[Edit this paragraph] In the history of Loulan, according to historical records and the biography of Dawan and Hanshu,
According to the Biography of the Western Regions, as early as the 2nd century AD, Loulan was a famous "walled country" in the Western Regions. Dunhuang in the east, Yanqi and Yuli in the northwest, Ruoqiang and Qiemo in the southwest. The north-south road of the ancient Silk Road diverged from Loulan.
Office of Chief Historian of Western Regions in Wei, Jin and Liang Qian Period of China. Located in the northwest of Lop Nur, Xinjiang. It is named after the Chinese documents unearthed in the site, and is called "Kulolaina" as opposed to "Loulan" and "Lu Luwen". At the beginning of the 20th century, British Stein and others came here many times to steal and dig. After 1950s, China scholars made investigations and excavations.
Loulan is one of the 36 countries in the Western Regions, bordering Dunhuang and closely related to the Han Dynasty around A.D. The records of Loulan in ancient times are based on the Records of Hanshu Biography of the Western Regions, Faxian and Xuanzang. "Records of the Western Regions" records: "Shanshan Kingdom, whose real name is Loulan, Wang Zhi Qianni City, goes to Yangguan for 1,600 miles and Chang 'an for 6,100 miles. 1570 households, 4.4 1 10,000 people. Fa Xian said: "This land is rugged and barren. The layman's clothes are the same as those of Han, but the carpet is different in brown. Its king obeys the law. There are more than 4,000 monks who know Hinayana Buddhism. " At the end of the trip, Genjyo Sanzo made a simple explanation: "Since then, he has traveled more than 1,000 miles to the northeast, and came to the old country, that is, the land of Loulan. "
Loulan State in Han Dynasty sometimes became the eyes and ears of Xiongnu, and sometimes belonged to Han, playing with the policy of two-faced, and skillfully maintaining its political life between Han and Xiongnu. Because Loulan is located in the transportation hub between Han and the western countries, Han can't cross this area to fight Xiongnu, and Xiongnu can't threaten the Han Dynasty under the guise of Loulan's strength. Both Han and Xiongnu vigorously pursued the policy of softening Loulan.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Bo Wanghou Zhang Qian to Da Yueshi, but failed to conclude an offensive and defensive alliance. Later, he sent troops to crusade against the distant kingdom of Dawan and sent envoys to western countries many times. When these messengers passed through Loulan, Loulan was overwhelmed and even killed the messengers. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty finally sent troops to crusade against Loulan. As a result, as evidence of surrender, Prince Loulan was sent to the Han Dynasty as a hostage. Loulan also sent a prince to Xiongnu, saying that he was strictly neutral between Xiongnu and Han. Since then, when the Han Expeditionary Force attacked a vassal state of Xiongnu, King Loulan married Xiongnu and set an ambush in China, which angered the Han court. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once again sent troops to crusade against Loulan, forcing the capital to stand in a mud city. King Loulan was frightened and immediately opened the city gate to apologize. Emperor Wu asked him to monitor the movement of Xiongnu. In 92 BC, King Loulan died, and the prince who was taken hostage in the Han Dynasty returned to the throne. The prince was very sad and didn't want to return to China easily. His younger brother succeeded to the throne. The new king died not long ago, and the Huns took this opportunity to inherit the throne with the former eldest son who was taken hostage in their own country. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was shocked when he heard the news. He quickly sent messengers to persuade the newly established king to come to the Han court to hold him hostage, but he failed. In the next two or three years, there was no major incident between Han and Xiongnu, which was apparently stable. Loulan border is close to Yumen Pass, and China's envoys often travel to western countries through this closed door, passing through the desert named Bailongdui in Loulan. There is often wind in the desert. The wind throws quicksand into the air like a dragon, which makes pedestrians lose their way. The Han Dynasty constantly ordered Loulan Kingdom to provide guides and drinking water. As China's envoy insulted the guide many times, Loulan refused to obey their orders, and their relationship deteriorated. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty finally sent an assassin to assassinate the new king. In order to marry the prince who was kidnapped in the Han Dynasty, a Maggie was sent back to Loulan to inherit the throne. But the king was afraid of being assassinated. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to Tunloulan in the name of protecting the king, thus gaining the initiative to crusade against Xiongnu and other western countries. The above is the relationship between Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Loulan. Since then, the influence of the Han Dynasty has weakened, and Loulan betrayed again.
[Edit this paragraph] The mystery of Loulan's disappearance In 400 AD, the monk Fa Xian traveled west to learn from the scriptures and passed by. In the Buddhist Sutra, he said that this place is "no birds in the sky, no animals in the ground, everywhere, only bones are the standard ears." Loulan, an important town on the Silk Road, gradually disappeared after nearly 500 years of glory and disappeared silently on the historical stage.
After the 4th century AD, the kingdom of Loulan suddenly disappeared.
According to the Water Classic Note, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, Loulan was seriously short of water because of the diversion of water injection along the middle reaches of Tarim River. Soller of Dunhuang led 654.38+10,000 soldiers to Loulan, and also called 3,000 soldiers from Shanshan, Yanqi and Qiuci to inject water into Loulan day and night to alleviate the water shortage of Loulan. However, after that, despite Loulan people's best efforts and attempts to dredge the river, the ancient city of Loulan was eventually abandoned because of lack of water.
It is said that Loulan's death was caused by human violating the laws of nature. Loulan people blindly cut down trees, which led to soil erosion, sandstorm attack, river diversion, abnormal climate, plague epidemic, water reduction, salt and alkali accumulation, and finally led to the inevitable demise of the kingdom.
Anyway, one thing is certain, the last blow to Loulan people is the plague. This is a terrible acute infectious disease, which is called "hot nest disease" in legend. One village, one disease, one family dies. In the face of the great disaster, Loulan people chose to flee-just like the previous migration, they were forced. Loulan country collapsed, and people blindly went against the Tarim River. Where there are trees and water, they go, and where there is life, they go as much as possible. Loulan people want to cry without tears. When they hit the road, they were caught in an unprecedented sandstorm. This is a big battle buried in the sky. It was dark, flying sand and stones, and it sounded like a ghost. The ideal city collapsed and dissipated in the haze. ...
At this point, the glorious ancient city of Loulan disappeared silently from history forever. Although the fleeing Loulan people have dreamed of reviving Loulan for generations, the dream can only be a dream. Moreover, at the end of the dream, even the dreamer can't wait to disappear. Loulan is also the site of sandstorm and the kingdom of death.
Loulan: In the Han Dynasty, it was commonly known as Shanshan country in the western regions. Located in the southeast of Shanshan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, it is an ancient civilization with a long history.
Some experts pointed out that Peacock River and Cherchin River merged into Tarim River and entered Lop Nur via Kuruk River. Lop Nur is the source of life of the ancient Loulan. The migration of Lop Nur dried up the water source of Loulan, resulting in plant death and bad climate. Loulan people can only wait for death if they continue to stay here, so they have to abandon the city, and the ancient city of Loulan will disappear in history.
Many scholars also believe that the decline of ancient Loulan is closely related to social and humanistic factors. According to Chinese ancient books, the ancient Loulan Kingdom finally existed in the Sixteen Countries Period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was the most chaotic period in Chinese history. Many nationalities in the north have become vassals, fighting with each other. Loulan is a battleground for military strategists, a battleground for military strategists. Frequent wars and looting destroyed the vegetation and traffic and commercial status of Loulan. The ancient country on the edge of the desert could not exist without these two basic elements. As a result, it became a vast scene full of yellow sand today.
But what is the real reason why Loulan was abandoned? Experts and scholars are still exploring.
[Edit this paragraph] Mystery of Loulan Ancient City 1900 In March, Swedish explorer Sven Hedin went east along Tarim River and reached the lower reaches of Peacock River, looking for the elusive Lop Nur. On March 27th, the expedition arrived at a mound. At this time, something bad happened. Sven Hedin found that the water they brought was leaking a lot. In the arid desert, no water equals death. They went to find water, and an incredible scene happened. An ancient city appeared in front of them: there were walls, streets, houses and even beacon towers.
Sven Hedin excavated a large number of cultural relics here, including coins, silk, grains, pottery, 36 pieces of Chinese character paper, 120 pieces of bamboo slips and several writing brushes. ...
After Sven Hedin returned to China, he handed the cultural relics to Himmler for identification. It has been identified that the owner of this ancient city is Loulan, a famous ancient country that shocked the whole world. Subsequently, expeditions from many countries followed. ...
With the long-term unremitting efforts of historians and cultural relics experts, the mysterious veil of Loulan ancient country has been unveiled.
From 65438 to 0979, Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology organized the Loulan Archaeological Team and began to investigate the Loulan Ancient Road. In the lower reaches of Peacock River leading to Loulan Road, the archaeological team found a large number of ancient tombs. Several of the tombs have strange and spectacular shapes: the tombs are surrounded by seven layers of thin and thick logs, and rows of trees spread radially in all directions outside the circle. The whole shape is like a big sun, which makes people have all kinds of mysterious associations. What does it mean? It's still an unsolved mystery.
Statement 1: Loulan disappeared in the war. After the 5th century A.D., the kingdom of Loulan began to weaken, the northern powers invaded, the city of Loulan was broken and then abandoned.
As can be seen from Wang Changling's "From the Army", the yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, but the Loulan is not returned.
Statement 2: Loulan declined due to drought and water shortage and ecological deterioration, and the upper reaches of the river were cut off and diverted, so people had to leave Loulan.
Loulan promulgated the world's earliest environmental protection law discovered so far.
Statement 3: The disappearance of Loulan is related to the north-south migration of Lop Nur.
Sven Hedin thinks that the time of the north-south migration of Lop Nur is about 1500 years. More than 3,000 years ago, there lived a European ethnic tribe in Loulan area. Loulan once again entered a prosperous era more than 1500 years ago, which was directly related to the wandering of Lop Nur.
Statement 4: The disappearance of Loulan is related to the opening of the North Road of the Silk Road. After the opening of the Silk Road North Road through Hami (Yiwu) and Turpan, the ancient Silk Road Desert Road through Loulan was abandoned, and Loulan lost its former glory.
Statement 5: Loulan was destroyed by the plague. A plague from other places claimed the lives of nine of the ten residents in Loulan City. Those who survived by luck fled Loulan and fled other places.
Statement 6: Loulan was defeated by biological invasion. An insect introduced from the two river basins has no natural enemies in Loulan, lives in the soil, can live in the albic soil in Loulan area, and enters the houses in droves. People can't destroy them and have to give up the city.
[Edit this paragraph] The real reason for its disappearance is Xinjiang. For an adventure tourist, this is an attractive place. This mysterious ancient city, known as "Pompeii in the desert", is Loulan, an ancient country in the western regions.
Guloulan is located in the west bank of Lop Nur, Ruoqiang County, Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, and is one of the most desolate areas in Xinjiang. How fascinating the long history and fables here are; It mysteriously disappeared on the earth and unexpectedly appeared, which aroused the interest of many people-many Chinese and foreign tourists and explorers took pains to travel westward along the Silk Road to witness this famous historical and cultural city-Guloulan. From June 65438 to1October 65438, 979, the late scientist Peng of China set out from the north bank of Peacock River and walked across the desert to visit the Loulan site.
Loulan is a hub on the Silk Road and an important center of Sino-Western trade in history. Sima Qian once recorded in "Historical Records": "Loulan, Gushi City has a city wall, near salt." This is the first record of Loulan City in literature. In the Western Han Dynasty, the total population of Loulan was14,000, with business trips, lively markets, clean streets and magnificent Buddhist temples and pagodas. However, the Huns were powerful at that time, and Loulan was once controlled by them. They attacked and killed envoys of the Han Dynasty and robbed businessmen. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to break it, captured King Loulan alive and forced him to attach himself to the Han Dynasty. However, Loulan listened to the treachery of the Huns and stopped and killed Han officials many times. In the fourth year of Han Yuanfeng (77 BC), General Huo Guang sent Fu Jiezi to take some warriors to Loulan, designed and killed the king of Loulan, made a taste of his younger brother, changed his name to Shanshan, and moved his capital to the south. However, in the Han Dynasty, the management of Loulan was not relaxed, and Loulan was still very prosperous.
After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains became independent, and wars continued, and Loulan gradually lost contact with the Central Plains. The Central Plains was strong in the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty and Tubo met many times in Loulan. "Betty Wong Tianshan snow, smallpox is only cold. Spring can only be imagined in the flute "Folding Willow", but it has never been seen in reality. Sean Xiao followed the golden drum, and went to bed at night to suppress the jade saddle. It turned out that the sword was placed under the waist, which was Loulan. " (Xia Sai Qu by Li Bai). "There are long clouds and dark snow-capped mountains in the blue sea, and the lonely city looks at Yumenguan. The yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, and the loulan is not returned. " (Wang Changling's Joining the Army) It can be seen that Loulan was still an important town in the Tang Dynasty. However, I don't know when this bustling town mysteriously disappeared. Where is the ancient country of Loulan? It has become a mystery that people have speculated for centuries.
1900 In March, Sven Hedin, a famous Swedish explorer, led an expedition to Xinjiang. They trudged in the desert. Aikedi, a Uighur from China, retraced his steps to find the lost iron axe. He met a desert gale and accidentally found an old castle under the sand. He told the liar about this discovery. The following year, Swing Harding arrived at this mysterious castle and excavated many cultural relics. After textual research, it is concluded that this ancient city is the long-lost ancient city of Loulan.
The reappearance of Loulan City has attracted explorers from all over the world to explore and find treasures. British Hungarian Stein, American Hun Qiandun and Japanese Orange Ruichao successively arrived at this "site of an ancient city with highly developed culture" and took away a number of important cultural relics.
Loulan City was discovered from under the sand dunes, but a bigger mystery puzzled the explorers: Why did Loulan City disappear for a long time, the oasis became a desert and Gobi, and the sand was buried in the city?
1878, Russian explorer Poole Geval visited Lop Nur and found that the location of Lop Nur marked on the map of China was wrong. That's not at the southern foot of Kuruktag Mountain, but at the foot of Altun Mountain. At that time, Lop Nur, bathed by Poole Gerwar, was full of waves and wild birds, but now it has become a desert and salt marsh. In other words, Lop Nur is a flowing lake, and its actual location is 2 degrees south of the map.
Poole Gerwal partially solved the mystery. 1979 and 1980, Xinjiang scientists made many detailed investigations on it, and finally uncovered the mystery of "Pompeii in the sand" buried by sandstorms for more than 1600 years, making people see its true colors-
The exact geographical location of the ancient city of Loulan is 89 degrees 55 minutes and 22 seconds east longitude and 40 degrees 29 minutes and 55 seconds north latitude. Covering area108,000 square meters. The remaining walls in the east and west of the city are about 4 meters high and 8 meters wide. The city wall is rammed with loess; The courtyard walls of residential areas are made of mud that binds reeds into bundles or weaves wickers. All the wooden houses, the pillars of Hu Yangmu, and the doors and windows of the house are still clearly identifiable; There is a unique tulou in the city center, with a wall thickness of 1. 1 m and a residual height of 2 m, which faces south and seems to be the residence of the ruler of Guloulan. The mound in the east of the city turned out to be a pagoda for residents to worship Buddha.
How can Lop Nur wander? Scientists believe that apart from the factors of crustal activity, the biggest reason is the accumulation of a lot of sediment in the river bed. Sediments from Tarim River and Peacock River gather at the mouth of Lop Nur. Over time, more and more sediment accumulated and blocked the river. Tarim River and Peacock River flow to low-lying areas in another way, forming new lakes. In the hot climate, the old lake gradually evaporated and became a desert. Water is the source of all life in Loulan City. Lop Nur moved northward, making Loulan City thirsty, trees dying, and all citizens abandoned the city, leaving a dead city. In the raging desert storm, Loulan was finally annihilated by sand dunes.
The disappearance of Loulan is also related to people destroying the ecological balance of nature. Loulan is located at the crossroads of the Silk Road, where nomadic peoples such as Han and Xiongnu often provoke wars. Over-cultivation for the benefit of the country has seriously damaged water conservancy facilities and good vegetation: "After the 3rd century, the riverbed of the lower reaches of the Tarim River, which flowed into Lop Nur, was silted by wind and sand, and now it is diverted to the south-southeast of Yuli", resulting in Loulan's "barren city" and "the country is empty for a long time, and the city is abandoned."
Lop Nur was once the largest lake in the arid area of northwest China, with a water surface area of10.2 million square kilometers, which still reached 500 square kilometers at the beginning of last century. At that time, Loulan people built an ancient city of Loulan with 65,438+10,000 square meters beside Lop Nur, but it finally dried up at 1972. What caused Lop Nur, once rich in water and fish, to become a vast desert? What caused the ancient city of Loulan, the crossroads of the Silk Road, to become a deserted desert Gobi? This has always been a scientific mystery.
Recently, the scientific investigation team of environmental drilling in Lop Nur, China Academy of Sciences conducted a comprehensive and systematic environmental scientific investigation in Lop Nur. According to preliminary inference, with the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 70,000 to 80,000 years ago, Lop Nur moved from south to north, and the drought gradually intensified, eventually leading to the drying up of the whole lake. This explanation is obviously unsatisfactory. Professor Zhou Kunshu from the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, China Academy of Sciences thinks that the reasons for Lop Nur's drying up are very complicated. This is not only a global issue, but also a regional issue. Besides natural reasons, there are also human factors.
First of all, the global climate drought is the background.
About 10 thousand years ago, the earth's environment changed unprecedentedly, that is, from the dry and cold environment in the last glacial period to the humid environment in the post-glacial period. Taking this as an opportunity, human culture also entered the Neolithic Age from the Paleolithic Age. Ten thousand years later, the geological environment has undergone three major stages of change. The warming period is about 10000 to 8000 years ago, the high temperature period is about 8000 to 3000 years ago, and the cooling period is about 3000 years ago. These three environmental pattern changes have been confirmed by paleoenvironmental studies of geology, biology, chemistry and physics, but the time of dividing the three phases is slightly different due to different methods, places or research objects. This change of environment and climate has planned the scope and mode of human activities.
Take Loulan as an example. Humans set foot here in the Neolithic Age, and the population here was prosperous in the Bronze Age. At this time, it is just in the high temperature period, and the lake in Lop Nur is vast and the environment is suitable. However, after entering the cooling zone, the water and soil environment becomes worse, rivers decrease, lakes decrease and deserts expand. About 2000 years ago, the drought intensified, which was manifested by glacier transgression, loess accumulation, lake swamp disappearance and regression in the vast area of northern China.
The ancient city of Loulan disappeared from around A.D. to the 4th century (from Han Dynasty to Northern Wei Dynasty in the Central Plains), which was a period of intensified drought. In fact, during this drought, not only the ancient city of Loulan died, but also Niya, Karadun, Milan, Nyrang, Khan and Wantong cities died successively due to the expansion of the desert.
The disappearance of the ancient city of Loulan occurred in the north of China, even in the context of the world drought. It is not an isolated space, but because Loulan is located in the arid inland, the changes of humanities and natural environment here are more significant.
Second, the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a regional factor.
Besides global climate change, the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the most important reason in the region. 70,000-80,000 years ago, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau rose rapidly. This uplift plays a decisive role in the climate of northwest China. Lop Nur is located in the northwest inland of East Asia. Warm and humid air currents from the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean rarely arrive here every year.
When the global climate changes, drought, desertification and Gobi have begun to appear in the whole western East Asia. During this period, Lop Nur began to move from south to north. About 70 thousand years ago, the lake dropped sharply to the bottom. Due to the rugged terrain at the bottom of the lake, the ancient Lop Nur, which was originally huge and unified, was divided into taitema lake, Kara Heshun Lake and the larger northern Lop Nur.
Among regional factors, another point must be pointed out. It is said that from the recent remote sensing data, a landslide occurred in the upper reaches of the Peacock River. Landslides blocked the entire channel of Peacock River, resulting in water cut-off in Lop Nur. The problem now is that we don't know the exact time of this landslide, and whether it happened before Lop Nur dried up remains to be studied.
Third, human overexploitation accelerated the demise of Lop Nur.
Recently, human activities have had an increasing impact on the drying up of Lop Nur. Water and trees are the key to the survival of wasteland oasis. The ancient city of Loulan was built in the downstream delta of Peacock River, where the water system was developed at that time, and the prosperous Hu Yangshu was once its capital. At that time, Loulan people built Loulan ancient city with an area of 6,543,800 square meters near Lop Nur. They cut down many trees and reeds, which will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the environment.
During this period, the intensification of human activities, the change of water system and the destruction of war have further deteriorated the fragile ecological environment. The dense "male roots and residual limbs" on the cemetery of Xiaohe No.5 show that Loulan people had already felt the crisis of tribal survival and had to pray for reproductive worship to protect their children and grandchildren. However, they cut down a large number of already scarce trees, which worsened the local environment.
The final drying up of Lop Nur is related to the over-exploitation of the upper reaches of Tarim River after our liberation. When we transferred a lot of water in the upper reaches of Tarim River, the water in Tarim River could not make ends meet, and the water in the lower reaches was cut off. This can be confirmed by the interruption of the Yellow River in recent years. Lop Nur also began to shrink rapidly and eventually died out because there was no water source.
Fourth, the disappearance of the ancient city of Loulan has become "a great regret"
When the ancient city of Loulan is mentioned, people will think of the Swedish explorer Sven Hedin, because he first announced the existence of the ancient city of Loulan in 190 1.
On March 28th, 1900, Swedish explorer Sven Hedin was inspecting the Rob Desert. He hired Eldik, a donkey worker and guide, and a Uighur farmer who lost his tools. On his way to Lop Nur, he came across an ancient site. When Sven Hedin heard about it, he immediately followed Eldik to this place and found that this ancient place was littered with beautiful wood carvings, fabrics and coins.
Sven Hedin had to return for lack of drinking water. After a year's preparation, Sven Hedin made a special trip to this site on March 3, 2008, and conducted a week-long excavation. After sorting out and analyzing, He Ding named this relic Loulan according to the word Loulan in the unearthed documents. This great discovery shocked the world and won great honor for Sven Hedin.
Later, Stein in Britain and Orange Ruichao in Japan found the Loulan site along the road map of Heding. Their excavation work is more thorough and meticulous, but it is also destructive and predatory. These works have become an important geographical basis for Loulan's future exploration.
Although it is difficult to recognize Loulan City from the landforms of Gobi and Ya Dan, scientists have found from a large number of data and investigations that Loulan City, as an important town on the Silk Road, was abandoned for 1500 years and was once brilliant. According to experts' analysis, Loulan remains have a history of 1800 years. After being looted by the wind and sand, only the broken Populus euphratica wooden frame and several reed walls are left. Judging from the size and building materials of the house, the housing conditions of ordinary people were relatively simple at that time, but a large number of exquisite wooden products and ancient coins left in the ruins reminded people that there were also many wealthy families in Loulan City. Experts believe that there has been a polarization between the rich and the poor in Loulan City. At the same time, these wooden products showed us the exquisite craftsmanship of carpentry at that time and the prosperity of Loulan economy. Experts found that there are dozens of houses like this, which are concentrated in the west of the city to form residential areas, while the east of the city has administrative and military areas. The city has complete functions, clear layout and obvious awareness of urban planning and development.
[Edit this paragraph] Memorabilia of Loulan Ancient City 1900, Loulan, an ancient city that was buried under the sand sea and disappeared for 1500 years, suddenly broke into people's field of vision and amazed the world.
190 1 From March 4th to June 4th, 13, Sven Hedin excavated 13 in Loulan City, and obtained more than 50 pieces of ancient Chinese, Wei and Roman coins 150, and wooden slips with Hellenistic style in Central Asia.
1906 and 19 14, the British archaeologist Stan went to Loulan to conduct large-scale archaeology. He numbered the sites of Loulan one by one, and unveiled the whole picture of the ancient civilization of Loulan for the first time. In addition to obtaining a large number of cultural relics, Stan mainly excavated two male skulls of Loulan, which were confirmed by British anthropologist Keane as white Europeans.
1927, Sven Hedin organized a delegation from northwest China to visit Loulan again. Team member Bergman found a large number of Loulan antiquities in a tributary of Peacock River, and unearthed a female mummy, which was called "Queen of Loulan" because of her luxurious clothes.
This ancient city was discovered at the beginning of19th century, which attracted great attention of the world, and a large number of archaeologists, geographers and geologists followed. They are: 1905 Huntington expedition in the United States; 1906
Stein explored Britain in 1920; 1908- 1909 Japan's mitsuo otani expedition; 1910-1910/day
The second expedition of Benji Otani Guangrui and Gurui Dynasty.
After the founding of New China, China established a nuclear test site near the ancient city of Loulan and successfully conducted dozens of nuclear tests.
[Edit this paragraph] Loulan Meiren once found a cemetery in Tiepan River Delta in the lower reaches of Peacock River. A mummy of a middle-aged woman was unearthed in the tomb, and her skin and nails were well preserved. She has a thin face, a pointed nose, sunken eyes and long brown shawl. She was wrapped in a sheepskin and wool blanket, pinned to the edge of the blanket on her chest with sharpened branches, wrapped in a sheepskin, wearing a pair of shoes made of suede on her feet, wearing a felt hat with two geese on her head, which was called "Loulan Beauty" by the world. The identification of carbon 14 and the sheepskin residue on her body shows that this is a corpse found 3800 years ago. Who is she? Why are you in this deserted place? This has become a mystery in archaeology.