Economics academic papers are generally divided into four parts: abstract, introduction, theme and conclusion. However, we generally don't write in order, generally from the inside out, starting with the core model and empirical measurement, and gradually expanding the paper. The introduction and conclusion are often written at the end, because if you don't know the core conclusion, you don't know how to summarize and summarize it in the introduction and conclusion. But for the sake of clarity, let's introduce the writing of each part of the paper in order.

I. Summary

There is usually only one natural paragraph, which condenses the main points and characteristics of this paper. Generally, it is necessary to explain the problem studied in this paper, the value of studying this problem, the methods and data used, the main conclusions and the contribution of this paper. Writing a summary helps us concentrate our thoughts.

II. Introduction (Introduction)

The introduction explains the historical and theoretical background of the research problem, explains the research field of this paper, and guides readers into the theme of the paper. Generally speaking, writing an introduction can follow the following four steps: announcing the theme; Review previous studies; Point out the problems and gaps in previous research; Explain the problems solved in this paper, and how to supplement the blank of the research or how to respond to the problems of the research. At the end of the introduction, you can briefly introduce the organizational structure of the paper, so that readers can understand the context of the paper in advance. The introduction should be concise and prominent, and unnecessary bedding is often unnecessary. The introduction sometimes has only one natural paragraph, and sometimes it can be as long as 1000 words or more, depending on the complexity of the paper.

Third, the main body

(A) the writing of literature review

The main part of the academic paper must be reviewed first, which shows that you have done a lot of homework, so the paper is rigorous and honest. You need to carefully analyze and sort out the literature; Put your research in the background of others' research; Emphasize your research contribution in the process of literature review.

1. First, we should evaluate literature as a whole. Is the relevant research rich? Does the research mainly involve methods, data or other issues? So far, is the research mainly empirical research, theoretical research or both? Do these studies focus on a series of similar problems? Do these documents have a * * * understanding of the main topics?

2. it should be summarized according to the theme, not according to the author's running account. For example, the topic of discussing data, methodology or related conclusions. 3. Comment on the value and defects of the research so far.

4. Explain the contribution of your research. Even if it is explained in the introduction, I might as well emphasize it again here.

(b) Discussion-putting forward opinions (opinions), reasons (reasons) and evidence (evidence)

Opinions should be put forward for several reasons, which are supported by evidence. The so-called viewpoint is a topic, a proposition or an explanation, not a statement of facts, so it needs support. Views are formed for reasons of existence. Reasons explain why we think a certain point of view is reasonable. But it's not enough to just give reasons. The reason must be supported by evidence. The so-called evidence is information that reflects the facts, such as statistical data, mathematical models, conclusions of other documents, etc. The exposition of economics has its unique characteristics, that is, it provides and supports a proposition, which is different from other disciplines:

1. Economic argumentation refers to the economic analysis of an economic phenomenon.

2. Economic fairs use economic assumptions, concepts and theories to explain or understand the economic phenomena discussed.

3. Economic discussions use some evidence to support the hypothesis, which can be divided into four categories:

(1) Assumptions, theories and concepts in textbooks.

(2) Quantitative data.

(3) measurement. Measurement is a method to test propositions. (4) Economic model. Economic model is a mathematical formula, which is used to simplify and abstract the economy and describe the decision-making process of economic subjects. The model is partly based on economic assumptions, theories and concepts.

(3) Writing of evidence.

1. model

If the paper only uses simple regression analysis, then the model may only be regression equations and classical assumptions. A more complex paper may build an economic model, report the first-order conditions of optimization and explain them. If it is a measurement mode, it should explain the measurement method and the reason for choosing this method. When establishing a model, whether it is a theoretical model or an econometric model, we should make the assumptions clear and explain the economic intuition behind these assumptions. Especially in the process of deducing the behavior or decision of economic subject from theoretical model, it is necessary to make clear the hypothesis premise of subject decision. The symbols used in the model should be as standardized as possible, and it is best to judge the variables they represent directly from the symbols. Learn to use superscript, subscript and Greek letters. You should explain the source of the model, whether it is your own model or citing other documents.

2. Data

The data must first indicate the source; Secondly, it is necessary to make a general description of the data source, such as sample size, time limit, method of collecting samples, etc. The quality of data sources should be assessed; Explain the data characteristics that may affect the analysis results, such as whether the data is biased or overestimated or underestimated; Explain how you process data or construct new data; Explain how you chose the sample, such as whether you excluded some observations.

3. Report data and results in tables

We usually report data and results in tables. The key is how much data and results we should report. The famous architect Mies Vandelo once said, "Less is more", which means that simple things often bring people more enjoyment. This also applies to the reporting of data results. When reporting the measurement results, we usually make the mistake of pasting the software execution results directly, which will drown out the important information you want to show. Therefore, we should re-edit the results of software output, for example, edit the results of multiple regression in a table, delete irrelevant information and report only relevant information.

State the result

We can't just show the data and measurement results in tables, but we must describe them in words, because tables can't speak for themselves. First of all, you should clearly introduce the form. Usually, it is only necessary to write a sentence to inform the reader that such a table exists and briefly explain its content (often the title of the table). After introducing the table, you can focus on the data in the table. You should clearly tell the reader the important facts reflected in the table. But it is not necessary to repeat all the information in the table, but to explain the data and point out the hidden meaning in the data. You should know what information you want readers to know most from the table. Four. Conclusion the conclusion echoes the introduction from a distance, and it can be said that the conclusion is the introduction of flashback. In the introduction, you guide the reader to outline your research topic step by step, but in the conclusion, you directly draw a conclusion about your research topic. But the conclusion is not just a mirror image of the introduction, it should involve some topics beyond this article. In other words, on the one hand, the conclusion should review the paper; On the other hand, we should also look forward to the topic. The conclusion section gives you an opportunity to summarize your argument in a concise and clear way, and be careful not to repeat what you said word for word. In the conclusion, we can ask further questions, expand our thinking and put forward the direction of future research. The conclusion part helps to answer some questions: Why should readers pay attention to your paper? Why is your topic important? Above, we discussed the writing methods of various parts of academic papers. Finally, we conclude our discussion by quoting some technical suggestions on the expression of English papers:

Principle 1: Keep the grammar complete and the subject short. Principle 2: Express key actions as verbs.

Principle 3: Start a sentence with "old" information. Principle 4: End the sentence with new information.

Principle 5: Make the subject of your perception the person, place or thing involved in your perception.

Principle 6: Make the first few words of a sentence a limited set of concepts. Principle 7: Be concise.

Principle 8: Writing in Segments