Is that really the case? Some people glorified Lin Zexu in order to publicize this national hero, which not only belittled the contribution of Manchu in the war, but also covered up some things of Qing Dynasty. Lin Zexu is patriotic, but not so great. Opium did not originate in England. China had its own opium for a long time, but the chemical level in China was very poor. Therefore, the quality of opium in China is not as good as that in Britain, so the opium trade is damaged. When dealing with westernization disputes, Lin Zexu handled opium smuggling with businessmen who were not involved in opium smuggling. Lin Zexu completely banned business contacts between China and Britain. The British are wrong, but so is Lin Zexu. Lin Zexu is excellent, but not as great as advertised.
1。 The origin of opium
Undoubtedly, the Opium War, as the source of China's modern history, always brought pain to the people of China: humiliation.
The time has begun. However, this is not the whole story.
Opium is the main product of poppy. The poppy is indeed a big family given to mankind by God: it has 28 genera,
More than 250 kinds; It mainly grows in almost all temperate and subtropical regions in the northern hemisphere. And this place is almost all mankind.
The birthplace of civilization. Archaeologists found it in the Neolithic wucun site excavated in Switzerland in 4000 BC.
The seeds and fruit remains of "Poppy" have been found and belong to artificial hybrid planting varieties. By BC
In 3400, people have planted this crop on a large scale in the two river basins in Iraq today, and they have given it.
It is called "Happy Plant". At least in 2 160 BC, opium has become a veterinarian.
And gynecological medicine. Among the ancient Egyptian tombs excavated in 1500 BC, "Thebes opium" has been classified as high.
Grade brand. By 300 BC, Gu Xi had regarded opium as a universal drink. In the Bible and Holland
In Ma's "A Chinese Odyssey", opium is described as a "medicine to forget worries", and God also uses it. At least in the second year BC
Galen, a famous doctor in the 20th century, recorded the diseases that opium can treat: headache, dizziness and deafness.
Deafness, epilepsy, stroke, amblyopia, bronchitis, asthma, cough, hemoptysis, abdominal pain, jaundice, spleen sclerosis, kidney
Stones, urinary system diseases, fever, edema, leprosy, irregular menstruation, depression, drug resistance and poisonous insect bites.
And other diseases.
We won't list them one by one. In a word, opium has accompanied almost the whole history of mankind. 17 generation
Thomas. Saiden Hamsang, British doctor and founder of clinical medicine;
"I can't help singing loudly about the great god who created everything, and he brought relief to human suffering.
Appropriate opium, whether from the number of diseases it can control or from the efficiency of eliminating diseases, is not available.
Drugs have opium value. Without opium, medicine is just a cripple. This medical university
Therefore, the teacher also got the nickname "opium philosopher".
Our ancestors have long been familiar with opium. Written records are poor, but at least in BC 139.
Money went to the Western Regions and opium was introduced to China. During the Three Kingdoms period, the famous doctor Hua Tuo used marijuana and opium as anesthetics.
In the second year of Ganfeng in the Tang Dynasty (AD 667), there was a record of opium import, and Arab opium in the Tang Dynasty was called "Afu".
Rong "; In the "Kaibao Materia Medica" published in the Northern Song Dynasty in 973 AD, opium was named poppy millet, and the latter was "millet"
When the capsule dissolves. When Genghis Khan's fighters traveled all over Eurasia, opium also became an important social commodity.
Types, but those are just good drugs. About 1600, the Dutch put the cigarettes of North American Indians through Taiwan Province Province.
With the introduction of tobacco into China, smokers began to appear in China. Its scope is wide, which makes the rulers of China panic and worship.
The emperor banned smoking. Because some people used to mix opium with tobacco, unexpectedly, tobacco was banned.
Led to the proliferation of pure opium. It was not until the middle of18th century that Huang Yupu, an official of the Qing Dynasty, recorded the smoking situation of people in Taiwan Province Province for the first time.
The specific process of eating opium. He asserted that there is no way to get rid of their bad habits except killing opium addicts.
[b]2。 The Rise of Opium Trade in China
/kloc-At the end of 0/7, Emperor Kangxi allowed foreigners to do business in Guangzhou with eight strict restrictions. that
One of them is that a "public bank" that must be approved by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development can engage in foreign trade, and it becomes an officially chartered business.
Well, this is the gateway to corruption. Local officials and people with official backgrounds in Guangdong get privileges through bribery.
Xu, a household official, took bribes. Throughout the18th century, Chinese and foreign trade was developing, and the British gradually replaced Portugal.
Portuguese and Dutch have become the protagonists of China's foreign trade, with a wide range of trade: tea, sugar, silk,
Porcelain, paper, mother of pearl, camphor, cinnamon, copper, alum, gold and silver, silk products, lacquerware, vegetable oil, bamboo.
Commodities such as utensils and rhubarb are exchanged for cotton, wool and products, iron, lead and zinc, diamonds, peppers, clocks and watches brought by Europeans.
Watches, corals, amber, shark fins, fish, rice and other commodities, opium is also among them.
The development of trade led to the infiltration of western culture, religion and moral concepts into China, which worried the imperial court.
This will seriously impact the traditional culture of China, thus shaking the rule of the imperial court; Folk also brought western missionaries.
Religion and culture conflict, so it must be restricted. The pedantic royal family decided that western goods contained temptations,
On the one hand, restrictive measures strictly control foreign businessmen only in remote Guangdong; On the other hand, barter is prohibited.
Stone. So officials arbitrarily recognized the goods allowed to be imported and stipulated that exports must be exchanged for gold and silver. because
China's market is limited, and the serious oversupply makes it difficult for British businessmen to continue. In addition, mainly British businessmen.
Foreign businessmen are salivating at China's vast market.
Because China's tea is also addictive to British people, businessmen have to buy tea in cash, resulting in a huge deficit.
However, foreign businessmen are strictly forbidden to set foot in the mainland market, and the limited trade volume is not enough to make up for this deficit. In order to make up for this deficit
Our businessmen soon discovered that there are only two commodities that have never been officially banned from import: cotton and opium. Major cotton production
Because of Egypt and India, the transportation cost of Egypt makes it unprofitable; Even India's cotton has a meager profit; but
Opium produced in India is profitable, and officials especially need it to make a fortune. Although China is already rich in poppies,
However, the quality of opium is not as good as that of Indian opium, and domestic opium is far from meeting the demand.
The proof of the bad consequences of opium is that Yong Zhengdi banned the opium trade in 1729. Blanket fine
Including 100 cudgel, imprisoned with cangue for three months and exiled to Xinjiang until death. But opium addicts are no exception.
Any restrictions on the import of opium. Strict cultivation and production of opium is equal to encouraging opium import trade.
In the year when the ban was issued, more than 200 boxes of opium were legally imported. To 1767, increased to 1000 cases, reaching 1790.
4,000 cases. The incredible measures can only be explained by the fatuity of the imperial court. Another reason is obviously imports.
Opium has to pay license tax to the imperial court, which cherishes this income. This tax has been levied until 1796.
A bitter story is that 1793, the first British foreign secretary, Margaret, led an army of more than 700 people.
A huge delegation arrived in Beijing with various gifts. The scale of the mission and the abundance of gifts show that the king of England attaches great importance to Cheng.
Degree. In the power of attorney granted to him by King George III, he not only has the power to make concessions on his own, but also
When necessary, the British king promised to ban the East India Company from exporting opium to China, in order to comply with China's opium ban.
British envoy seeks China to open its mainland market. But Magalny refused to bow down to Emperor Qianlong.
Therefore, the Qing dynasty, which regarded all foreign countries as foreign countries and presented gifts as tributes, considered it a great violation of the Tao, and the Qing court set a time limit.
Take them abroad.
And he proposed to install a large number of advanced scientific instruments and machines in the palace as playthings.
The proposal of establishing diplomatic and commercial relations between China and Britain was rejected without discussion. The king of England promotes the full opening of normal trade between Britain and China.
The attempt to show it died. Not only that, Madzar, through contact with Manchu officials, came to the conclusion: "Qing.
This dynasty is corrupt, weak and vulnerable. "Calling it a" tattered first-class warship ",he drew the king's attention.
The collapse of the Qing Dynasty was to gain "more benefits than any other country". 18 16 is the king of England again.
Send an Amish mission to China to continue Magalny's unfinished mission. As a result, there was a deadlock on the issue of collapse.
This time, the Qing court sent them out of the country without considering the dialogue at all.
The import of opium led to a sharp decline in the national treasury. 1799, Emperor Jiaqing issued a ban on opium, prohibiting the import and sale.
Sell opium and grow poppies. This made the Qing royal family and bureaucrats who used to make a fortune by planting and processing their own brains.
Tendon. On the one hand, they secretly continue to grow and process poppies; On the other hand, by banning imports
And join smuggling, because smuggling doesn't even have to pay taxes. From 65438 to 0800, at least the self-produced opium in the southwest provinces exceeded the imports.
By A.D. 1830, bureaucrats and royalty in Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces had covered poppy cultivation and processing, and the output was very large.
Increase. However, the ban on importing opium caused the price of opium to skyrocket, and smuggling made the emperor's smoking ban a piece of waste paper.
It turned out that all the tax money collected by the imperial court fell into the pockets of officials and comprador. They and foreign countries—mainly Britain—
Opium dealers collude with each other and smuggle opium like nobody's business.
Wei Yuan recalled: Guangdong Navy patrol ship "36,200 yuan per month, allowing private entry"; Han, deputy commander of the navy.
Zhaoqing specializes in escort smuggling. Smuggling opium is just a simple naval transportation, and hundreds of boxes are taken out for every 10 thousand boxes.
This "protects the generals and soldiers and rewards the peacock feathers." In fact, Fujian Navy relied entirely on helping to smuggle opium, and even "lost the boat".
Opium can't be imported for a while, and it is often sent to the vicinity of the battery. "Zhejiang loyalist also unwilling to lag behind, the British government is blue.
"Northern Book" said, "In the past 20 years, senior officials and government officials in China openly acquiesced in opium smuggling,
Both the former governor and the current governor benefited from it, and I heard that the military department in Beijing secretly allowed it. ""They indulge cigarette dealers.
Opium is taken from foreign ships and sometimes even transshipped by official ships. "Marx also commented in American newspapers:
"The corruption of officials who condone opium smuggling and accumulate private wealth is gradually eroding patriarchy.
Force has eroded the only spiritual connection between all parts of this huge state machine. "
The reason why opium is so popular lies in the huge market demand. At that time, Jiang Xiangnan investigated:
Among Beijing officials, there are eleven or twelve opium addicts; The number of smokers among the staff reaches five or six; There are countless long-term followers and small officials.
Lin Zexu reported: "In yamen, the most smokers are screen friends, official relatives, long followers, bookstores, officials, etc., and there are ten hobbies."
Eight, nine. 183 1 The Ministry of Punishment said: "Now opium is eaten in all provinces, especially in yamen.
About the governor, civil and military government officials, etc. Few people eat opium. "The royal family is also a crow.
Ghosts swarmed in. Gui Xiang, the management minister of Jishenying, is a famous smoker; Even Empress Dowager Cixi herself is opium.
Smokers. Even in the Qing court's smoking ban, officials with more than one product and people over 60 had to be included in the smoking ban.
Outside the team. Among the confidant ministers, there are military ministers, important ministers Qishan, elders and Yi.
Hibu and others are the beneficiaries of opium smuggling.
Due to the participation of the Qing government and military officers, the number of smuggled opium was even higher than before the ban. British businessman
The East India Company monopolized the opium in India, and they used the official background to transport the opium to Dingling Island in the Pearl River Estuary for wholesale in China.
In the1790s, smugglers imported about 4,000 boxes of opium every year, and after the ban on smoking, they imported 4,494 boxes of opium every year. 182 1- 1828
Expanded to 9708 boxes; 1828- 1835 increased to 18835 cases; 1835- 1839 has more than 30,000 cases. and
For example, Dr. KarlGutzlaff of Jardine Matheson Company in the United Kingdom pays $20,000 to Qinzhou officials every year.
Opium can land safely in Qinzhou Port for many years. Smuggling led to a big increase in opium imports, and even the East India Company was in a hurry.
Busy expanding poppy cultivation and increasing opium production in India, otherwise the demand will be in short supply. According to statistics, before the Opium War
In the past 40 years, China imported more than 300 million yuan of opium.
[b]3。 British debate on opium
The opium trade in Britain was not only aimed at China, but also legal and normal in the world at that time.
Yes, but due to the market demand in China, the trade volume is very large. 1 In the 1930s, opium accounted for1of Britain's total trade with China.
Half! The mercenary British government can make a lot of money. Opium trade is also a normal trade in Britain.
Opium has no market at all. It was not until 1868 that Britain promulgated the Drug Pharmacy Act, which only
But it only restricted the opium trade in Britain in general, and opium was really banned until 19 14.
Britain even produces quite a few opium products, such as the common children's opium candy "Balagoli".
Until the 1920s, it was a self-made medicine to calm babies. 1885, American legislation prohibits the United States.
Opium trade, but the ban is not strict. A typical example is the famous Coca-Cola beverage until 1903.
It still contains traces of cocaine.
But that doesn't mean there is no objection. Many people of insight in Britain strongly condemned it as early as1780s.
And called on the government to ban the opium trade, which has been a constant call. Like the Earl of shaftesbury.
Announced: "I fully believe that it is extremely bad for this country to instigate this evil trade, perhaps worse than instigating the slave trade."
More vicious Dr. T. Arnold said that it was "the most evil" for Britain to allow opium trade.
National crime "; Regarding the First Opium War, Gladstone said, "As far as I know.
And what I read is that this is an unjust war, a war that brings permanent shame to the country. "processing
GeorgeStaunton, a Sino-British relations official, also declared in Parliament: "We don't deny it.
This fact, if it were not for opium smuggling, there would be no war. "Even the opium agency of the East India Company.
Saimon also wrote: "Opium products have destroyed people's health and made them morally bankrupt. Where do crows grow?
Piece by piece, where people smoke opium, the more they plant, the more they smoke. "But most people are not in favor of banning opium trade,
Some people have no correct understanding of opium; Others are entirely due to the huge benefits brought by opium. that
At that time, the opinion statistics of British newspapers on opposing and supporting opium trade were about 1:5, so the British Parliament failed for a long time.
Anti-smoking act
[b]4。 Lin Zexu and Yi Law have their own things [/b]
More ironically, Charles Yi, the plenipotentiary of the British government who commanded the first Opium War.
CharlesElliont himself is a staunch opponent of the opium trade. He used to be a doctor in British Guyana.
Sir Robinson, the captain of the Slave Protector and a former Sino-British liaison officer, is also an opponent of the opium trade, he reported.
Tell the British government: "Whenever the British government asks us to stop British ships from participating in the illegal opium trade,
We can all finish it. But a more practical way is to ban poppy cultivation and opium production in British India. "this
The proposal aroused strong opposition from the Indian authorities, and he was eventually removed from office, and Ilu was temporarily appointed to this position. Louis Shang Yi
Ren asked the British government to change the historical process in China, and urged the government to take measures to stop opium smuggling. he is
Some people think that this trade is a crime and a disgrace to the British Empire. In a report to London, Yi Yi wrote:
The opium trade "humiliated people under the banner of Catholicism."
Lin Zexu is a representative figure of smoking ban in China. When Daoguang discovered that the silver in the national treasury was from 70 million Liang.
When it fell to less than 654.38+million, Lin Zexu was appointed as an imperial minister of the smoking ban. When Lin ordered the confiscation of opium, the legal meaning
Without asking London for instructions or bargaining, the British businessman was ordered to hand over all the 20283 boxes of opium in stock and replace them.
The emperor promised to compensate the British businessmen for their losses. This move surprised and satisfied Lin Zexu, but angered the British ruling and opposition parties.
Only the traditional propaganda in China did not mention the decisive role of individuals in collecting opium; And Britain ignored it.
His role in the cession of Hong Kong was not even mentioned in the British celebrity dictionary.
First of all, put forward the requirement of ceding Hong Kong and implement occupation.
After the first stage of the First Opium War, the Law of Righteousness was submitted, but it was not approved by London.
The main requirements of this treaty are: a, ceding Hong Kong to Britain; B, compensation of six million yuan (this is the figure advocated by Qishan.
Purpose); C. British and Chinese officials treat each other as equals; D, limited to (184 1 year), Guangzhou's trade will be resumed within ten days after the Spring Festival. This article
Qishan only needs the emperor's approval to cede Hong Kong, and everything else is subject to approval. The British government is not satisfied, and they think it is heavier.
It is important to open the trade blockade against China and gain the free trade rights of all China. 184 1 year in August, adopting the Yi method.
He was relieved of his post and replaced by HenryPottinger. Queen Victoria called the law of righteousness "a completely disobedient person."
A person who obeys orders and strives for the shortest term. "Yi Li was transferred to Texas in North America as a British agent, even if it was
Lin Zexu was demoted to Xinjiang. Let's settle accounts.
It is not bad to say that opium was the trigger of the Opium War. But the essence of this war is not opium. crow
The film is a display agent to expose the corruption of China's autocratic rule; Opium is also a corrosive agent, which makes itself
The already corrupt system is even more corrupt. As Marx said: "It is saturated with the entire bureaucracy of China and
Destroyed the pillar of patriarchal clan system and left the British barge anchored in Huangpu together with the opium box.
Smuggled into China. "The brave represented by Lin Zexu is worried about the fate of the country and the nation, although Fan
Wen Lan respects Lin Zexu as "the first person to see the world", but as far as their energy is concerned, they are powerless.
Lin Zexu finished collecting opium in May 1839; Destruction began on June 3. At this time, there were only more than twenty in Britain.
This merchant ship is protected by the only small frigate HMSLarne. Lin Zexu didn't insist.
Let these opium dealers sign contracts to ensure that the opium trade is stopped; Dangyi Law ordered businessmen to pay according to the official requirements of China.
When opium is produced, we will be satisfied. British businessmen James James Matheson and Haiyun sued the British government for the official legal meaning of China.
Someone secretly told them that "six or seven thousand cases" would be enough.
When destroying opium, Lin Zexu invited American businessman C.W.King and American missionary Eli.
ElijahBridgman watched. King told Lin Zexu that Britain was at the request of those businessmen.
The dispatched steam gunboats are on their way. Lin Zexu obviously didn't pay enough attention to this information and didn't realize him.
Only opium was destroyed, but China's huge opium market was not destroyed, not to mention the profiteering of opium dealers.
Desire. Nor did he take enough measures to distinguish legitimate businessmen from opium smugglers. Until July 7,
A group of British sailors rowed to a pub in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, drank too much, destroyed a shrine of the villagers and triggered a fight.
As a result, the villager Lin died of his injuries. Lin Zexu asked the boatswain to pay for his life according to the Qing law; Justice agrees to pay compensation.
Compensate the families of the deceased and punish all the crew involved, but refused to take responsibility and sentenced only one of them to death. Ching Dynasty
Law conflicts with English law here, which is also the origin of extraterritorial jurisdiction later.
The two sides were deadlocked, and Lin Zexu issued a notice to all "overseas foreigners", ordering them to obey China. August
In June of 5438+05, Lin banned all trade, blocked all foreign enterprises in Guangzhou and sent troops into Macao. Shredderman Rules
British businessmen from Hong Kong and Macao and their families were ordered to board the ship and leave the coast; Lin further ordered that villagers be forbidden to repent.
If there are any daily necessities on the British ship and warships are sent to stop the British ship, once foreigners are found ashore, they will be punished on the spot.
On September 5th, Yi Yi sent Carl Gutzlaff, a British businessman, as a special envoy and sent a letter to Lin, demanding that the ban on British ships be lifted.
Blocking and restoring normal trade relations; Secondly, it is required to prevent villagers from putting mud or even dirt in places where British ships get fresh water.
Poison. Lin refused. At two o'clock in the afternoon, Yiyi issued an ultimatum, which was ignored. At 3 o'clock, the British army
The ship opened fire on the blocked China warship in an attempt to break through the blockade. Time magazine called it the first shot of the Opium War.
In fact, this is at best a local armed conflict, not any war.
[b]5。 The whole story of the opium war
After the conflict, normal trade or opium smuggling never stopped in the whole process.
The difference is only on a much smaller scale. One of the "by-products" of the destruction of opium is the desperate increase in opium prices.
There are many risks. The two sides have been deadlocked for several months without a positive solution, which can't be said to be Lin Zexu's mistake. such
This deadlock not only led to the arrival of British warships to enhance their strength, but also met with opposition from British opponents of banning opium trade.
The use of power leads to the idea of solving problems by force gradually gaining the upper hand. 165438+1October 4th, British warships and China navy.
The armed conflict started from Chuanbi and Guanchong to 13. This conflict happened six times, and both sides suffered losses.
Lin Zexu reported to the court that it was "seven wins in seven wars", including the conflict on September 5. Daoguang was ecstatic,
In the praise of the court's fatuous officials, Daoguang banned all foreign trade at Guangdong port in June and February of 5438. forest
At the beginning of 1840, Xu was ordered to officially close the port and cut off all trade between China and foreign countries.
This total ban on all trade has lasted for more than four months, and the focus of contradiction is no longer opium.
The problem lies in the conflict between closed doors and free trade. The corrupt and rigid Qing government and Britain carrying out gunboat policy
The government has reached the point where it can't resolve its differences without war.
However, the communication between Lin Zexu and Yifa was not interrupted, and Yifa proposed traffic, trade and restrictions.
Various opium schemes. However, Lin Zexu insisted on ignoring everything except Lin's situation. (of both sides) refuse to give in.
By May 1840, 48 British warships, 540 cannons and 25,000 soldiers had arrived at the Pearl River Estuary. British anti
Block the Pearl River Estuary. On the night of May 9, Lin Zexu sent a fireboat 10 to take the initiative and burned the 1 1 British ship. Shredderman Rules
Instead of fighting back in heavily guarded Guangzhou, he led 40 ships northward, attacked Xiamen, was trapped in Dinghai, and arrived at Dagukou on July 12.
Blackmail the Qing court. Seeing that British ships threatened the two capitals, Daoguang quickly dispatched the governor of Zhili, Qishan, the University Department and Dagu, Tianjin.
After making peace, the emperor said, "When the Great Emperor heard about the improper handling of the ban on smoking, he must find out the crimes one by one and then punish them.
Now that an imperial envoy has been sent, he will be able to avenge and suppress injustice. I'll go back to the south right away. I can wait. "
Qishan made it clear to Yifa that as long as the British ship returned to Guangzhou, the court would investigate and deal with Lin Zexu and Deng. hero
China warships then headed south. In August, Daoguang appointed Qi Shan as an imperial envoy. On September 28th, Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen were dismissed from their posts. 165438+ October 29th.
Qishan arrived in Guangzhou The righteous law proposed compensation for war costs and confiscation of goods, including opium losses; Reopening commercial ports; Give English
Commercial wharf; Prescribed tariffs; 14 requirements for reforming the commercial system and extraterritorial jurisdiction. Qishan replied to compensation six.
Ten thousand yuan; Open another commercial port outside Guangzhou. The British side insisted on choosing two other commercial ports in Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu. distinguish
Daoguang flew into a rage after reporting to Daoguang. He thought Green would resign and reopen trade to solve the problem.
Now the British are determined to open the door to free trade in China, which is impossible. Therefore, 184 1 year 1 month.
On the 20th, the emperor ordered Qishan to stop the negotiations immediately, and transferred troops from Hunan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces to Guangzhou for approval.
Prepare for World War I; At the same time, he ordered Ilib, the governor of Liangjiang, to fire at the sight of the British ship and suppress it.
On October 6th, 65438/KLOC-0, Yili learned that China would refuse the British request, and immediately sent a note to Qishan, leaving everything to be discussed after the war. and
Ordered British warships to fly red flags. Qishan replied to the righteous law and warned Britain not to act rashly, otherwise everything had been promised.
Seek to vanish. On the 7th, 20 British warships, 1500 men, attacked two fortresses, Shajiao and Dajiao. Qing army 2000
People were lost, and both forts fell. On 20th, Yi Kuang stopped fighting and adopted the Treaty of Nose Penetration issued by Macao authorities to Qishan.
The draft calls for the cession of Hong Kong. Qi is good at signing treaties on the third day of the first month, but it won't be effective until the last play is approved.
At the end, Emperor Daoguang had to sneer after the fight, calling it "nonsense." On the 26th, the British army waited for the emperor's approval.
That is, the warship "Sulfur" was sent to Hong Kong, and it was announced that Hong Kong residents were British subjects. Guangdong Governor Yiliang February
10 was reported to the imperial court. In fact, 65438+ 10 On October 27th, Daoguang declared war on Britain in his letter to China and foreign countries.
At this time, I heard the newspaper again and told the cabinet: "Qishan is a good port, but Gu En is in the wrong country. He was dismissed, locked up and escorted to Beijing.
Strictly speaking, all property has been seized and confiscated. "