruit tree papers; The annual report of fruit tree research institutions publishes special research papers, such as the report of fruit tree comprehensive farm of Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

Fruit Tree Test Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan

Japan Fruit Research Institute, 190 1, was established in Shizuoka Prefecture in June, and was then called the Horticultural Department of Agricultural Experimental Field. 192 1 was renamed as the horticultural experimental field in April; /kloc-moved to science city-Tsukuba (Tanabe Town, Tsukuba County, Ibaraki Prefecture) in February, 1977; /kloc-0 changed its name to its current name in July, 978. The general farm consists of four branches, namely Morioka Branch (mainly apples), Xingjin Branch (citrus), Anyijin Branch (citrus and grapes) and Kouzhijin Branch (citrus). The general website has planning liaison office, business department and three research departments (including 13 research room). 1984 has a total of 228 employees, including researchers 1 19. An experimental field with a total area of 27 hectares.

The three research departments are respectively the Breeding Department, the Cultivation Department and the Plant Protection Department. There are five laboratories in the Breeding Department: the first laboratory is engaged in the research of new fruit tree breeding technology, disease resistance identification method, tissue culture, cell engineering and plant analysis using empty cells; The second laboratory carried out research on pear and chestnut breeding and improved breeding efficiency, and collected and preserved pear and chestnut varieties; In the third laboratory, the breeding of stone fruits such as peach, plum and plum was studied. After 1945, canned peach varieties were mainly cultivated and many excellent varieties were produced. The fourth laboratory is engaged in the collection, introduction, preservation and propagation of fruit tree germplasm resources; The fifth laboratory is the processing suitability laboratory, which studies the processing suitability and quality maintenance of fruits. There are four laboratories in the department of cultivation: the first laboratory is responsible for the research of nutritional physiology; The second laboratory studies the cultivation techniques of deciduous fruit trees; The third and fourth laboratories are soil laboratory and meteorological laboratory respectively. There are four laboratories in the Department of Plant Protection: the first laboratory of pathology studies the variation of pathogenic bacteria of fruit trees, the mechanism and identification methods of drug-resistant bacteria, virus infection, proliferation and infection; The second laboratory of pathology studies the diseases of deciduous fruit trees; There are also pest laboratory and natural enemy microorganism laboratory.

According to the needs of fruit tree production development in Japan, the fruit tree test site has carried out in-depth research. In breeding, Fuji apples cultivated in this farm have accounted for 43% of the total apple area in China. In addition, new varieties such as Hemlock, Wang Lin and new Jonakin have basically replaced old varieties such as Xu, Hongyu, Jinguan and Guoguang. The new varieties of chestnut cultivated in this farm, such as Shuixin, Xingshui, Fengshui pear, Danze and Tsukuba, have become the main varieties of production. In the aspect of disease-resistant breeding technology, three kinds of high-inoculated viruses were identified, the genetic law of parent-child high-inoculated diseases and the gene composition of disease-resistant types were put forward, and a simple and rapid early identification method of apple hybrid seedlings resistance to pellagra was also put forward. In the research of fruit tree germplasm resources, by the end of 1985, 5,200 fruit tree germplasm resources had been collected and preserved, and the characteristics of the resources were studied by computer technology, and the species and varieties of pears were identified according to their chemical composition, and the pollen and shoot tip tissues were preserved in liquid nitrogen. Significant achievements have also been made in cultivation techniques, such as dwarfing and close planting, nutritional diagnosis, physiological diseases, control effects, research on high-quality and high-yield techniques, and pest control. The field edited and published the report of the experimental field of fruit trees in the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

sunburn

Tissue burns caused by direct sunlight on fruit trees. In the hot and dry season of summer and autumn, the bare branches and fruits of fruit trees can be burned when the surface temperature reaches above 40℃. The sunburned bark will fall off or dry in severe cases. The skin of the fruit turns white first and then brown. When the weather is extremely dry, the temperature continues to be high, the relative humidity of the air is below 50%, the underground water supply is insufficient, and transpiration is weakened, direct strong light can also cause the leaves of apple, pear and other fruit trees to burn. The sunburn of young branches and trunks in winter is related to the drastic change of bark temperature and the alternation of freezing and thawing, so it all happens on sunny branches and trunks.

In order to prevent sunburn, you can spray 2% lime milk in advance, or increase the amount of lime when spraying Bordeaux mixture, or paint it white (see white paint); When pruning, leave more auxiliary branches to the sunny side, appropriately leave more inner fruits and less top fruits to avoid direct sunlight on the branches and fruits; In the dry season, irrigation should be done in time to ensure the normal transpiration of leaves.

Container seedling raising

A method for culturing seedlings in a container containing a culture medium according to a conventional method. Also called nutrition bowl seedling raising. It is mostly used to cultivate seedlings with leaves planted in the growing period, and can also cultivate 1 year-old seedlings planted in the dormant period. Container seedlings can be planted together with soil or containers, without damaging the root system, with short slow seedling stage and high survival rate; Most of them are protected cultivation, the conditions are easy to control, the culture medium is sterilized and rich in nutrition; Good water permeability and air permeability, beneficial to seedling growth, high reproduction rate, and avoiding fungal diseases and nematode infection. However, the cost of seedling raising is high, and it is only used for intensive seedling raising, transitional culture of tissue culture rooting seedlings before they are buried in the soil, rapid seedling raising of grapes and cutting propagation of rare seedlings.

Ordinary container

(1) paper bag. Made of kraft paper, tar paper or waste newspaper. Paper bags are low in cost and simple to make, but the seedling period should not be too long. In order to increase its strength and durability, it can be coated with rosin alcohol solution. ② Plastic bag. It is made of polyethylene film, with water leakage holes at the bottom, or cut into sections according to the required specifications with a film tube, and the bottom is folded. Convenient manufacture, low cost and wide application. However, due to its poor water permeability and air permeability, it is necessary to prevent root rot caused by excessive watering. ③ Plastic bowl. Made of hard plastic, with holes at the bottom to drain water, the product specifications are complete and the selection is convenient. In recent years, a kind of plastic which can be decomposed by microorganisms in soil has gained popularity in the United States. Its trade name is Kaplan polyester (poly (ethyl lactam lactone)), and its abbreviation is PCL (PCL polycaprolactone). When this plastic is blown into a bowl, there is no need to take it back when planting it. ④ Tile basin. Pots made of clay for potted flowers have good water permeability and air permeability, and the management of seedlings is easy, but they are relatively bulky and inconvenient to transport, and there is a charge after transplanting. ⑤ Peat basin. Made of sphagnum peat filled with 30% pulp by pressing, it has strong water retention and good air permeability. Under wet conditions, roots can grow through the wall of the pot, and it is not necessary to take off the pot when transplanting and planting. Six honeycomb paper cups. It is made of kraft paper bag or hard plastic film, which is folded into pieces at ordinary times and opened when in use to form a hexagonal bottomless cup group with upper and lower openings. When transplanting, the cup belt can be removed from one side.

The size of the container depends on the type of seedlings and the size of the finished seedlings. The specifications of tissue culture seedlings used for sowing and transplanting are small, with a diameter of 5-6 cm and a height of 8- 10 cm. The size of cutting seedlings is large, with a diameter of 6 ~ 10 cm and a height of 15 ~ 20 cm.

matrix selection

We should not only consider the physical and chemical properties of the material itself, but also consider the requirements for the types of seedlings, and at the same time require sufficient sources of materials and low prices. See table 1 and table 2 for the physical properties and nutrient content of common substrates.

(Provided by Wu Zhixing)

Table 1

Table 2 generally requires that the substrate is neutral or slightly acidic, with a bulk density of about 0.7, a total porosity of more than 50% and an air volume of more than 20%, which is beneficial to the regulation of moisture, nutrients and gas. Various matrix materials can be used alone or in combination. The substrate for sowing should be a mixture of garden soil, manure and river sand; In the cutting propagation and transitional culture of tissue culture seedlings, vermiculite, perlite, carbonized chaff, river sand, cinder and other materials with good air permeability are mostly used alone, without adding organic matter and fertilizer. Peat contains a lot of organic matter, with light texture and good water absorption and permeability. It is an ideal culture medium and can be mixed with other materials in places where materials are convenient. Urea-formaldehyde foam plastic has good physical and chemical properties, contains certain nutrients, and can be gradually degraded into fertilizer after being buried in soil. It is a new container seedling substrate material.

Garden soil or substrate containing organic fertilizer must be disinfected before use, because there are germs. Commonly used drugs are: ① Spraying 260 times of formalin solution, using 20 ~ 40 kilograms of liquid medicine per meter as the matrix, fully mixing with the matrix, tightly covering with plastic film, sealing for 24 hours, then opening, ventilating and drying for 2 weeks, and putting into a pot for later use after the medicinal flavor is completely dispersed; (2) 20 kilograms of 5% ferrous sulfate aqueous solution is sprayed on each cubic meter of substrate, and can be used after being fully mixed; ③ Spray 0. 1% carbendazim aqueous solution evenly on the substrate and put it in a basin for later use.

Table 3 Planting and Management

After the container is filled with substrate, the propagated materials are sown, cut and transplanted in it, and cultivated in protective facilities, and only fresh water is added to keep humidity before survival; Irrigation of nutrient solution or topdressing of chemical fertilizer at seedling stage. Substrates mixed with garden soil can only be irrigated with a large amount of nutrient solution, while vermiculite, perlite, carbonized chaff, river sand and other substrates contain less nutrient elements, so nutrient solutions containing trace elements should be used for irrigation (Table 3). Nutrient solution should be applied in several times, and the dosage of each time is subject to soaking the substrate. In addition to root fertilization, 0.2% urea solution can be sprayed on the leaves every 7 ~ 10 days.

The root system of container seedlings grows in limited substrate, which is prone to water imbalance. Watering should be done carefully according to seedling age, air humidity and seedling growth state. The water consumption at seedling stage is small, but the drought resistance is weak, so it is necessary to irrigate frequently and less. During the rapid growth period of seedlings, the number of watering times is relatively reduced. In rainy days, the air humidity is high, or the seedling stems are yellow in color and grow slowly, so it is not suitable to water or water less. In sunny days, the air humidity is low, or the seedlings are normal in color and the leaves are curly, which requires watering. But avoid watering at noon.

Rhizoctonia solani and root rot are easy to occur in the growing period, and it can be prevented by spraying 0.5% Bordeaux solution or 0.5 ~ 65,438+0% ferrous sulfate solution every 65,438+0 weeks. If there are aphids and whiteflies, spray 3000 ~ 5000 times deltamethrin solution for control.