catalogue
The basic structure of the paper
Part of the paper
Thesis statement
(1) The basic structure of a thesis is argumentative, which generally includes three parts: topic, argument and conclusion.
1. Proposition: a proposition whose authenticity needs to be proved.
2. Argumentation: that is, discussion and proof. It mainly refers to the discussion process of citing arguments to prove the authenticity of the topic, and it is a form of reasoning used when the topic is deduced from arguments.
3. Conclusion: The conclusion is the final judgment of the article. Its main functions are: (1) summarizing the full text and pointing out the theme. (2) Looking to the future and enhancing confidence. (3) express feelings and enhance appeal.
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(B) Paper structure: the components of a paper A complete paper should include the following contents:
1. Title Name (Title)
The title of the paper should use the most appropriate and concise words to reflect the logical combination of the most important specific contents in the paper, and try to avoid using uncommon abbreviations to omit words, characters, codes, symbols and formulas. The title of a paper generally does not exceed 30 words.
2. Author's name and unit
The signature of the paper includes: those who participated in the selection of research topics and the formulation of research plans, those who directly participated in all or most of the research work and contributed, and those who participated in the writing of the paper. If the papers are written by two or more people, they should be sorted according to their contributions or according to the agreement.
3. Abstract of the paper
It is a brief statement of the contents of the paper, prompting the main viewpoints, viewpoints and arguments of the paper or briefly introducing the main contents of the paper. The abstract should be concise and accurate. Chinese abstracts of general papers are 200-400 words, and important academic papers are no more than 1500 words.
4. Keywords (or subject words)
Keywords refer to words or terms used to express the theme information of the full text of the paper for information query. Generally, choose 3 ~ 5 words for each paper.
5. Overview
An outline refers to the main points of a paper.
6. Introduction (or introduction, preface, introduction, introduction, introduction and introduction)
The introduction is the beginning of the paper. A complicated and lengthy paper, called "introduction" and "preface", requires a clear explanation of the motivation, content, significance and purpose of writing this article. It is mainly used to briefly explain the content, purpose, method and significance of the research question, clarify the main points (article arguments) of the full text, and learn from the research situation, knowledge layout and theoretical basis of predecessors in the accounting field. This paper puts forward the author's own research ideas and methods on the inheritance and development, expected effect and practical significance of accounting theory and practice. If it is an investigation report, you can also explain the background and investigation methods. This part of the content has the function of "outlining", which is intended to summarize and lead the full text, but the words should be "few but precise". You don't have to write the word "sequence" in the text, but generally write 65438.
7. Text
The text is the core and main part of the paper, and its function is to expand the topic, analyze and demonstrate. The content of the text is to deeply analyze the problems raised in the introduction of the article, combine theoretical research with practical operation to analyze and demonstrate, and reveal the intricate internal relations and laws of objective things in various professional fields. The content of the text reflects the logical thinking and language expression ability of the article, which determines the understandability and persuasiveness of the paper. The writing of words must be realistic, objective and true, and be prepared.
There are three levels of structure when writing:
1. Linear reasoning mode. Starting from the central argument of the article, it is discussed in depth at different levels, and the logical deduction from one point to another shows the logical depth of a straight line.
2. Parallel analysis method. Several subordinate arguments subordinate to the basic topic are juxtaposed and discussed separately.
3. The combination of linear reasoning and juxtaposition theory, that is, linear theory contains juxtaposition theory, and linear reasoning exists under juxtaposition theory, forming a complex three-dimensional structure.
The text of a paper usually adopts the structural hierarchy of the third way (that is, the combination of straight-line reasoning and parallel reasoning).
8. Concluding remarks
The end should take care of the beginning and reflect the integrity of the full text. The seamless connection of the full text and the echo from beginning to end can not only give people a sense of structural integrity, but also get the effect of summarizing the full text, highlighting the center and deepening the impression of readers. There are three kinds of endings: summative endings, descriptive endings and conversational endings.
The words "conclusion" and "conclusion" don't have to be written in the text, it depends on the genre and content of the paper. The beginning of the reference should be an independent part, and there should be a blank line between it and the previous paragraph; If the last branch stops in classical Chinese, there is no need to leave a blank line, that is to say, the word stops and the full text has no end.
9. thank you
The words of thanks can be placed as footnotes at the bottom of the first page of the article or at the end of the article. Words of thanks should be sincere, concise and appropriate.
10. Reference
References (materials) are attached to the back of the paper, and more should be listed on the additional page, leaving at least the last four lines of the paper. There are two ways to cite documents in the paper: direct citation and indirect citation. Direct quotation of the original text requires quotation marks; Indirect speech is only a careless report, also called intentional speech, without quotation marks. For the content of the quoted article, be faithful to the original text, and don't take it out of context for my use; Can't be inconsistent and far-fetched; When writing a paper, the author should express his views on the quotation, that is, for or against it.
1. The role of citing references
(1) respects the original author, avoiding the suspicion of robbing others of beauty, and also shows that the author's academic attitude is rigorous.
(2) If there is any error in the quotation, it is convenient to check it in time.
(3) Make the instructor clearly understand the depth and breadth of the author's research on the problem.
(4) It reflects the scope and level of the materials that the author read for writing the thesis.
(5) It is helpful for readers who study the same or similar topics to learn from or be inspired by references.
(6) It is convenient for the review and evaluation of graduation thesis defense.
2. List the specific requirements of reference materials (materials)
(1) According to the articles and materials cited or referenced in the graduation thesis.
(2) The listed references should generally be official publications (including books, newspapers, magazines, etc.). ).
(3) indicate the serial number, author's name (editor, translator), book name or newspaper article name, publishing unit (or newspaper name), publishing time (magazine number, newspaper number), etc.
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Paper model essay: On the characteristics and countermeasures of college students' interpersonal relationship Abstract: Interpersonal relationship is a kind of social relationship, and good interpersonal relationship is conducive to good communication between individuals and others, and is conducive to individual physical and mental health. Starting with the characteristics of college students' interpersonal relationship, the problems existing in college students' communication and the psychological debugging strategies of interpersonal relationship, this paper expounds the essence of college students' interpersonal relationship and how to create harmonious and healthy interpersonal relationship for their own development.
Keywords: interpersonal relationship; Principles of interpersonal communication; mental health
People are always in a certain social relationship. Interpersonal relationship refers to the psychological relationship and distance between people. Interpersonal relationship reflects the psychological state of individuals or groups seeking to meet their social needs. As a special group, college students have unique characteristics in the development of interpersonal relationships because of their unique physical and mental development characteristics. Good interpersonal relationship is conducive to good communication between individuals and others; Conducive to people's unity and cooperation; It is beneficial for individuals to adapt to social life; Conducive to individual physical and mental health.
First, the interpersonal characteristics of college students
College students are a group full of vigor and vitality. They are energetic, quick-thinking and emotional. Their self-awareness is further deepened and tends to be mature and perfect. College students' interpersonal communication has increased and their social adaptability has been enhanced. Some college students have also established relatively stable love relationships. The characteristics of college students' psychological development make them show the following characteristics in interpersonal communication.
1. Communication is based on equality of personality. The foundation of interpersonal communication is based on the equality of all people, and the concept of equality has long been deeply rooted in people's hearts. College students' outlook on life, world outlook and values have basically matured. Therefore, in the process of college students' interpersonal communication, equal communication is the basis of continuous communication.
2. Openness of communication object, scope, content and method. College students are active in thinking and rich in emotion. In order to better understand and adapt to the society, most of them adopt a positive attitude in interpersonal communication, actively communicate with others, and can face the real society with a positive and open mind.
The communication of college students has expanded from classmates and teachers to all levels of society. The scope of communication has also expanded from dormitories, classes and schools to all fields of society. The content of communication is also rich and colorful. Good friends intellectually, intimate friends emotionally and sweet love are the goals pursued by college students. The mode of communication has also released earth-shaking changes, reflecting the diversity of communication modes. The rapid development of mass media has added many new contents to college students on the basis of traditional communication methods. Wireless communication tools ―― mobile phones, online chat rooms, e-mail, "Weibo" and "QQ" are widely used by contemporary college students. The use of new communication methods has broken the time and space limitation of traditional interpersonal communication and made college students' interpersonal communication more open.
3. Pure spirituality. Compared with middle school, college students' interpersonal communication is practical and utilitarian, but mainly emotional and spiritual. People often say that the friendship between classmates is the most precious, which can be seen. In interpersonal communication, most people take getting along as the communication criterion, and their expectations of friends are idealized, so it is easy to measure friends by idealized standards.
Second, the problems in college students' communication
It is understandable that some college students feel uncomfortable in the process of interpersonal communication. But if it is personal behavior, it often behaves abnormally, which may be a communication obstacle. Common manifestations can be divided into the following two types.
1. Cognitive impairment. Its possible performance is over-idealization of interpersonal relationships and easy to take for granted. All communication hopes to come from one's own position and angle, not from the other's point of view. Sometimes, maybe the other person or the situation at that time is not what he imagined, which will cause a huge gap between reality and ideal and will end in failure. Most of the reasons for this situation are that college students are still young and not so mature in dealing with people. They are prone to wishful thinking, like to imagine many things and people from their own ideal angle, and can't see the essence and facts of things.
2. Emotional disorder. In the process of interpersonal communication, too much emotional color is also a common problem in the process of interpersonal communication among college students. This emotional color is too strong in two extreme aspects: (1) too self-abased, shy and jealous. Many times, college students often show themselves too carefully in interpersonal communication because they are unaware of their own advantages and deceived by many appearances. Because of fear of saying or doing something wrong, I lack self-confidence, which leads to being unnatural in interpersonal communication. Shyness is often manifested in low voice, shyness in interpersonal communication and unnatural movements. In some cases, I will be afraid to communicate with others. (2) Overmotivation and withdrawal, the other situation is just the opposite. Because I am young, I feel that I know a lot and don't care about others. In the process of interpersonal communication, I show arrogance everywhere, look down on others' feelings, ignore others' feelings, make people feel uncomfortable, which leads to communication obstacles. Some college students who are overly conceited will be more withdrawn and conceited, others will feel uncomfortable in interacting with him, and he will gradually feel that others are not in his eyes and unwilling to communicate with others, and his behavior and psychology will become more and more withdrawn.
Third, how to establish a harmonious interpersonal relationship.
(A) grasp the principle of successful communication
1. Equal communication. As individuals, we are equal from personality to life, and the relationship between people should also be equal. Therefore, it is correct and feasible to follow the principle of equal communication in the process of interacting with people. Don't overestimate yourself, don't feel inferior, and treat yourself and others with a normal heart.
2. Respect others. Respect for others means respect for yourself. The basic performance of respecting others is to be polite to others, respect their labor, respect their personality, and respect their lifestyle and habits. Only by respecting each other can we trust each other, be honest with each other and shorten the psychological distance of communication.
3. Treat people sincerely. It is sincerity, frankness, touching others from the heart, and finally gaining their trust. It is a bridge between people and a foundation for building mutual trust. Only by being honest with each other can we build a profound friendship. Treat others sincerely, while helping others enthusiastically, you can also point out the shortcomings and defects of your friends.
4. mutual assistance and mutual benefit. Interpersonal relationship is based on whether it can meet the needs of both parties. Only when the psychological needs of both sides can be met can the relationship between the two sides continue to develop. To adhere to the principle of mutual assistance and mutual benefit, we must be kind to others and be ready to help others. You should also be good at asking for help from others. If someone helps you overcome difficulties, he will feel happy, which can also promote emotional communication between the two sides.
5. Pay attention to credit. Credit is the trust gained by fulfilling promises, and it is the accumulated trust and honesty. Keep your word, do what you say, and you will get results when you do it. To create a good social credit atmosphere, we should start from our college students themselves.
6. Be tolerant and generous. As the old saying goes, "forbearance is great, perseverance is rigid", "be lenient with others, be strict with yourself, and take pleasure in goodness". Generosity, tolerance and modesty are a virtue and tolerance. It is wise to treat others with a spirit of concession. Tolerance can resolve misunderstandings and contradictions in interpersonal communication, which not only maintains unity and harmony, but also avoids mutual harm.
(B) master the art of interpersonal communication
1. Language art. Language art is an art form that uses language to create aesthetic images. "Good words are warm in three winters, and bad words hurt people in June." This sentence tells us that we should pay attention to the art of using language when communicating. Proper use of language art can encourage and praise, and can adjust contradictions in interpersonal communication. (1) correct address. Proper address can make people get a kind of psychological satisfaction, make the other person feel cordial and have a good psychological atmosphere for communication. (2) Speak politely. Good use of language art can attract and grasp each other, adapt to each other's psychological needs, knowledge and experience, bilateral relations and communication occasions from content to form, and make communication close.
2. Non-verbal arts. Non-verbal arts generally include eyes, gestures, facial expressions, gestures, position, distance and so on. Mastering and using this communication art well is indispensable for college students to do well in interpersonal communication. In interpersonal communication, college students should use nonverbal art correctly and express their thoughts and feelings skillfully according to the content and occasion of the conversation, which can sometimes play the role of "silence is better than sound". College students should also learn to listen effectively.
(C) improve their overall quality
College students should constantly improve their comprehensive quality and enhance their interpersonal attraction. How can college students enhance their interpersonal attraction and become popular people?
1. Make a good first impression. Psychologist Carnegie summed up six ways to make a good first impression: (1) Be sincerely interested in others. (2) smile. (3) Mention other people's names. (4) Be a patient listener and encourage others to talk about themselves. (5) Talk about topics of interest to others. (6) Let others feel his importance in a sincere way.
2. Improve the external and internal qualities of individuals. It is human nature to pursue, appreciate and shape beauty. Beautiful appearance and demeanor can make people feel relaxed and happy, and psychologically constitute a spiritual reward. Therefore, college students should properly modify their appearance, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and pay attention to choosing clothes with styles and colors suitable for them on different occasions to form their own unique temperament and demeanor. At the same time, college students should pay attention to the harmony between external beauty and internal beauty, that is, to show their wisdom externally and improve their ideological and moral quality, talent and personality cultivation. Improve your attractiveness to others by improving your internal and external qualities.
3. Cultivate good personality characteristics. A good personality is an important factor in strengthening interpersonal relationships. College students should keep learning, strive to improve their cultural quality and ability level, and form good personality and psychological characteristics. The comprehensive quality of an individual is his capital in interpersonal communication.
(4) Correctly grasp the relationship between yourself and others.
Learn to change roles, put yourself in others' shoes and consider problems from different angles. Try to (1) "treat yourself as someone else" in the relationship with others: treat your own gains and losses as something that happens to others, and don't affect interpersonal relationships because of your emotional changes. (2) "Treat others as yourself": Only by changing roles can we be considerate, anxious and painful. (3) "Treat others as yourself": respect others, don't interfere in each other's privacy, be different inside and outside, be different between men and women, and don't offend each other's personal space. (4) "Be kind to yourself": build self-esteem and self-confidence on the basis of self-knowledge, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and get along with others more maturely. It is not easy to integrate these four points, but everyone will do better and better as long as they work hard and try their best.
It's easier said than done. Good interpersonal relationships do not come into being out of thin air, nor can they be formed only by mastering the basic theories and skills of interpersonal relationships. It requires each of us to actively communicate with others with an open mind. If you work hard in this direction, you will find that everything is changing quietly: the unhappiness between friends is gone, more and more people can speak freely, and there is a deep friendship between relatives and friends. You will live a full and happy life and feel that interpersonal communication is a natural and relaxed thing, so you are optimistic about your study life and full of confidence in your college life and future life. In this way, your study life will be colorful and full of happiness, and your life will be happier.
References:
[1] Shi Ronghua. Social psychology [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1986.
[2] Pan Liangyong. Talking about mental health with higher vocational students [M]. Chifeng: Inner Mongolia Science and Technology Press, 2003.
[3] "Adolescent Psychological Testing and Counseling" writing group. Handbook of Perfect Personality Test [M]. Beijing: China Times Economic Publishing House, 2002.
[4] Huang Xiting. Psychology of higher vocational students [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1988.
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The structural framework of the paper and the model articles of related articles;
★ The structure of the paper
★ Paper directory outline model template
★ Model essay template for paper outline
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★ Model essay in standard format of the paper
★ Structural framework of senior teachers' thesis topics
★ There are 3 model essays on the opening report of undergraduate graduation thesis.
★ There are 5 model papers for graduation thesis opening report.
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