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Analysis of Eco-environmental Problems in China Coal Mining Area

Geng Dianming 1)? Jiang Fuxing 2)?

(1. China Coal Economic Research Institute, Yantai City, Shandong Province, 264005; ? 2. Shandong University of Science and Technology, Taian City, Shandong Province, 27 10 19)

On the basis of expounding the connotation of ecological environment problems in mining areas, this paper analyzes the formation and harm of ecological environment problems in mining areas, and on the basis of affirming the effectiveness of environmental protection and governance in coal mining areas, puts forward the ways and countermeasures to solve the problems in view of the weak links existing in the existing mining environment. ?

Keywords eco-environmental countermeasures in coal mining areas?

Coal environmental problems involve the whole process of coal mining, processing, storage and transportation and combustion. Finding various ways to solve the problems of ecological destruction, resource waste and environmental pollution caused by coal development and utilization has become one of the important topics in the field of sustainable development.

1 the formation and harm of ecological and environmental problems in coal mining areas?

1. 1 Interpretation of the connotation of ecological and environmental problems in coal mining areas

The so-called ecological environment problem is mainly manifested in the breaking of the harmonious relationship between man and nature, and its essence mainly refers to the environmental damage and pollution caused by human activities. The ecological environment problems in coal mining areas are accompanied by the development and construction of mining areas, which is the inevitable result of the development of human beings along the track of traditional industrial civilization. The value index of traditional industrial civilization is narrow anthropocentrism, which opposes man and nature, thinking that man is the master and master of nature, and nature is interpreted as a dead silo with no intrinsic value; Man's mission is to conquer and possess nature and make it a slave of mankind. Under the control of the above ideas, in the long-term practice of coal mining development, people have never realized the value of coal resources and their environment itself, let alone the value of ecological environment in mining areas as resources. The result will inevitably be the excessive exploitation and waste of a large number of coal resources, the sharp deterioration of the ecological environment in the mining area and the difficulty in restoring governance, until it affects the self-development of the coal industry and the survival of mankind. ?

1.2 Composition of ecological environment problems in mining areas

The emergence of ecological environment problems in mining areas is a complex process with many links and factors. The so-called multi-link is to form environmental problems in the whole process of coal mining, processing, storage and transportation and combustion. The so-called multi-factor means that the formation of environmental problems is related to many factors such as technology, capital, management mode, policy orientation and concept. ?

1.2. 1 Environmental problems caused by coal mining

(1) Destroy and occupy land resources.

Coal mining is divided into underground mining and open-pit mining, in which more than 95% of China's coal production comes from underground mining. The destruction and damage of land resources caused by underground mining are mainly caused by surface subsidence and pressure of gangue hill, while the direct excavation of open-pit mining and pressure of dump are the main reasons. ?

(2) the destruction and pollution of water resources.

In the process of coal mining, the artificial drainage and water-conducting cracks formed in order to ensure safety naturally drain the coal-bearing aquifer, which not only destroys but also pollutes groundwater resources. At the same time, a large amount of untreated mine water containing pollutants such as coal powder and rock powder is discharged, which has an impact on the mining area and its surrounding environment.

③ Pollution to the atmospheric environment.

It mainly comes from mine waste gas, coal seam gas extraction and spontaneous combustion of coal gangue hill. ?

1.2.2 environmental problems caused by coal processing

The environmental problems caused by coal processing mainly come from raw coal screening, washing, power coal blending and indigenous coking. The main way to pollute the environment is to discharge a lot of slime water, gangue washing, coal dust and harmful gases. ?

1.2.3 environmental problems caused by coal storage and transportation

It mainly comes from the pollution of coal dust flying in the process of coal storage and transportation to the ecological environment on both sides of mining areas and transportation lines. ?

1.2.4 Environmental problems caused by coal burning.

85% of China's coal is directly burned, mainly including thermal power generation, industrial boiler (kiln) furnace, civil heating and household stoves. Burning coal with high consumption and low efficiency will release a lot of sulfur dioxide into the air. 2、CO？ And soot, which causes air pollution in China, mainly soot. ?

1.3 Harm and degree of ecological and environmental problems in coal mining areas

(1) Coal mining leads to the destruction of land resources and the deterioration of ecological environment. Due to stripping and dumping of open-pit mining, surface subsidence and cracks in underground mining will destroy land resources and plant resources, affect land cultivation and vegetation growth, change landforms and cause changes in landscape ecology. Mining subsidence leads to flooding or salinization of a large area of water in the eastern plain mining area of China, which intensifies soil erosion and land desertification in the western mining area. Coal mining subsidence will also cause landslides or mudslides in mountainous areas and hills, endangering the safety of ground buildings, water bodies and traffic lines. According to the survey, the forest area directly destroyed by mining in China has reached 6,543,800+0,600 hectares, and the grassland area has been destroyed by 263,000 hectares. The total occupied land area in China is about 5.86 million ha, and the destroyed land is about 6.5438+0.57 million ha, and it is still increasing at the rate of 40,000 ha per year, while the land reclamation rate in mining areas is only 65.438+00%. According to another calculation, for every 10,000 tons of coal mined in China, the average land subsidence is 0.2ha；; In the plain mining area with dense villages, about 2000 people need to be relocated for every 6.5438+million tons of coal mined. ?

(2) Coal mining destroys groundwater resources and intensifies water shortage in water-deficient areas. China is a country with low per capita water resources in the world, and the distribution of water resources is extremely unbalanced. Judging from the distribution of coal-bearing areas, coal-rich areas are often water-deficient areas. According to the survey, among the 96 state-owned key mining areas in China, water-deficient mining areas account for 7 1%, of which 40% are seriously short of water. With the increasing intensity and extension speed of coal mining, the groundwater level in the mining area has dropped in a large area, which makes the water supply in water-deficient mining areas more tense, thus affecting the production and life of local residents. On the other hand, due to the destruction of coal measures strata, a large number of groundwater resources leaked into the mine and discharged, and less than 20% of these mine water was purified and utilized, which caused new pollution to the surrounding environment of the mining area. According to statistics, all kinds of wastewater produced by coal mines in China account for about 25% of the total wastewater in China every year. In 2000, the national coal mine wastewater discharge reached 2.75 billion tons, including 2.3 billion tons of mine water, 350 million tons of industrial wastewater, 50 million tons of coal washing wastewater and 4.5 million tons of other wastewater. ?

(3) Coal mining leads to waste gas emission and harms the atmospheric environment. The waste gas formed by coal mining mainly refers to mine gas and gas released by spontaneous combustion of ground waste hills. Methane is the main component of mine gas and an important greenhouse gas, and its greenhouse effect is co? 0 times of 265438+2. According to statistics, China emits 7-9 billion cubic meters of methane every year due to mining. 3. It accounts for about 30% of the total methane emissions in the world. Except for about 5% centralized recovery, the rest are all discharged into the atmosphere. A large number of sulfur-containing minerals are released from spontaneous combustion of waste hills on the ground in mining areas. 2、CO？ 2. Toxic and harmful gases such as carbon monoxide seriously pollute the atmospheric environment and directly damage the health of surrounding residents. The output of coal gangue is very large, and its emission accounts for about 15% ~ 20% of the output of raw coal in coal mines. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 1500 gangue hills in China's state-owned coal mines, with a cumulative amount of 3 billion tons over the years and an area of 5,000 hectares. According to 1994 mine environment survey, 464 coal gangue hills in the semi-arid area north of Huaihe River 1072 spontaneously ignited, and the spontaneous combustion rate reached 43.3%. ?

(4) In order to meet the social demand for clean coal, the proportion of raw coal washing in China has increased year by year. 1999 raw coal washing capacity was 3170,000 t, accounting for 30%, of which the proportion of state-owned key coal mines reached 48%. When washing raw coal, a large amount of slime water is also discharged to pollute soil vegetation and water system. According to the survey, China discharges 45 million tons of coal gangue, 40 million tons of coal washing wastewater and 2 million meters of coal slime every year. 3。 ?

(5) In China, the huge spatial difference between coal production and consumption leads to the long-distance coal transportation pattern of "transporting coal from north to south and coal from west to east". The flying coal dust during transportation not only lost a lot of coal, but also polluted the ecological environment around the line. According to statistics, the national railway coal transportation capacity in 1999 was 649 17000 t, with an average transportation distance of 550km；. 600 million tons of coal are transported by road or railway, with an average transportation distance of 80 kilometers. If the dust loss is calculated as 0.5%, the coal dust discharged into the atmosphere due to transportation will reach more than 6 million tons, and the direct economic loss will exceed 600 million yuan. ?

(6) China's long-term coal-based energy consumption structure has not only caused coal-smoke air pollution with acid rain, sulfur dioxide and soot as the main hazards, but also the main reason why China's pollutant emissions rank second in the world. Statistics show that in 2000, so? 2. The total emission is19.95 million t, including16120,000 t from industrial sources and 3.83 million t from domestic sources; The total amount of smoke and dust emission is11650,000 t, including 9.53 million t of industrial smoke and dust emission and 21200,000 t of domestic smoke and dust emission; The acid rain area accounts for about 30% of the land area. 2. What are the current situation and difficulties of environmental protection and governance in coal mining areas?

2. 1 Effect of environmental protection and governance

(1) Supporting policies and regulations to increase investment in environmental protection. The state has successively promulgated and revised 13 laws and regulations directly related to environmental protection in coal mining areas, which made the environmental protection and governance in mining areas step into the legal track and accelerated the development of mine environmental protection. According to incomplete statistics, during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the coal industry invested 2.86 billion yuan in environmental management, with an average of 570 million yuan per year. ?

(2) Land reclamation has achieved certain results. According to the data, at present, about150 thousand mu of abandoned land has been reclaimed in China, accounting for 8% of the total amount of abandoned land; Among them, more than 6 million mu of industrial and mining wasteland was reclaimed, accounting for 10% of the total industrial and mining wasteland. 70% of the reclaimed land is used as cultivated land or other agricultural land, and 30% is used as non-agricultural construction land or other purposes. From the perspective of coal industry, during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, coal mining subsidence land was reclaimed 1.50 ha, with a reclamation rate of 1.5%, and open-pit coal mining land was completed, with a reclamation rate of 4 1%. ?

(3) The treatment effect of three wastes is remarkable. During the ninth five-year plan period, the utilization rate of coal gangue reached 40%, 9 percentage points higher than that during the eighth five-year plan period; By the end of 1999, there were 3 10 fire-extinguishing waste hills, and the fire-extinguishing rate reached 80%. 1998, Shandong province comprehensively utilized more than 7 million tons of coal gangue, accounting for 7 1% of the total discharge, and realized profits and taxes of nearly 70 million yuan. The new coal mine design refuses to pile up gangue, which will effectively ensure the complete eradication of gangue hill in the future. Statistics show that 1999, the national extractive industry * * * excludes industrial SO? 2 156 104 t, of which 41505t; Be removed during fuel combustion; Removal of industrial dust 1647893t. ? (4) The greening of mining area has changed from planting trees and grass to green ecological engineering construction. Many mining areas continue to increase investment, greening and beautifying production and living areas. According to the geographical environment of the mining area, actively adopt new greening technology, build shelter forests in the mining area, green coal gangue hills, control sand and consolidate soil, restore vegetation and maintain water and soil. ?

(5) Clean coal technology has developed rapidly. 1995, there were 557 coal washing plants in China, with an annual raw coal washing capacity of 280 million tons and a raw coal washing rate of 22%. By 2000, the number of coal washing plants had increased to 755, the raw coal washing capacity reached 450 million t, and the raw coal washing rate exceeded 30%. Before 1995, there was almost no power coal blending in China. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, a number of power coal blending plants with different specifications and types were completed and put into operation, with an annual production capacity of nearly 60 million tons. China civil briquette technology has matured. By the year 2000, the national civil briquette output will reach 80 million tons, and the urban residents' briquette popularization rate will reach 80%. In order to speed up the development of coalbed methane, during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the State Council approved the establishment of a company specializing in coalbed methane development. According to incomplete statistics, China has developed and utilized nearly 400 million cubic meters of coalbed methane in 2000. It is predicted that by 2005, the utilization of coalbed methane in China will reach 3 billion cubic meters? More than three. ?

2.2 weak links in environmental protection and governance in coal mining areas

(1) Leaders have weak environmental awareness and low public participation. The historical experience of environmental protection in China has proved that all environmental pollution and ecological destruction first come from the ideological understanding and decision-making behavior of leaders at all levels. At present, many leaders are far from establishing a real awareness of environmental protection, and only stay on the slogan of sustainable development, taking the old road of "pollution first, then treatment", or taking the crooked road of aggravating pollution for local interests. Public participation plays a very important role in environmental impact assessment in developed countries. Listen to public opinions extensively through hearings and other forms to meet the public's requirements for environmental protection. At present, the public participation system has not been established in the environmental impact assessment of construction projects in China, and the public's supervision over environmental protection is still very low. ?

(2) Economic restructuring is slow and environmental supervision is weak. Although the country is constantly adjusting its economic structure, due to ideological inertia, rigid system, lack of financial resources, lack of policies, regional barriers and many other factors, the problem of unreasonable energy production and consumption structure in China still exists. The direct consequence of this unreasonable structure is over-exploitation and waste of resources, and it is difficult to improve the environment and safety of mining areas. On the other hand, there are still many drawbacks in China's environmental protection management system, especially the failure of the restriction and supervision mechanism, which leads to poor environmental protection supervision, lack of compliance with laws, lax enforcement and excuses for breaking the law. ?

(3) There are many historical debts in environmental protection, poor funding channels and insufficient investment. China's long-term planned economic system has left a huge ecological and environmental burden on mining areas, especially many old mining areas, and no corresponding governance fund account has been established. Since the end of 1970s, the environmental pollution in China has been deteriorating day by day, and government finance is the only way to control funds. 1984, in the Decision on Environmental Protection (Guo Fa [1984] No.64), the State Council identified eight funding channels for environmental protection, seven of which were used for investment in pollution control. Although these seven channels have played an important role in fund raising, pollution control and environmental quality improvement, overall, the total investment in pollution control is far from reaching the level of basically controlling environmental deterioration. At present, some of these seven channels are blocked. Even if they are blocked, there are still problems such as poor channels, and its external performance is a serious shortage of capital investment. According to statistics, China's annual direct investment in coal environmental protection is about 500-600 million yuan, accounting for only 0.3% of the coal industry output value, far below the national average of 1%. ?

(4) There are many blind spots in the reclamation of subsided land in mining area. Although as early as 1988, the State Council officially promulgated and implemented the Regulations on Land Reclamation, and five laws, including the Land Administration Law and the Coal Law, which were subsequently revised and formulated, all had laws and regulations on land reclamation, and almost all local governments at all levels successively formulated implementation measures for land reclamation regulations, but now the land reclamation rate in mining areas is only 10%, which is lower than that in developed countries by more than 50 percentage points. For example, there is no clear responsibility object and funding channel for the historical debt of land collapse in old mining areas; The principle of "whoever destroys the land reclamation" in the Regulations on Land Reclamation exists in name only, and the existing compensation methods for land acquisition and collapse cannot restrain enterprises from implementing the Regulations on Land Reclamation. It is difficult for enterprises and local governments to form an effective cooperation mechanism in land reclamation. ?

(5) The country lacks more targeted and stricter laws and regulations on mine environmental protection. The current environmental protection policies and regulations lack laws, regulations and technical standards aimed at the characteristics of mine environmental protection, which is not conducive to the in-depth development of mine environmental protection and governance. Some environmental problems can not be dealt with in time because there is no law to follow, thus endangering the environment for a long time. For example, the spontaneous combustion of coal gangue and rocky mountain is characterized as unorganized discharge, and the state has no provisions for treatment within a time limit or fines exceeding the standard. ?

3 Countermeasures and suggestions to solve environmental problems in coal mining areas?

3. 1 Improve the system of laws and regulations on environmental protection in mining areas

The protection and management of ecological environment in mining areas must be brought into the legal track, which is not only the requirement of market economy, but also the trend of world development. On the basis of existing laws and regulations, and in close connection with the characteristics of mine environment, establish a system of laws, regulations and technical standards for environmental protection in mining areas in line with China's national conditions. This system should cover the whole process of mining area development, evaluate the environmental impact of new mining projects, and give clear legal provisions on environmental protection of mining mines and environmental reconstruction of abandoned mines. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the state will successively promulgate the Regulations on the Management of Mine Environmental Protection, the Technical Policy of Mine Development Environmental Protection and the Technical Specifications and Standards for the Restoration and Governance of Mine Ecological Environment, so as to promote the further development of mine environmental protection. ?

3.2 Implement stricter environmental protection policies.

The state must make up its mind to resolutely close small coal mines with backward production technology, poor safety and great waste of resources, and speed up the elimination of old processing technologies with high energy consumption and heavy pollution. Support the development of energy-saving and environmental protection industries through tax incentives and other measures, and gradually eliminate backward industries and products with the help of the market. Strictly control the environmental pollution and ecological damage of newly-built mines. All construction projects of newly-built, expanded and rebuilt mining enterprises must strictly implement the environmental impact assessment system according to law, and all projects that fail to meet the environmental protection standards will not be approved. It is necessary to strictly implement the "three simultaneities" system, clarify the objectives and responsibilities of mine environmental protection, and resolutely implement the leadership accountability system. ?

3.3 Strengthen supervision by public opinion and increase public participation.

It is necessary to give full play to the role of the news media in public opinion supervision and enhance the public's awareness of environmental protection and participation. By carrying forward the advanced, lashing out the illegal acts that pollute the environment and destroy the ecology, the public is aroused to pay extensive attention to environmental problems, thus forming strong social pressure and prompting enterprises to protect the environment more consciously. While strengthening the supervision of public opinion, we should establish an effective public participation system through legal procedures as soon as possible, so that the public's concern about environmental issues can be truly put into action. ?

3.4 Vigorously promote the application of clean mining and clean coal technology.

By formulating a series of powerful policies and regulations, increasing capital investment, we will speed up the research, development, popularization and application of clean mining and clean coal technology. At present, the focus of clean mining should be on mature technologies such as separation grouting to reduce subsidence, gas drainage and utilization, and mining without waste rock discharge. Clean coal technology and its industrialization are the most important tasks of coal processing and utilization in China in the future, and also an important way to fundamentally solve coal pollution in China. Therefore, the state attaches great importance to clean coal technology as one of the strategic measures for sustainable development and realizing two fundamental changes, and has formulated and issued the "Development Outline of Clean Coal Technology in China during the Ninth Five-Year Plan and 20 10", which not only determines the key areas and directions for the development of clean coal technology.

3.5 the implementation of multi-dimensional comprehensive management mode of land reclamation

Reclamation of subsided land is a difficult problem in environmental management of mining area. There are many contradictions in the principle of "whoever destroys it will reclaim it" in the National Land Reclamation Regulations. A large number of subsidence areas in old mining areas were formed during the planned economy period (or earlier). This historical debt, whether in theory or in ability, is difficult for inefficient coal enterprises to repay themselves. The new ground subsidence in new mining areas or old mining areas basically adopts the methods of land acquisition and subsidence compensation, which makes the original principle of "whoever destroys it reclaims it" a mere formality. It is a way to solve the problem of land reclamation in mining areas in China to implement the land reclamation model of multiple comprehensive management. The concrete assumption is that the land subsidence in the mining area is divided into two categories: historical arrears and new subsidence, and the state clearly stipulates that reclamation funds should be included in the production cost or the total investment of 1997 construction project. For the land subsidence caused by historical debts, land reclamation should be funded by the state or social forces (including mining enterprises) under the preferential policy of land reclamation. The newly-added subsided land will be reclaimed by enterprises, and one acre will be destroyed and returned. The new subsidence area should break the old model of single land acquisition. If the land productivity (or income) after reclamation can reach the original land utility, it will not be expropriated, and the enterprise will pay the compensation fee for reclamation and soil fertility, and the farmers will still reclaim it. For some subsided land, a mixed mode of multi-party cooperative reclamation and land management by shares can also be adopted. The reclamation technology of subsidence area in mining area should adopt comprehensive improved reclamation method according to the situation of subsidence area.

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