The principle of distinguishing function words in classical Chinese is 1, which is the same before and after.

If the content words before and after two function words in two classical Chinese sentences have the same part of speech or phrase attributes, then the usage of these two function words is generally the same.

For example, explorers look at each other side by side. Only great drinkers can be immortalized. The word "zhe" is preceded by "hehehe", both of which are verbs. It can be preliminarily judged that the usage of these two function words is the same. If you are uneasy about this judgment, you can also look at the attributes of the words or phrases behind the speaker. The speaker is followed by two verbs: face to face, shoulder to shoulder, and leave your name. Therefore, we can be sure that the usage of the two function words in ① and ② should be the same.

2. The difference between before and after is different.

If in the process of solving problems, it is found that the attributes of the real words or phrases before and after the function words are not completely consistent, then the usage of this group of function words is likely to be inconsistent. In this case, we must flexibly use other methods to assist judgment, such as associating similar sentences in textbooks, or translating them in context, or using exclusion.

If Ji Zi is rude to his sister-in-law. A teacher doesn't need to be superior to his students. The verb "Li" and the adjective "Xian" precede "Yu", and their parts of speech are different, while the function word "Yu" is followed by the phrases of its sister-in-law and apprentice. So, how to judge whether their usage is the same? At this point, we have to think that teachers don't have to be superior to their disciples, which is a sentence in the textbook. This is a polysemous word, which is interpreted as comparison here, and it is meaningless if Ji Zi is impolite to her sister-in-law. Therefore, it can be determined that the usage of these two function words in two sentences should be different.

3. Special handling under special circumstances.

If the sentence in which the function words are investigated is a special sentence pattern, they should be treated specially, and the above methods cannot be applied. For example, the ellipsis sentence means that the words before and after the function words are omitted, so we should complete the omitted parts, and we will not judge if we don't complete them. Similarly, if you encounter prepositional object sentence patterns, you should also follow the rules of prepositional objects. In addition, if the content words before and after the function words are flexible, the part of speech after flexible use should prevail, not the part of speech before flexible use.

For example: compete with others to resign. Attending to small easy big, he knows evil. There is no corresponding word before "one", only the attributes of the following words or phrases can be seen, and the function words are followed by "other things" and "small" respectively. On the surface, these two words have different attributes, one is a noun phrase and the other is an adjective, but they are essentially the same, because "Xiao" is used flexibly as a noun in this sentence. Therefore, we can be sure that the usage of the two function words in ⑨ ⑩ should be the same.

This method of avoiding empty words is only a folk prescription to solve the problem of empty words in classical Chinese in the college entrance examination, not a panacea for all diseases, nor is it a universal truth. Therefore, we must be cautious in using this method in the examination room. Here, I want to reiterate the usage of this folk prescription: generally speaking, when there is no way to answer this question, using this folk prescription may get a promising effect. The taboo of this folk prescription is: candidates with good classical Chinese literacy should listen to the teacher's guidance, and they should not take medicine for convenience, otherwise they will be poisoned or ineffective!

Introduction of Chinese reading and writing methods Chinese learning is actually a process of improving Chinese quality and Chinese ability. So how to improve Chinese quality and ability? Looking at several students with good Chinese around me, I found that they have one thing in common. That is, they read a lot, read a wide range, write while reading, and often write after reading. In this way, we can draw a conclusion that reading and writing are closely related to the improvement of Chinese quality and ability.

First of all, what is reading? What is writing? Reading is reading and understanding, and writing is writing and composition.

Reading can cultivate a sense of language. A good sense of language is very important for language learning, such as? Why is this word used in one paragraph instead of another? ,? Is this a sick sentence? Most of the time, we don't have to ask? Why? The sense of language has already told us why. And the cultivation of language sense lies in our usual dribs and drabs? Reading? Accumulated.

Reading is an effective way to improve reading comprehension. What does it say here? Reading? , not only refers to reading articles aloud or silently, but also includes thinking and memory. In other words, reading should be a process of using the brain and hands. What aspects do you need to start with when learning an article? To sum up, it is: first, solve? What did you write? Problems; Second, solve? How to write? Problems; Third, remember the wonderful paragraphs and words in the article. These three aspects are actually talking about a problem of using your brain and hands. In the process of learning an article, we can consciously solve these three problems, right? Reading? . Only in this way can we improve our reading comprehension.

Reading is also a means to accumulate basic Chinese knowledge and composition materials. Have a wide range of knowledge and have your own ideas? Gully? . In this way, in the process of writing, you will not feel that you have nothing to say, and the articles you write will not be empty and dry, but eloquent and meaningful.

Since? Reading? There are so many benefits, so in the process of Chinese learning, we should pay attention. Reading? Let's get started.

Writing, in writing, the college entrance examination outline has clear requirements: the first volume of composition is beautifully written, the second volume is neatly written, the third volume is neat and clear, and the fourth volume is scribbled. In 2005, the college entrance examination began, and Shandong made a separate proposition, marking Chinese online. This has further requirements for writing. Therefore, both the college entrance examination syllabus and the online marking of Shandong language are telling us a message: we must write the words well.

To say the least, it is unrealistic to ask everyone to reach the level of beauty, but writing neatly and clearly and avoiding scribbling are all within our reach. Maybe someone took it? Will neat handwriting affect the speed of answering questions? And so on, make excuses for not writing neatly. Yes, at the beginning of your serious writing, it will have a little impact on your answering speed. But we can't just because there is a next time? Flu? , not to treat this time? Bad cold? Okay？ How dare you not pay attention to writing when you know that it will affect your Chinese grades?

In fact, it is not difficult to write neatly. Our Chinese characters are square characters. This sentence is an inspiration to us: the party is also a party. Are you going in? Fang? Use your head! Is your handwriting horizontal or vertical? Are the upper left corner and the lower left corner, and the upper right corner and the lower right corner on the same line? Not yet? Let's start with these two aspects. I believe that before long, you will not recognize your own handwriting, and you will not believe that you can write so well.

Writing, in composition. Although there is no fixed method for writing, I still attach great importance to my composition. Law? Yes Here, we must first clarify a problem. There is a difference between an exam-oriented composition and an article written in peacetime. The article we usually write, will you go? Smell? There are also exam-oriented compositions that are often browsed. There is a qualitative difference between browsing and taste. So when writing an exam-oriented composition, we must pay attention to some exam-oriented skills. For example, at the beginning of the article, it is very important to get straight to the point and make it clear at the beginning so that readers can understand what you wrote at the beginning. Otherwise, after reading for a long time, readers will still be in a fog and don't know what you want to say. How is that possible? The main part of the article must be written around the center and must be meaningful. These minimum requirements must be met. Finally, the main ideas to be expressed are emphasized for the last time to deepen the impression of readers. In this way, an article is done.

Someone summed up a good composition in two sentences: moving with emotion and understanding with reason. These two sentences mean that if your article is written as a narrative, will it be solved well? Moved? When writing an argumentative essay, the problem is easily solved? Does it make sense? Problem, then your composition problem will be solved.

Introduction to China's Narrative Writing ① The problem of arousing emotions. Do a good job in the preparation of composition. Composition is a big topic, and there are many articles in it. For example, the problem of material selection. If you choose some unfamiliar materials to write your composition, it will be difficult to arouse your creative mood, so you should consciously choose some familiar materials, preferably some people or things that have happened to you or the environment in which we live. There is also a question of getting to the point as soon as possible. 150-minute Chinese exam, writing takes about one hour, so the time from reviewing the questions to starting writing can't exceed 15 minutes at most, and of course it can't be less than 10 minutes. During this time, we should not only consider the conception and layout of the article, but also mobilize our emotions and let ourselves? Walk in? In the scene to be described. This kind? Where is it? It is the expression that emotions are mobilized.

(2) Intercept fragments of life, with the help of? Main idea? This red line is connected together. This is determined by the length of the composition. A 1000-word chapter can't explain the whole story clearly, but only explain the outline of the story. This is not only not rich in content, but also lacking in vividness. Impossible? Moving people with emotion? . This situation can be avoided by intercepting several typical life fragments and describing them in detail.

(3) Describe or narrate the problem. Narrative stories are often prone to dry language and lack of vividness, so they cannot be realized? Moving people with emotion? Purpose. Therefore, in narrative writing, it is best to use descriptive methods, that is, to grasp three or two close-ups in life and make concrete and vivid descriptions. We know that the more specific the description of things, the more vivid it is, and therefore the more vivid it is.

Finally, there is another suggestion: make full use of the text.

Since the effective way to improve reading comprehension is? Reading? So in this sense, as long as you read widely. Yes, we can read everything except fast food articles and those junk articles.

However, reading the text has the advantages of reading the text.