Human capital is the resource support and intellectual support of knowledge economy. In 1960s, American economist Walsh published On Human Capital, which opened up a new way for human beings to analyze human productivity. This theory no longer regards manpower as the external factor of economic development, but pays attention to the decisive role of the formation and development of human ability in social and economic development, and studies manpower as the internal factor of economic development. According to this view, in the process of economic activities, on the one hand, human beings continue to invest a lot of resources in production to produce various commodities suitable for market demand; On the other hand, we should develop and improve people's intelligence, physical strength and moral quality in various forms to form higher production capacity. This argument equates the formation mechanism of people's productive capacity with material capital, and advocates that manpower is regarded as a kind of capital contained in people themselves-the sum of all kinds of production knowledge and skills.
The theory of human capital deepens people's understanding of their own production potential and economic value. Reducing manpower to human capital obviously emphasizes the importance of the inherent quality of human resources to wealth production and economic development. As producers, people's effective production capacity mainly depends not on the number of population or workers, but on the internal quality of the population or workers. In the case of low population quality, even a huge population may lead to insufficient effective supply of human resources. This has greatly developed the labor theory of classical economics in theory.
History and practical experience show that human capital is the fundamental driving force and key factor of economic development. This is because: first, the greater the human capital stock of a country, that is, the higher the scientific and technological knowledge level and production capacity of the population and workers, the higher the quality of the labor force. On the one hand, the improvement of labor quality will directly improve the marginal productivity of labor, on the other hand, through more efficient combination and application of factors, it will also lead to the improvement of material capital productivity and weaken and offset the influence of the law of diminishing returns on capital. It is from this angle that Marx refuted the law of diminishing returns. Therefore, social production under given resources will be transferred overseas as much as possible. Moreover, due to the cumulative effect of scientific and technological knowledge on the economy, with the development of human capital, the speed of this outward migration will accelerate; Second, the development of human capital also helps to reshape people's moral quality and spiritual essence. Man's all-round development will create the basic motive force for economic growth and development. Based on this understanding, it is necessary to study the development and allocation of human resources in developing countries in order to meet the arrival of the era of knowledge economy and provide resource support and intellectual support for the development of knowledge economy.
Human capital theory emphasizes the role of human intelligence, quality and moral cultivation in economic and social development, but it puts human capital and non-human capital (material capital and monetary capital) in the same position, that is, human capital and non-human capital are equal. In the era of knowledge economy, the consumption of resources by economic development has shifted from a large number of material resources in nature to the consumption of human resources, and the position of human resources in the economy is bound to undergo profound changes. To clarify the position of human resources in the knowledge economy, we must analyze the production and characteristics of goods under the conditions of knowledge economy, so that people can have a general understanding of the knowledge economy society.
(A) commodity production and its characteristics under the conditions of knowledge economy
1. Commodity production in knowledge economy
In industrial economy or industrial society, the production of goods is realized by producers using large machinery systems to consume a lot of natural resources in farms, mines or factories. The level of productivity depends on the modernization level and scale of machinery and equipment. The higher the level and scale of equipment modernization, the more natural resources are consumed per unit time, and the higher the production level. In this way, the scale of enterprises tends to be larger and larger, and the scale of machinery and equipment is gradually increasing, which is likely to devour the resources of the earth in an instant. In such an environment, both capital investment and labor input are far beyond the range that ordinary individuals and families can bear, thus resulting in the separation of labor and non-human capital and getting rid of the shackles of natural economy on productivity development and working class division.
Nowadays, the limitation of natural resources has become the shackles of industrial economy and social development, and the environmental pollution caused by industrial economic development has also seriously affected the quality of human life, even survival and development, so the resource consumption of economic development has undergone a fundamental change, from the consumption of natural resources to the consumption of human resources. The consumption of human resources includes two aspects: first, the consumption of laborers' physical strength; The second is the consumption of laborers' intelligence, in which the proportion of intelligence consumption is gradually increasing.
In the knowledge-based economy, the transformation of resource consumption and the improvement of the modernization level of production equipment have gradually reduced the number of labor accommodated in the industrial production field, while the number of labor in other non-industrial economic fields, especially the tertiary industry, has gradually increased, especially the modern emerging intellectual industry will surely become a new economic growth point of society. In this case, the dependence of workers on non-human capital (material capital and monetary capital) gradually decreases, on the contrary, the dependence of workers on their own intelligence and creativity gradually increases, thus the re-integration of human capital and workers appears. Nowadays, software development and enterprise consulting planning rely not on equipment, but on intelligence. In this society, workers make a living and develop by selling their own intelligence, and intellectual products become the main products of society.
At present, the growth rate of the world economy is much lower than that at the beginning of the industrial revolution. The main reason is that, except for the limited natural resources, the produced goods cannot create new demands in quality. The human demand for goods has changed from the demand for quantity to the demand for quality, and people have begun to pay attention to the pursuit of high-quality life. This requires more intelligence about the value of goods. Whoever can produce high-intelligence goods that meet the needs of modern social life will be competitive and will also get the reward of intellectual labor-wealth.
2. The characteristics of goods in the knowledge economy
In the production of goods under the condition of knowledge economy, the nature of goods has also changed greatly. The proportion of materialized labor in commodity value is gradually decreasing, while the proportion of living labor in commodity value is gradually increasing, which is one of the characteristics of goods in knowledge economy and is determined by the changes in social demand and commodity production in knowledge economy. At the same time, under the condition of knowledge economy, the realization of commodity value has also undergone profound changes.
Under the condition of knowledge economy, commodities are based on "the subjective consciousness of people with a certain breadth in society, that is, social subjectivity". And this subjective consciousness can be changed. In a society with abundant information and knowledge economy, this change will become more and more serious, and the price of knowledge goods will also change with subjective consciousness, or even be worthless. The reason for this change in subjective consciousness does not always depend on the supply and demand of the quantity of goods, but more on the innovation of knowledge goods.
According to the above analysis, we can draw the following conclusions: (1) Under the knowledge economy, the production of commodities mainly consumes human resources, especially human intelligence; (2) In the knowledge economy, the combination of capital and labor mainly refers to the combination of human capital and workers. On the contrary, the dependence of workers on non-human capital is weakened; (3) The duration of knowledge-based goods in the market becomes shorter, and knowledge innovation becomes more urgent. From these three basic conclusions, we can clearly feel that human resources are in the basic position in the knowledge economy-the quantity and quality of human resources are the key factors to determine economic growth and development. Commodity competition in market economy is more directly reflected in the competition of human resources quality.
(B) the role of human resources in the knowledge economy
The basic position of human resources in knowledge economy is consistent with that of education in knowledge economy. The specific functions of human resources in the knowledge economy are as follows:
1. Human resources are the decisive factor of economic growth.
Economic growth refers to the quantitative expansion of gross national product (GNP) or gross domestic product (GDP), which can be measured by two indicators: one is an absolute indicator, that is, the absolute growth of GNP or GDP; The second is relative index, that is, the growth rate is used to measure the growth rate. Although these two indicators can reflect the level of economic growth from both absolute and relative aspects, they cannot clearly reflect the contribution level of various factors in economic growth. Therefore, economists have made fruitful explorations, and the established economic growth model can clearly see the decisive role of human resources in economic growth.
Judging from the current development trend, the economic growth model generally adopts three elements, namely capital, labor force and technological progress. And capital is divided into material capital and human capital. Among them, we can see the role of human resources in capital labor and technological progress. Human capital, labor force and technological progress are different aspects of human resources, and their quantity and quality depend on the quantity and quality of human resources, especially the quality of human resources.
The quality of human resources refers to work attitude, work quality, innovation ability, independent work ability, problem-solving ability, self-study ability and knowledge level, which can be summarized as spiritual quality, cultural quality and skill quality. High-quality workers are half the property of enterprises, and the quality of human resources determines the quality of products, labor productivity and input-output ratio.
2. The structure of human resources is the decisive factor of economic development.
Economic development is manifested in two aspects: economic growth and economic structure optimization. In some countries, economic growth has stagnated or shrunk in a specific historical stage, but the economic structure has been optimized. It cannot be said that the economy has not developed. On the contrary, some countries have expanded their economies in quantity, but their economic structures are deformed, so they cannot admit that their economies are developing well. Whether the economic structure is optimized has become the primary factor to measure economic development.
When we deeply analyze whether a country's economic structure is optimized, we will find that whether the economic structure is optimized depends not only on the endowment of its natural resources, but also on whether the structure of human resources is optimized. The optimization of human resource structure not only shows that the static human resource structure can maintain harmony and relative balance with the economic structure, but also shows that the dynamic changes of human resource structure can adapt to the economic structure required by economic development. The general abnormal human resource structure forms an abnormal economic structure; Abnormal economic structure will also cause abnormal human resource structure. If there are no effective measures to adjust it, the abnormal human resource structure and abnormal economic structure will definitely affect the coordinated development of the economy.
The adjustment of economic structure often begins with the adjustment of human resources structure, and the means adopted are mostly market-intensive means, otherwise the economic structure will be difficult to optimize. The so-called market intensity means that when the government adjusts the economic structure, it first points out the direction of the economic structure movement, guides workers with relevant qualities to enter this economic sector first, and obtains the corresponding high pre-entry income, thus forcing or inducing other workers to quit jobs, receive quality training in the new economic sector, and allocate corresponding human resources to this economic sector, until the income of their ancestors shrinks to zero, the economic structure can be effectively adjusted.
If there is no human resource with corresponding quality and flexible human resource structure, the evolution speed of economic structure will be bound to be restricted, and even if it is later recognized by the government, the adjustment of economic structure will certainly pay a higher cost.
3. Human resource is the decisive factor of sustainable development.
Sustainable development has a wide range of meanings and rich contents: first, sustainable development is characterized by stable economic growth; Second, sustainable development is manifested in the continuous optimization of economic structure; Third, sustainable development is manifested in the harmony between economic development and environment; Fourth, sustainable development is manifested in the fact that modern people can provide conditions for the survival and development of future people. Therefore, sustainable development has the following characteristics:
(1) Sustainable development encourages economic growth. Because this is the embodiment of national strength and social wealth. At the same time, sustainable development not only attaches importance to increasing quantity, but also pursues improving quality, improving efficiency, saving energy and reducing pollution, changing traditional production and consumption patterns and implementing civilized production and consumption.
(2) Sustainable development is based on the protection of nature and coordinated with the carrying capacity of resources and environment. Therefore, while developing, we must protect the environment, including controlling environmental pollution, improving environmental quality, protecting life support system, protecting biodiversity, protecting the integrity of the earth's ecology, ensuring the sustainable utilization of renewable resources, and controlling human development within the carrying capacity of the earth.
(3) Sustainable development aims at improving and improving the quality of human life. Now we can't avoid the problem that most people in the world are still poor and semi-poor, and sustainable development must be based on solving poverty. Therefore, for developed countries, sustainable development means supporting the steady growth of their own economy with high technology while helping poor countries.
The above three characteristics can be summarized as: the unity of ecological sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability. Whether the three can be unified depends on the main body of social activities-people, that is, the degree of human understanding of sustainable development, the quality of human resources, and people's ability to control production and lifestyle. Under the requirements of natural resource constraints, environmental protection and harmony between man and nature, only high-quality human resources can be consumed, and the relationship among the above three needs to be adjusted with human wisdom to achieve a balance.
4. Human resources are the foundation of enterprise prosperity.
Any enterprise has three kinds of resources: first, material resources; The second is financial resources; The third is human resources. For enterprises, material and financial resources are tangible resources of enterprises. Although they are important measures to measure enterprises, they are limited. On the contrary, human resources are relatively infinite intangible resources and renewable resources. Enterprises can improve the quality and quantity of human resources through education, training and development, and replace non-human resources with human resources, thus alleviating the pressure of scarcity of non-human resources in the process of enterprise development. From the production and operation process of enterprises, human resources are the adhesive of material resources and financial resources. The level of enterprise benefits depends on the strength and effectiveness of the combination of human resources and non-human resources. Only by improving the quality of human resources, managing human resources reasonably and effectively, and mobilizing the enthusiasm of workers, can we improve the strength and effectiveness of this bonding, improve the efficiency of enterprises, and make enterprises operate forever.
Evaluate Qin Shihuang
When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the north and south. Historically, it has been said that "a land of a hundred miles, bow to the knees" and "the king of Qin sweeps the Liuhe River". According to the map of the Warring States, the territory is almost twice that controlled by the seven heroes of the Warring States. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule and system construction of conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome, which only paid attention to conquest but not to system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in martial arts, which is unparalleled in history. Today, the English name for China, China, also evolved from the Roman word Chin, which shows the influence of the Qin Empire from one side.
Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and the uprising, the reason is that "Qin law is harsh", and its crime is capital crime, so it has to be reversed, but the law forces the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today.
Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (Brazzaville) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (such as Reese and Meng Ao). It's all cloth, only according to the military). Compared with the feudal aristocratic politics, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries.
The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. China, the so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "Since Qin, its system has not changed" and "Hundreds of generations still follow the Qin law and govern", basically followed the Qin system in the political system for two thousand years in the imperial power era.
Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks at him!" Sang Hongyang's exposition affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China. Zhang Taiyan of the Qing Dynasty also praised Qin Shihuang in his Qin Zhengji written in 19 13.
Negative; Negative; Negative; negative
Because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and later the rulers of China promoted the Confucian theory with benevolence and the golden mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin and so on.
"Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" Qin Wang was greedy for money, self-motivated, did not believe in merit, did not kiss the gentry, abolished the royal power, established private rights, prohibited documents from cooling the law, and bullied power before righteousness, which began with tyranny.
Jia Yi's "On Qin": One person is in trouble for seven temples, and his body is dead and his hands are dead. What is the joke of the whole world? Be merciless, and the offensive and defensive trends are different.
Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians and would do anything for power.
The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all very large, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounce the death and injury of many people in the construction process, but on the other hand, they have further developed the transportation in various places and contributed to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of all ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle.
2. Mao Zedong evaluated Qin Shihuang.
(1) Qin Shihuang is an expert in the past and present.
(2) On one occasion, he said to Zhang: You said that the * * * production party was equal to Qin Shihuang, and you were wrong more than a hundred times.
(3) Confucius and Mencius are idealists, Xunzi is materialist and Confucian leftist. Confucius represents slave owners and nobles. Xunzi represents the landlord class. He added: In the history of China, the real doer was Qin Shihuang, and Confucius only talked empty words. For thousands of years, Confucius became a mere formality, but actually acted according to Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang used students from Lisi, Legalist and Xunzi.
(4) Confucius has some advantages, but not very good. We should be fair. Qin Shihuang was much greater than Confucius. Confucius is empty talk. Qin Shihuang was the first person to unify China. It not only unified China politically, but also unified China's writing and various systems in China, such as weights and measures, some of which are still in use today. No second feudal monarch in China has surpassed him, but he has been scolded for thousands of years.
(5) I advise you to scold Qin Shihuang less and discuss the reasons for burning the pit. The ancestral dragon's soul is still dead in Qin, and Confucius' scientific name is high. EMI is good at Qin politics and law, but ten batches are not good articles. Be familiar with the feudal theory of the Tang Dynasty, and don't return to King Wen from zihou. Politicians of all ages have made great achievements, and legalists were all in the early feudal society. These people advocate the rule of law and beheading if they break the law. They advocate respecting the present and cherishing the past. Confucianism is full of benevolence and morality, full of thieves and prostitutes, and all advocate respecting the past and cherishing the present.
(6) Qin Shihuang was the first famous emperor in China feudal society, and I was also Qin Shihuang. Lin Biao called me Qin Shihuang, and China has always been two factions. One group talks about Qin Shihuang.