As a geographical unit, Germany has been divided several times in history. The latest division occurred in the late 1940s, when Germany was divided into two countries: East Germany (German Democratic Republic, FRG) and West Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR). And reunited on1October 31990 10. In this entry, Germany is understood as a country after the unification of East and West Germany in 1990. Germany in other periods in history can refer to the explanation of related terms, such as German democracy and Germany.
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German website navigation: /sort.asp? Bid =7
Country name: Federal Republic of Germany.
National Day: 65438+10.3 (1990 German Unification Day)
Memorial Day of Nazi Victims: 65438+1October 27th (Memorial Day of Polish Auschwitz concentration camp liberated by Soviet Red Army in Nazi Germany,199665438+1October 3rd).
Democracy Day: May 7th.
National flag: it is a horizontal rectangle with a length-width ratio of 5: 3. From top to bottom, it consists of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles: black, red and yellow. There are different opinions on the origin of tricolor flag, which can be traced back to the Roman Empire in the first century. Later, in the German peasant war in the16th century and the German bourgeois democratic revolution in the17th century, tricolor flag representing a harmonious system also fluttered on German soil. 19 18 After the collapse of the German Empire, Weimar * * and China also adopted black, red and yellow flags as their national flags. 1949 In September, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded, and the tricolor flag of Weimar Republic was still adopted. In the same year, the German Democratic Republic, which was established in June+10, 65438, also adopted tricolor flag, but the national emblem pattern including hammer, gauge and wheat ear was added in the middle of the flag surface to show the difference. 19901010.3, the unified Germany still uses the flag of the German Federation. Tricolor flags can be hung in airports, hotels, banquets and other occasions. Federal government agencies and embassies abroad hang national flags with black hawk patterns.
National emblem: It's a golden shield emblem. On the shield is a black hawk with red claws, red mouth and spread wings. The black hawk symbolizes strength and courage.
National anthem: The third paragraph of the German Song, with lyrics written by August Heinrich Hoffmann von Farlesleben (1798- 1874) at 184 1, and tunes written by joseph haydn (1732). 1922, friedrich ebert, the first president of Weimar Empire, upgraded Song of Germany to the national anthem. 1952, in a communication between Federal President Howes and Federal Chancellor Adenauer, this song was confirmed as the national anthem again. Federal President weizsacker and Federal Chancellor Kohl confirmed the traditional significance of "Song of Germany" to the unified Germany in their correspondence in August 199 1.
National flower: cornflower, also known as blue hibiscus, litchi chrysanthemum and emerald blue, belongs to Compositae. After years of cultivation by Germans, this kind of "little flower on the yuan leaf" has many colors, such as light blue, blue purple, deep blue, deep purple, snow blue, pink, rose red, white and so on. The flower head is born at the top of the slender stem, like a beautiful girl, praying for happiness and joy towards the "light of life"-the sun. Centaurea is a famous flower in Germany. Germans use it to symbolize the patriotic, optimistic, tenacious and thrifty characteristics of the Germanic nation. They think it has auspicious omen, so it is called the "national flower".
National bird: white stork, a famous ornamental rare bird. In Europe, since ancient times, storks have been regarded as "birds that bring happiness", symbols of good luck, "angels" sent by God, and special visitors of lucky people. After storks were selected as national birds, many German families built platforms on chimneys for them to build nests.
National stone: amber
National dignitaries: Federal President horst koehler was elected in May 2004 and took office in July; Speaker of the Bundestag wolfgang thierse1elected on October 26th1998; Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel took office in June 2005.
Physical geography: Germany is located in central Europe, bordering Poland and Czech Republic in the east, Austria and Switzerland in the south, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France in the west, and Denmark and the North Sea and Baltic Sea in the north. It has the largest number of neighboring countries in Europe. The area is 357,020.22 square kilometers (1999,65438+February). The terrain is low in the north and high in the south, which can be divided into four terrain areas: north german plain, with an average elevation of less than 100 meters; The mountainous area between China and Germany is composed of high blocks that strike east and west. The Rhine fault valley in the southwest is surrounded by steep valley-walled mountains; Bavarian Plateau and the southern Alps, in which zugspitze, the main peak of Bourne Alps, is 2963 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in China. The main rivers are the Rhine (which flows through the territory for 865 kilometers), Elbe River, Weser River, Oder River and Danube River. The larger lakes are Boden Lake, Kim Lake, Amor Lake and Leeds Lake. The maritime climate in the northwest is obvious, and the eastern and southern parts gradually transition to continental climate. Average temperature in July 14 ~ 19℃, 1-5 ~ 1℃. The annual precipitation is 500 ~ 1000 mm, which is more in mountainous areas. From 1995 to 1 in October, according to 1982 international agreement on the law of the sea, Germany's territorial waters in the North Sea and the East China Sea increased from 3 nautical miles to 12 nautical miles (about 22 kilometers), and their areas increased by 4102 respectively.
Population: 82.37 million (200 1 year-end), mainly Germans, but also a few Danes, Gypsies and Sorbians. There are 7.5 million foreigners, accounting for 9% of the total population. General german. 33.7% residents believe in Protestantism and 33.2% believe in Roman Catholicism.
Capital: Berlin, population: 3.387 million (5438+0 in September 2006), with an average annual temperature of about 8.6℃.
Symbol of German unification: Brandenburg Gate, located at the intersection of Bodhi Street and June 17 Street in the center of Berlin, is a famous tourist attraction in the center of Berlin and a symbol of German unification.
Administrative division: it is divided into three levels: federal, state and regional. * * * There are 16 states and 14808 regions. /kloc-the names of 0/6 cantons are: Baden-Wü rttemberg, Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, mecklenburg-Premberley, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-westfalen, Rhineland-Valts, Saar, Saxony, Saxony-anhalt and Schleswig-Holtz. Among them, Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are cities and states.
Brief history: Germans lived in BC. Tribes gradually formed in the 2nd-3rd century. The early feudal state of Germany was formed in the 10 century. /kloc-in the middle of 0/3rd century, it moved towards feudal regime. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, Austria and Prussia rose. According to 18 15 Vienna Conference, the German Confederation was founded. 1848, revolutions broke out all over Germany. Prussia defeated Austria in the "Seven Weeks War" of 1866, and the North German Federation was established the following year. 18765. The empire started World War I in 19 14, and collapsed in 19 18 due to defeat. 1919 In February, Germany established the Weimar Republic. 1933 Hitler came to power to implement dictatorship. 1939 Germany launched World War II,1May 8, 945 Germany was defeated and surrendered. After the war, according to the Yalta Agreement and the Potsdam Agreement, Germany was occupied by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union respectively, and the Allied Control Committee of the four countries took over the supreme power of Germany. Berlin is also divided into four occupied areas. 1June, 948, the occupied areas of the United States, Britain and France merged. On May 23rd of the following year, the Federal Republic of Germany was established in the merged western occupied area. In the same year, 10 10 7, the German Democratic Republic was established in the eastern Soviet area. Since then, Germany has officially split into two sovereign States.
Politics: The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany came into effect in May 1949. 1956 and 1968 have been significantly modified. 1In August, 1990, the Unification Treaty between Germany and Germany made adaptive amendments to some provisions of the Basic Law, and it was applicable to all Germany from June, 1990. According to the Basic Law, Germany is a federal country, and foreign affairs, national defense, currency, customs, aviation, posts and telecommunications are all under federal jurisdiction. The national system of government is parliamentary system. The president of the Federation is the head of state. Parliament consists of the Bundestag and the Federal Senate. The Bundestag exercises legislative power, supervises the implementation of laws, elects the Federal Chancellor, participates in the election of the Federal President and supervises the work of the Federal Government. The Bundestag election is usually held every four years, and the winning political party or Coalition of political parties will have the right to form a cabinet. Germany implements a two-vote electoral system. According to the German electoral law, all citizens of German nationality who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote, and each voter has two votes. The first ballot is used to elect parliamentary candidates in the constituency where the voters are located. According to the principle of simple majority, the person who gets the most votes is elected. Voters' second vote is used to elect political parties. The number of two votes obtained by each party will determine the proportion of seats in the Bundestag, which is of great significance to whether the party can come to power. Members of all political parties participating in the Bundestag form parliamentary caucuses respectively. The federal Senate participates in federal legislation, exerts influence on federal administration, and safeguards the interests of States. According to the proportion of population in each state, the state government appoints 3-6 state government members to form the Senate, with a total of 69 seats. The term of office of the Speaker is 1 year, and the President cannot exercise his functions and powers. The federal government consists of the Federal Chancellor and several federal ministers, with the Federal Chancellor as the head of government. The Federal Constitutional Court is the highest judicial body, which is mainly responsible for interpreting the Basic Law and supervising its implementation. It has 65,438+06 judges, half of whom are elected by the Bundestag, half by the Federal Senate and appointed by the President for a term of 65,438+02 years. The president and vice president are elected by the Bundestag and the Federal Senate in turn. In addition, there are federal courts (responsible for civil and criminal cases), federal administrative courts (responsible for general administrative and judicial cases), federal disciplinary courts (responsible for disciplinary cases of public officials), federal financial courts (responsible for financial cases), federal labor courts (responsible for labor cases), federal social courts (responsible for social welfare disputes) and federal patent courts (responsible for patent-related cases). The courts at all levels set up procuratorial organs, whose task is to prosecute illegal and criminal acts, but they are not under the jurisdiction of the courts, do not interfere with the trial work of the courts, do not exercise their functions and powers independently, and are led by judicial departments at all levels. The Federal Administrative Court consists of the Federal Supreme Prosecutor's Office, which is managed by the Federal Attorney General and several federal prosecutors. The political parties in Germany are: German Social Democratic Party, Green Party, CDU, Christian Social Union, Liberal Democratic Party, Democratic Socialist Party, German Producer Party and kpd.
Economy: A highly developed industrial country with the highest economic strength in Europe. It is the third largest economic power in the world. Germany is a big commodity exporter, and half of its industrial products are sold abroad. Germany's export volume now ranks second in the world. Nearly13 of the employed population in Germany is engaged in the export industry. The main export products are automobiles, mechanical products, electricity, transportation equipment, chemicals and steel. Imported products mainly include machinery, electrical appliances, transportation equipment, automobiles, petroleum, clothing and so on. The main trade targets are western industrial countries. The government pursues the policies of rectifying the national finance, reducing the budget deficit, reforming the tax system, stimulating individual investment, further denationalizing, reducing state intervention and giving full play to the role of the market mechanism, so as to make the German economy grow continuously and steadily. At the same time, we should actively take measures to promote the development of information technology and the adjustment of economic structure. Natural resources are scarce, except for hard coal, lignite and salt, which are abundant, and they are largely dependent on imports in terms of raw material supply and energy, and two-thirds of primary energy needs to be imported. German industry is dominated by heavy industry, and automobiles, machinery manufacturing, chemicals and electricity account for more than 40% of the total industrial output value. Food, textile and clothing, steel processing, mining, precision instruments, optics and aerospace industries are also well developed. There are many small and medium-sized enterprises and the industrial structure is balanced. Agricultural mechanization is very high. Agricultural land accounts for about half of Germany. Products can meet 80% domestic demand. Tourism and transportation are developed. Germany is a big beer producer, and its beer output ranks among the top in the world. It was also the first country to successfully develop maglev railway technology. At 24: 00 on February 28, 2002, the German mark officially stopped circulating and the euro became the legal tender of Germany. Germany was one of the first countries to use the euro.
Military: 1956 1 The Federal Defence Force was formally established. The highest military decision-making body is the Federal Security Council, presided over by the Federal Prime Minister. In peacetime, the army is led by the Minister of National Defense, and in wartime, the Federal Chancellor is the supreme commander of the army. The head of the Bundeswehr is the supreme commander of the army. The highest goal of national defense policy is to ensure Germany's peace, freedom and independence, and stipulates that the Bundeswehr is a purely defensive army, implements necessary security precautions, and does not master and seek weapons of mass destruction. The key points of army building are: organizing rapid reaction forces, making new armament plans, reducing the size of the army and reducing weapons and equipment. The compulsory military service system is implemented, and the service period is 10 months (shortened from 1 in 2002 to 9 months).
Culture and Education: Influenced by the Italian Renaissance, German literature reached its peak in the18th century. Goethe, Heine, Schiller, Lessing and Brothers Grimm are all outstanding representatives. The most famous writers in the 20th century are thomas mann, heinrich mann and Bertolt Brecht. Writers Heinrich B?ll and Gunter grass won the Nobel Prize in Literature with 1972 and 1999 respectively. There are more than 3,000 museums in Germany with rich collections. In addition, various art festivals, expositions and film exhibitions are held every year. Frankfurt and Leipzig are German book publishing centers. The number of books published in Germany is second only to that in the United States. Music is an indispensable part of German life. Germany produced great musicians in different periods, such as Beethoven, Bach, Mendelssohn and Wagner. Berlin Philharmonic is world-famous. Churches, palaces and castles are important cultural heritages in Germany. Famous universities include Cologne University, Munich University, Aachen University of Technology and Heidelberg University. Germans have a strong sense of time, and they pay attention to punctuality in both business and personal communication. Germans attach importance to business reputation and generally do not easily change partners. Education, culture and art in Germany are the responsibilities of the Federation and the L? nder. The federal government is mainly responsible for education planning and vocational education, and coordinates the national education work through the joint meeting of state ministers of culture and education. In primary and secondary education, higher education, adult education and further education, the main legislative and administrative power belongs to the states. National cultural and artistic activities are funded by the federal government. Foreign cultural exchanges are coordinated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Universities, middle schools, primary schools and vocational education are developed, and compulsory education of 12 years is implemented. Tuition fees in public schools are free, and school supplies such as textbooks are partially reduced. The primary school system is 4-6 years, and the secondary school system is 5-9 years. Colleges and universities enjoy certain autonomy, in principle, they can enter freely, and some disciplines have quota restrictions. Vocational education implements "dual system", that is, theoretical study in vocational schools is combined with enterprise practice, and adult education and amateur education are popularized. Teachers are lifelong public officials and must receive higher education.
Press and publication: the press and publication industry is very developed, and there are many kinds of newspapers and periodicals. 1999 and 1620 have 367 kinds of daily newspapers, which are published by 380 publishing houses and 135 editorial departments, with a total circulation of about 25 million copies, ranking fourth in the world in terms of per capita newspaper ownership, second only to Japan, Britain and Switzerland; There are 1600 magazines with a total circulation of about1400,000. There are more than 8,000 professional publications. 1994 There are 266 1 news publishing enterprises in Germany, with 263,000 employees. The daily newspaper with the largest circulation is Pictorial with 45 1.0000 copies in the second quarter of 1999. Other major national newspapers include Sü ddeutsche Zeitung, frankfurter allgemeine zeitung, Time Weekly and Le Monde. The largest local newspaper is West Germany Daily with a circulation of1130,000 copies. At present, the circulation of the political weekly Der Spiegel is 1039000, and that of Star Pictorial is 1078000. Springer Newspaper Group, a big newspaper trust, monopolized 1/5 of the national newspaper publishing volume. News agencies include: (1) Deutsche presse, founded in 1949. It is a private company limited by shares, with more than 200 newspapers, radio and television news departments, belonging to one of the major news agencies in the world. Headquartered in Hamburg, the photo news editor is headquartered in Frankfurt. There are federal branches in Bonn, branches or editorial offices in more than 50 other cities in China, and journalists or writers in more than 80 countries. It is the main news source of German mass media. DPA publishes articles in German, English, Spanish and Arabic every day through satellite, telex and other means of communication, covering domestic and foreign political, economic, scientific, cultural and other fields, with the adoption rate of 99% in German daily newspapers. (2) Deutsche Telekom: Founded in 197 1 and headquartered in Bonn, it mainly provides press releases to domestic newspapers and sends news to Switzerland and Luxembourg only in German. After the reunification of Germany, it merged with the original German news agency in Mingde. In addition, there are some professional news agencies: Gospel News Agency, Sports News Agency and United Economic News Agency. The main domestic radio stations are: (1) German radio station, which is funded by the federal government and state radio stations and is mainly responsible for domestic broadcasting; (2) Deutsche Welle Radio, founded in 1960 and headquartered in Cologne, is funded by the Federation and broadcasts to the world in 3 1 languages including Chinese. In addition, there are 1 1 national radio stations. Major TV stations in China: (1) German TV One (ARD), a German broadcasting association composed of national radio station, German radio station and Deutsche Welle radio station, is jointly operated by * * * and broadcasts the national "first program" and local "third program"; (2) zweites deutsches fernsehen (ZDF), the largest television station in Germany, was founded by various states in 196 1 and its headquarters is in Mainz, broadcasting "the second program". Other satellite TV programs, such as "1 PLUS" of German TV station, and private TV stations such as "SAT 1", "RTL" and "PRO 7" also have a large audience.
Places of interest:
Brandenburg Gate is located at the intersection of Bodhi Street and June 17 Street in the center of Berlin. It is a famous tourist attraction in the center of Berlin and a symbol of German unification. In A.D. 1753, King Friedrich William I of Prussia decided Dublin and ordered the construction of Berlin City with 14 gates. Therefore, the gate faces east, and Friedrich William I is named after Brandon, the birthplace of the royal family. At first, this gate was just a simple stone gate supported by two huge stone pillars. 1788, Prussian King Friedrich William II unified the German Empire and rebuilt this gate to celebrate. At that time, Karl Goethe-Haar Johannes, a famous German architect, was appointed to undertake the design and construction work. Based on the ancient Greek colonnade gate in Athens, he designed the Arc de Triomphe, which was completed in 179 1. The reconstructed gate is 20m high, 65.6m wide and 1 1 m deep. There are five passages in the gate, and the middle passage is the widest. According to historical records, before the Kaiser abdicated in 19 18, only members of the royal family were allowed to walk in the middle passage. The passage inside the gate is separated by huge sandstone strips, and the two ends of the strips are decorated with six Doric columns with a height of 14m and a bottom diameter of1.70m. In order to make the gate more magnificent, the famous German sculptor gottfried Shado designed a set of bronze decorative statues at the top of the gate: four galloping horses pulled a two-wheeled chariot, and a goddess with wings stood on the chariot. The stone wall in each passage is inlaid with 20 marble relief paintings created by Shado, depicting the heroic deeds of Hercules in ancient Greek mythology. The stone lintel on the front of the city gate is decorated with 30 marble reliefs reflecting the ancient Greek peace myth "Peace War". After the completion of this gate, it was named "the gate of peace", and the goddess on the chariot was called "the goddess of peace".
Worry-free Palace is located in the northern suburb of Potsdam, the capital of Brandenburg in eastern Germany. The name of this palace comes from French, which means "carefree" (or "Mochow"). Worry-free Palace and its surrounding gardens were built by King Frederick II of Prussia (1745- 1757) imitating the architectural style of Versailles in France. The whole garden covers an area of 290 hectares and is located on a sand dune, so it is also called "the palace on the sand dune". All the construction works of the Worry-Free Palace lasted about 50 years, which is the essence of German architectural art. There are six parallel arched steps in front of the Worry-Free Palace, and the two sides are set off by green jungles. The big fountain in front of the palace is carved with round petals, surrounded by four round flower beds: fire, water, earth and air. There are statues in the flower beds, especially those of Venus and Mercury. It is said that there are more than 1000 stone carvings with the theme of Greek mythical figures in the whole palace. The main hall has a hemispherical roof in the middle and long conical buildings in the wings. In the middle of the hall is an rotunda, whose porch faces a big fountain. The ceiling decoration of the magnificent Prime Minister's Office is imaginative, and the walls are inlaid with gold, which is dazzling. The interior is decorated with murals and mirrors, dazzling. There are 124 paintings on the east side of the palace, most of which are masterpieces of Italian and Dutch painters in the Renaissance. There is a hexagonal pavilion in the garden of Worry-Free Palace, called Chinese Tea Pavilion. Tea Pavilion adopts the traditional umbrella-shaped circular roof in China, covered with blue tiles and supported by golden pillars. The tables and chairs in the exhibition hall are completely made in imitation of the oriental style. There is a Chinese incense burner in front of the pavilion. It is said that the king of Prussia once tasted tea here.
Cologne Cathedral is the most perfect Gothic church in the world, located on the Rhine River in the center of Cologne, Germany. East-west length 144.55 meters, north-south width 86.25 meters, hall height 43.35 meters, top column height 109 meters. In the center, there are two minarets connected to the door wall. These two 157.38-meter spires are like two sharp swords, which go straight into the sky. The whole building is made of polished stone, covering an area of 8,000 square meters and a building area of about 6,000 square meters. There are countless minarets in the four Zhou Lin of the cathedral. The whole cathedral is black, which stands out from all the buildings in the city.
Historical Celebrity: Kant (1724- 1804): Born on April 22nd, 2004, 1740, he entered the University of Fort Conus. From 1746, I worked as a tutor for 4 years. 1755 completed his university studies, obtained the qualification of a supernumerary lecturer, and served as 15 lecturer. During this period, Kant became more and more famous as a teacher and writer. Besides teaching physics and mathematics, he also teaches logic, metaphysics, moral philosophy, firearms and architecture, physical geography and so on. During the period of 65438+1960s, the main works in this period are: A Study on the Clarity of Natural Theology and Moral Principles (1764), An Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Numbers into Philosophy (1763), and The Only Possible Root of the Argument of the Existence of God (1763). Dream of Epiphany (1766) tests all views on the spiritual world. 1770 was appointed as a professor of logic and metaphysics. In the same year, he published The Forms and Principles of Feeling and Reason. From 178 1, a series of great original works covering a wide range of fields were published in 9 years, which brought a revolution in philosophy and thought in a short time. Such as Critique of Pure Reason (178 1), Critique of Practical Reason (1788) and Critique of Judgment (1790). 1793 was accused of abusing philosophy, distorting and despising the basic teachings of Christianity after the publication of Religion in Rational Scope; So the government asked Kant not to talk about religious issues in his speeches and works. However, after the death of King 1797, he revisited this issue in his last important paper, Debate between Colleges (1798). The transition from the highest principle of natural science to physics could have been an important supplement to Kant's philosophy, but this book was not completed. 1804 died in February 12.
Goethe (1749- 1832): German poet. Born in a wealthy citizen's family in Frankfurt on the Rhine. 1765 He entered the University of Leipzig to study law, but he was more interested in art and natural science. 1770 transferred to the University of Strasbourg, deeply influenced by Rousseau and other advanced ideas. I finished my studies the following year and went back to my hometown to be a lawyer, but my main energy was literary creation. Since 1775, he has been in politics for ten years in Weimar Principality, serving as an adviser to the Privy Council of Weimar Principality, advocating reform, but it has not been realized. Goethe worked hard all his life and established his position as a great writer in the world. The number of his works has reached an alarming level. The final edition of The Complete Works of Goethe has 40 volumes, and there are 20 volumes of Goethe's Legacy as a supplement after his death. The novella Young Werther and the poetic drama Faust are the combination of realism and romanticism.
Beethoven (1770— 1827): German composer. He was born in Bonn and studied piano with his father since childhood. 1787 Go to Vienna to learn composition from Haydn and get to know Mozart. 1792 settled in Vienna and engaged in teaching, performance and creation. Beethoven lived in the reactionary era of the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars and the Vienna system, and European democracy and national consciousness were rising day by day. His works reflect the characteristics of these times, either praising heroes or opposing feudalism and striving for democracy, freedom and a bright future. His main works are Symphony No.3 (Destiny), Symphony No.6 (Pastoral), Symphony No.9 (Chorus) and Sonata of Sorrow and Moonlight.
Hegel (1770- 183 1 year): German idealist philosopher. Born in a gentleman's family in Stuttgart, southern Germany. 1788 ——1793 studied at tubingen theological seminary, worked as a tutor for six years after graduation, and later became the principal of Nuremberg middle school. 18 16 Professor of Philosophy, University of Heidelberg. The president of Berlin University died of cholera in 1830. His main works are: Phenomenology of Spirit, Logic, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Principles of Philosophy of Right, Lectures on the History of Philosophy, Historical Philosophy and Aesthetics.
Heine (1797-1856):1797 65438+February 65438+March was born in Dü sseldorf, Germany, and experienced the Napoleonic Wars in his childhood and adolescence. 1865438+After Napoleon's defeat in 2005, he worked in a bank. 18 19 and then studied at the universities of Bonn, G? ttingen and Berlin. When I was in Berlin, I met Mr. and Mrs. Enhagen von Enze, as well as writers Chamik and Fukai. Enze's literary salon is the literary center of Berlin. Under its influence, Heine's first book of poetry was published in Berlin in 182 1. 1823 published "Tragedy-Lyric Episode". 1824 1 Go back to the University of G? ttingen to study law, continue to write poems, and complete the return of the original collection. 1825 obtained the doctor of law degree. The updated The Return of the Native, together with Travels of Harz Mountain and Travels of Beihai, was compiled into travel notes and published in 1826, which aroused strong repercussions. 1827 Travel Notes Volume 2 was published. After returning to Hamburg from a trip to England, he published his poetry anthology, which included most of the previously published poems, and established Heine's position as an outstanding lyric poet. The third volume of Travel Notes was published in 1829. Later, Heine published articles and poems such as The Present Situation of France, On French Painters, A Brief History of Modern German Literature, Records of the Deaths of Ludwig Bernard and Henrich Heine, and German Winter Fairy Tales. 1May 848, he was completely paralyzed. He persisted in writing with amazing perseverance and dictated a collection of poems, Romantic Zero, which was published in 185 1. Later, he also wrote some essays. 1856 February, Heine died in Paris.
Mendelssohn (1809-1847):1809 was born in Hamburg, Germany, to Jewish parents. /kloc-started writing at the age of 0/2, and/kloc-completed the prelude to A Midsummer Night's Dream at the age of 0/7. He began to study and arrange Bach's works at the age of 2 1, which made the most important contribution to the revival of the father of music. At the age of 27, he was a conductor in Leipzig. 1843 founded the first German Conservatory of Music and died at the age of 38. In his short life, he created a large number of music works of various genres. His works are gentle and comfortable, beautiful and quiet, complete and rigorous, with few contradictions and conflicts, full of poetic fantasies, reflecting the stability and prosperity in his life. His symphonies "Scotsman", "Italian", overture "Finger Hole", "Calm Sea and Happy Sailing" and "Violin Concerto in E minor" are all masterpieces. A Midsummer Night's Dream Overture is the earliest musical work to describe the realm of immortals. He also created the piano music genre "Songs Without Words", with eight volumes and forty-eight songs, which is vivid and colorful, and is the representative of early title music. The Leipzig Musicology Party centered on him19th century German music life had a great influence.
Richard Wagner (1813-1883):1813 was born in Leipzig on May 22nd. I loved the music of Beethoven, Mozart and Weber since I was a child, and taught myself piano and composition. At the same time, it was also influenced by Shakespeare, Goethe, Schiller and other plays. /kloc-at the age of 0/5, he wrote the five-act poem Tragedy, which was influenced by philosophers such as Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and even Freud in his later years. /kloc-in the summer of 0/833, he worked as an opera conductor in Wü rzburg and began to compose operas. 1840, he composed Jean, 184 1 year, and he composed his first opera masterpiece The Wandering Dutchman. 1843 was appointed as the conductor of Dresden Palace Opera House. 1845, he performed Don Hauser according to German legend. 1849 and then exiled abroad 15 years. 1875, The Ring of Nibelungen was completely written, and it was staged in the newly-built Bayreuther Theatre on August 1876, which was a great success. His famous works include Lohengreen, Tristan and isolde, and Famous Singers in Nuremberg. His works include German music, art and revolution, future works of art, opera and drama. 1883 died in February 13. His musical stage works have far-reaching significance and are characterized by his own creation (including plot, characters, drama words, expression techniques and music). He has never been interested in the music form itself, but only regards it as an expression of emotion and psychology. He thoroughly reformed the composition techniques, which had a decisive influence on the development of music as an art and led to the formation of expressionist music.
Marx (1818-1883):1818 was born in a Jewish lawyer's family in rhinetrier, Prussia, Germany. 1835- 184 1 year, studied law at Bonn university and Berlin university successively, and obtained a doctorate in philosophy. He was the editor-in-chief of Rheinische Zeitung in 1842, married Yan Ni in 1843 and moved to Paris. He met Engels in 1844 and co-authored The Holy Family (1844) and German Ideology (1845- 1846). 184711attended the second congress of the * * * producers' union in February, and published the * * * producers' declaration1848 co-written with Engels; 1848 After the European Revolution broke out, he returned to Germany and founded the New Rheinische Zeitung. 1840 was expelled from Prussia, first come.