1. Theory is a genre of ancient prose. From the content point of view, style can describe things, explain things and make comments; Most of them are about one thing and a discussion, which requires the author's profound views on a certain problem. This kind of "theory", its narration and discussion are all to show the author's views on a certain problem or phenomenon in social life. Essentially, it belongs to a style of argumentative writing, which is similar to modern essays or essays. In junior high school, I learned Ma Shuo, speaking and borrowing books.
Table is a special style in ancient China. In ancient times, courtiers wrote letters to the monarch with various names. The Warring States period was collectively referred to as "book", and "book" was the general name of letters and opinions. In the Han dynasty, this writing method was divided into four subcategories: chapter, performance, speech and discussion. Liu Xie wrote in Wen Xin Diao Long. The chapter table reads: "Zhang Xie-en, with scattered play, expression, discussion of differences." It can be seen that the main function of table is to express the loyalty and hope of courtiers to the monarch, and "moving with emotion" is a basic feature of this style. In addition, this style has its own special format, such as saying "what did I say" at the beginning, and often saying "I am awed, nod my head and die" at the end. Our junior high school textbooks choose examples from Zhuge Liang's "Teacher's Watch", that is, "Table".
3. Preface, also called "preface", "preface" and "introduction", is an article placed before a book or text. In ancient times, another kind of preface was farewell speech, which was called "the preface of giving words", and its content was mostly words of praise, emphasis or encouragement to the relatives and friends given. For example, Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang is a gift preface written by the author to his hometown. There is also a preface written in front of a poem, called "preface to a poem", which tells more about the content of the story or the source of the poem, such as Su Shi's Mink Head. "When is the bright moon?" was ordered: "Chen Bing Mid-Autumn Festival, drunk, drunk, writing this article, pregnant." This preface explains the origin and process of lyrics.
4. It became a style to engrave ancient words on articles to warn yourself or state achievements. Generally, rhyme is used, the form is short, the text is concise, and the content contains praise and warning. What we have learned is Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription.
5. Documentary is an ancient prose genre. "Remember" in classical Chinese is equivalent to the form of "remember" in modern Chinese. For example, "Little Stone Pond" means "Little Stone Pond", which describes the whereabouts and scenery of visiting Little Stone Pond. Most of these articles are travel notes, which are prose genres used to describe travel experiences, political life, social features, customs, mountains and rivers, and places of interest. Followed by some ordinary narrative prose or "miscellaneous notes" (including such as "Peach"
Preface to Hua Yuan Ji). In addition to the above two articles, we also studied Yueyang Tower, Zuiweng Pavilion, Man Jing's Travels and Nuclear Ship.
6. Pass an article about your life. Generally speaking, most of them describe the life stories of people who are more influential and outstanding in history. Narration, description and other methods are often used to express the life style of characters. This style is used in history books. Generally written by others, such as Zhang Hengchuan. , but also write their own biographies, such as Tao Yuanming's biography of Mr.
7. Books are letters, and letters of the ancients were also called "books" or "letters". They are an applied style. They record many things and express their feelings. The literary functions of Yi Yu are varied: it can express feelings, such as Sima Qian's Letter from Renan and Lin Juemin's Letter from His Wife; You can also write landscapes, such as Wu Jun's "With Zhu Yishu"; You can write personal events and feelings, such as Ji Kang's Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan. You can also pay homage to dignitaries, encourage later learning, and form a unique tradition of calligraphy and prose. These letters are beautifully laid out and of high quality.
2. China Classical Literature Common Sense Examination Requirements: 1. Understand the content of the article and the author's point of view. 2. Understand the basic content of simple classical Chinese after class. 3. Translate classical Chinese. 4. Common notional words. 5. Commonly used function words. 6. Dictate text or fragments. 7. Read aloud or punctuate sentences correctly. Classical Chinese translation (1) Classical Chinese translation principles. The three basic principles of translating classical Chinese are ". The requirements of "elegance" and "faithfulness" are to be faithful to the content of the original text and the meaning of every sentence, and to be translated literally with the implementation of every word and sentence in modern Chinese. The requirement of "Da" is that the translation should be clear. The language should be fluent and the tone should not be distorted. The requirement of elegance is to accurately express the content, form and style of the original text in concise, beautiful and literary modern Chinese. Generally, "loyalty" and "vividness" are enough. (2) The key to classical Chinese translation is to accurately translate keywords. (3) The five-character translation method of classical Chinese is 1, and proper nouns are reserved. It can be recorded without translation. For example, "In the spring of the fourth year of Li Qing, Tengzi entered Beijing to defend Baling County. "(The Story of Yueyang Tower) 2. Fill in the gaps when translating classical Chinese. 3. Some function words in ancient Chinese are no longer used, and their translation does not affect their expression. For example, the word "Fu" can be deleted, which is equivalent to adding a pause to "Zhi".
3. China Classical Literature Common Sense Table 6 1- persuasion 1 in junior high school says that people should pay less and farmers should encourage (encourage, reward). At 2 o'clock, Zhou Yu was sent to Fanyang, and he was entitled to urge Yu to return (persuade) to 63- 1, because he was standing on the wall (retreating). Turn around and leave) 4 * * * When I cut the candle at the west window, I talked about the late rain (still, here we go again) 5 Where are my wife and my son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I frantically packed my books and poems (back) 6. Everyone gradually felt strange in the local accent, but they hated that Yinger's voice was like an old mountain (but, but) 64-such as 1 sitting for a while and repeatedly going to the toilet (go, go, compare) 5. If harmony can be achieved, the world can be decided (if, if) 6. Even the moon doesn't open (Ruofu: used at the beginning of a paragraph to cause the following, meaning "like that-") 66-goodness 1 accumulated goodness becomes virtue, and the gods are complacent (good deeds, good deeds) 2. Kind Liu Hou Sean (friendly and kind) 3. Different gentlemen, good fake is also (good, good). We must sharpen the tools first. When goodness is the acquisition of things, we feel that our life journey is resting (like and envy). 66- at least 1, have fun with others. Who is happy? (small quantity, not much.
There are several people here. ) since the funeral, I have had less sleep and the night is wet. The guest was not feeling well, so he sat slightly. Therefore, they are neither expensive nor cheap, neither long nor short (teenagers, young people; Young) 5 You want to maintain public order in the world, and there is nothing you can do (decrease, decrease) 6 If you show that the king is familiar with Su Qin, you know very little about it (despise, despise) 67-The Chu people waded across the river (crossing the river) 2. Driving China scholars to travel far and wide (entering and reaching) 4. Exploration: read a lot of books without necessarily seeking their essence. Can resist) 2 If the prisoner is afraid of being crushed (exhausted) 3 If he doesn't bribe, he still has the potential to win (victory, victory, victory) 4 A person's intelligence can't win (surpass, surpass) all the people in the world. 5 Yu Baling wins (beauty, goodness) 69- bosom friend 1 We meet. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? (Know, know) 2 Widowed. Epiphany) 3 Because I laughed, I said "You know" (remember) 70- 1 Make Qu Yuan's constitutional order (dispatch and command) 2. It's better to welcome it, Zhao Gui (make and let) 3. Qu Ping is sparse, no longer in office, and make Qi (make) four people make it (command) 5. Instruct) 8 make the three countries love their places (if) 7 1- 1. I think today is not yesterday (yes, I think it's right). 2 I am under the six countries (this, this, these). 3 I am confident that I am the daughter of Beijing, and my parents' house at the foot of Toad Mountain is sacred, beneficial to saints, stupid and beneficial to fools (therefore, yes: therefore. Gai Yuanjian (based on: therefore) 72- 1 Zhou Xingru (with the title) 73- 1 This book says that "Chen (writes, writes down) 3 and then sends the book to the court (evidence) 74- 1. Who is the king or prince? (pass) familiarity. Which is more ...) 75- belongs to 1, and it is a good article and feasible (systematic, yes) 76- 65438. Principle of Survival (Fate) 4 Counting Lu Shi Meng's Uncle as Inverse (List) 5 Counting Fan Zeng and Wang Xiang (Repeatedly) 6 I should follow, but I can't. Please count the scholars' going to Japan, and even Northland will be defeated by Jinbi's army, so as to send them (count) 77- 1 rate exhausted soldiers and (lead, lead) hundreds of people 2. Let her heart share everything with us (talk) bit by bit. 2. Listen to the details. He wants to punish those who have made meritorious deeds (speech, statement and opinion). 3. Teacher's Notes and Snake Catcher's Notes (a style). 4. Fan Zeng said that Xiang Yu said (persuasion, persuasion). 5. Qin Wang didn't say (through Yue, happy). 79- private/private. Private) 4 Dan can't bear to be selfish, but it hurts his elders (selfish, private) 5 Wang Nai suspects that Fan Zeng has an affair with Korea, and he has a slight right (personal relationship, secret activities) to weave 80- Su 1 13, and he can learn from tailors (Bai Shengsi) 4 Su Liang (total, total) 6 Qin Bosu as a suburb. No literary talent) 8 1- soup 1 Please serve the soup pot (hot water, boiled water) 2. I have never abandoned soup (soup). 3. Soup is hot (the same as "scalding", boiling with hot water). 5. Soup is inexhaustible. Wang Ran cried (shed tears), two disciples cried (shed tears), 83 disciples 1 disciple, and their sages were not as good as Confucius (associates, a kind of person), two Qin Cheng were afraid of being bullied (in vain), three disciples were with us (only, but), and many white people in Class 4 walked (on foot). Death is unjust (escape, escape). 2 The death of the vassal, the loss of the deceased after defeat (loss, loss). 3 Liu Biao's new death (death, death). 4 He died after defeat, and he had to (absolutely).
4. Ancient literature, classical Chinese and basic knowledge [fixed structure]
In classical Chinese, many words are often used together to form a basically fixed format and express a basically fixed meaning. The summary is as follows:
1, no way, no way. have no way out ...
For example, the family is poor and can't read. The preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Yang is not fun for the army. Please dance with a sword. Hongmen feast —banquet offered with ill intentions
2. Yes. There are many ways to ... for example, Yuan is furious and doesn't pay him back. Write a book, blog and talk about chickens.
3. Some things. There are things (people, things, things), so you can't avoid what you have. I want what I want.
4. nothing. There is nothing to escape (people, things, things). foreword
5. What, what, what. How to do it, how to do it, how to do it
For example, what if we take our city and don't give it to us? What about the biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru? Why does The Hongmen Banquet take it to the extreme and use it as sediment?
6. So. Translated as "for", "reason" and "method".
For example: teacher, so preach and teach to solve doubts. Sages are sacred because fools are stupid. I know Shi Shuo, so I refused my son.
7. Why ...? What else can I do? For example: why cut? The Analects of Confucius is now a knife, and I am a fish. Why should I resign? Hongmen feast —banquet offered with ill intentions
8. No … Anyway, no … Yes, no … Anyway, translated as "I'm afraid …"?
For example, can you see the feelings of things without exception? What's the difference between keeping it simple and doing it simply?
9. Which is better, which is better. Compared with ..., which one ...
For example, who are Xu Hongmei and me? Who is more beautiful, Xu Gong or me?
5. Classical Chinese, letters with common sense in literature
Letters and gifts
The first book: Chinese book, the official title of the Southern Dynasties.
The second book, Letters, is a style.
So we know that "Thank you for writing this book in Chinese" is a letter written by Tao Hongjing to Xie Zhongshu.
Books are letters, and ancient books are also called "letters" or "letters", which is an applied style. However, China's applied style has never rejected the aesthetic literary attribute, especially the integration of letters, and China's ancient lyric prose began with letters. The combination of practicality and aesthetics of letters is perfect. Letters of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties focus on practicality, and most scholars have no intention of writing them as aesthetic works. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, in the works of some literati, the practical function of letters was obviously weakened and the aesthetic expression was strengthened day by day. Some letters are intentionally written as pure literary works (see the preface to China's Letters Literature History by Zhan). Yi Yu has various literary functions and can be lyrical, such as Sima Qian's Letter from Renan and Lin Juemin's Letter from His Wife. You can also write landscapes, such as Wu Jun's "A Book with Song and Yuan Dynasties"; You can write personal events and feelings, such as Ji Kang's Breaking Up with the Mountain Gathering Source, you can also talk about literature, such as Cao Pi's With the Quality of Martial Arts, you can also talk about politics, such as Ouyang Xiu's Book of Raising Officials through Going to the Sea, and you can also visit dignitaries to encourage them to study in the future, which has formed a unique tradition of writing. Like other styles, Ju Chi also pays attention to the layout and quality of articles. In addition, letters are not always marked with the word "book", such as Su Shi's Yuzidi and Answering Qin Taixu.
6. What extracurricular questions do you usually take (such as knowledge of famous books, common sense of literature, classical Chinese after class)? Some of them are in-class questions before reading (fill in the blanks in class, read the answers or explanations in classical Chinese in class, write ancient poems or fill in the blanks, etc.). ). There are also basic multiple-choice questions (probably only two). There are not too many scores in the class, but there are also many. Basically, it won't be too big to recite. It is also the easiest to lose points. It may be better to practice reading questions more at ordinary times. In addition, we should read more extracurricular books and increase the amount of reading (for example, a magazine like Reader, where I picked an article during the exam). Then there is the composition, which generally accounts for about 30 points, so I won't say much about the details. There is also the final extracurricular classical Chinese, which is generally an additional question. If the score is lower than the perfect score, you can generally get extra points.
7. Classical Chinese exercises, China literature knowledge, exercises 1. Pay attention to the following words in brackets. Pay attention to the common words in the brackets below and write the words connected with them.
1, the wind blows grass low (see) cattle and sheep (now) 2, so preaching (receiving) industry to solve doubts is also (teaching) 3, learning from time to time, it is better to (speak) about (yue) 4, full (sitting) silent, dare not wow (seat) 5, generally body (being) firmly stick to it:
When the shape of something that comes in changes, so does its color. Not only for dyeing silk, but also for the national environment.
(Note: Some people regard the country as a verb, that is, to govern the country. But I think this explanation is too empty, which directly makes the national environment, that is, the "social atmosphere" clearer. )
People can interact with each other. If you are not careful, you will be easily infected by bad behavior and lose yourself.