Directory Napoléon Bonaparte's personal data

Napoleon's early years

The rise of Napoleon

Another version of Napoleon

Napoleon souvenir

affect

People's evaluation of Napoleon

Several games about Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte's personal data

NapoléonBonaparte (Napoléon Bonaparte,1769.8.15 ~18210.5.5), the first country in France (1799-/kloc). The emperors (1804-18 14, 18 15), military strategists and politicians once occupied most of the territories in western and central Europe, which made the French bourgeois revolution more widely spread. France * * *

Napoleon's early years

Napoleon was born in 1769 in ajaccio, Corsica. His family is a declining Italian aristocratic family. As soon as Corsica was sold to France, the French king admitted that his father was a French aristocrat. Under the arrangement of his father, Napoleon went to the French military academies in Brehon and China for education at the age of 9. 1784 After graduating with honors, he was sent to the Paris Military Academy.

Napoleon thought he was a foreigner at first, and he was bent on making Corsica independent from France. His father died at the age of 16. He dropped out of school and was awarded the title of second lieutenant in artillery. During his stay with the army in various places, he read many works of enlightenment thinkers, including Jean? Jacob. Rousseau's thoughts had a great influence on him. 1789 After the French Revolution broke out, Napoleon returned to Corsica, hoping to promote Corsica's independence, but was excluded by another pro-British and anti-French Poly Group, and finally the whole family fled to France and the United States.

1793 In July, Napoleon led troops to capture the royalist fortress of Toulon, so he was appreciated by jacobins. Napoleon was investigated for his close relationship with the robespierre brothers in the hot month coup of 1794, and was later removed from the rank of brigadier general because he refused to serve in the infantry unit of the Italian legion. 1795, entrusted by ballas, the governor of Paris, successfully put down the armed rebellion of the royalist party, and was promoted to lieutenant general of the army and commander of the garrison in Paris overnight, making a name for himself in the military and political circles.

Napoleon was an excellent strategist, who had a deep study of military knowledge at that time and was good at applying various military strategies to actual combat. As an artillery, he attaches great importance to the tactical application of artillery, especially advocates the centralized use of artillery and gives full play to the mobile role of cavalry. 1796 On March 2, 26, Napoleon was appointed commander-in-chief of the Italian army in France. On March 9, he married his lover Josephine? Bohanas got married and hurried to the front. In Italy, Napoleon's army repeatedly repelled the first anti-French alliance between the Austrian Empire and Sa Ding, and finally forced the other side to sign an armistice treaty in favor of France.

The rise of Napoleon

After the victory of the Italian campaign, Napoleon gained more and more prestige and became a new hero of the French and China people. His rise made the governor feel threatened, so he was appointed as the commander of Arab Egypt and the national army and sent to the east to curb the expansion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the region. In Napoleon's expedition, in addition to 2000 cannons, he also brought 175 scholars from various industries, as well as hundreds of boxes of books and research equipment. During the expedition, Napoleon once issued a famous instruction: "Let donkeys and scholars walk in the middle of the team." Napoleon himself was proficient in mathematics and loved literature and religion very much, which was greatly influenced by the Enlightenment.

However, 1798' s expedition to Egypt itself was a great failure. Napoleon's fleet was completely destroyed by British Admiral Nelson, and his troops were trapped in Egypt, where Napoleon broke the nose of the Sphinx. 1799 When returning to China, only two of the 400 warships were left, and the original plan to invade India was blocked, resulting in heavy losses. Faced with such a situation, the God of Wealth turned his head to Napoleon. He learned about the tense situation and severe external pressure in France from an overdue newspaper in France, and felt that Napoleon, whose time was ripe, left his army and returned to China secretly. As a military commander, this is hard to understand.

At this time, the European anti-French alliance was gradually formed, and the royalist forces in France and China were also gradually rising. 1799 In August, Napoleon rushed back to Paris. 1799 In June, Napoleon, who returned to France, was welcomed like a hero. 1October 9 165438+ Napoleon staged a coup in the foggy month and succeeded, becoming the first ruler of the French Republic, actually a dictator.

Faced with the tense domestic situation and severe external pressure, Napoleon carried out many major reforms, involving politics, education, justice, administration, legislation and economy. Among them, the most famous Code of Napoleon still has an important influence, which was discussed and finally formulated by Napoleon himself. The code basically adopts the more rational principles put forward by France and the early stage of the national revolution. The code was formally implemented in 1804, and the achievements of the French Revolution were legally stabilized. Even after more than a century, it is still the current law in France. When Napoleon wrote his memoirs, he said, "My greatness lies not in my previous victories, but in my code, which will always protect the French people's freedom." Code plays an important role in the legislation of Germany, Spain, Switzerland and other countries. In an announcement to the people three weeks after the coup, Napoleon proudly declared: "Citizens, the Great Revolution has returned to the principles from which it originated. The Great Revolution is over. "

Napoleon, the French and China emperor on the throne.

1802 August, * * * Eight-year Constitution was revised and changed to life-long governance. 1804165438+1October 6, the referendum adopted the * * * and 12-year constitution, and the French Republic was changed to the French Empire, Napoleon? Bonaparte was the French emperor. He was called Napoleon I on February 2, 65438. Instead of being crowned by Pope pope pius vii, he put a crown on his head and gave it to his wife Josephine? Bohanas was crowned queen. A year later, he was crowned king of Italy by the Pope in Italy.

1805 In August, Austria, Britain and Russia formed the third anti-French alliance, so Napoleon left Paris on September 24 and went eastward in person. By June of 10, the French army had occupied Munich. 10 10/7 After fierce fighting between France and Austria in Ulm, the anti-French alliance surrendered. After that, France won the battle of Austerlitz, and the anti-French alliance collapsed again, forcing the Austrian Empire to cancel the title of Holy Roman Empire. Napoleon then joined the German vassal states to form the "Rhine Federation" and put it under his own protection. The following autumn, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Russia and Prussia formed the fourth anti-French alliance, but in June 65438 +65438 10+April, the French army defeated the enemy in Jena and Olstadt at the same time, and the Prussian army was almost wiped out, so Napoleon gained most of Germany. 1in June, 807, the French army defeated the Russian army again in Poland. Napoleon met with Russian czar Alexander I and the two sides signed a peace treaty. The year before, Napoleon issued an Amnesty in Berlin, announcing the mainland blockade policy and prohibiting any trade between the European continent and Britain. Since then, the hegemony of France and the United States in the European continent has been established. Napoleon I was also the king of Italy, the protector of the Rhine Federation and the arbiter of the Swiss Federation, and named his brothers Joseph, Louis and Jerome the kings of Naples, Holland and Westphalia respectively.

Turning point: invasion of Spain, Austria, China and Russia.

/kloc-at the end of 0/807, civil strife broke out in Spain, and the Spanish king was spurned by the people. Napoleon then took the opportunity to invade Spain and let his eldest brother Joseph? Joseph Bonaparte became king of Spain. But this move was opposed by the Spanish, and Napoleon could not quell the local riots at all. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland intervened in the Spanish dispute on 1808. British troops landed in Montego Bay on August 8th and occupied the whole of Portugal on August 30th. Later, with the support of local nationalists, they gradually drove the French out of the Iberian Peninsula.

At the beginning of 1809, when Napoleon fell into the quagmire of Spain, the fifth anti-French alliance was established. The Austrian Empire attacked French territory in Germany from behind, and Napoleon was forced to withdraw his troops from Spain and lead the army eastward. Although the Austrian Imperial Army gained an advantage at first, Napoleon soon turned defeat into victory, forcing the Austrian Empire to sign the Vienna Peace Treaty again and cede land. The following year, Napoleon married Princesse Marie of the Austrian Empire? Luisa as his wife, FAO formed an alliance.

By the end of 18 1 1, the relationship between France and Russia began to deteriorate. Russian czar Alexander I refused to continue to cooperate with France against Britain, and eventually the war broke out. Napoleon led an army of 500,000 people who spoke 12 languages into Russia. Russian troops retreated and did not resist until the French army entered Moscow after the Battle of Borodino on September 18 12 (70,000 French troops were killed and seriously injured). Napoleon thought Alexander I would compromise, but he was greeted by a sea of fire all over Moscow. At this time, another failed coup was planned in China, which forced him to return to France. Only 10000 people finally returned to France.

Defeat, Exile, Hundred Days Regime and Waterloo

18 13 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Russia, Prussia and the Austrian Empire formed the sixth anti-French alliance, and the two sides fought fiercely in Germany many times. Although the French army won many victories, Napoleon was under increasing pressure. Until the battle of Leipzig in 10, the French army was defeated, the vassal state became independent from France, and the allies began to advance to Paris. 1865438+March 3 1, in 2004, Paris was occupied, the allies demanded the unconditional surrender of France, and Napoleon had to abdicate. 181April 13 Napoleon signed the abdication edict at Fontainebleau Palace in Paris, and two days later Napoleon announced his unconditional surrender. Napoleon himself was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba after he abdicated. Napoleon retained the title of "Emperor", but his territory was limited to that small island.

Napoleon was almost assassinated on his way to the island of Elba and tried to commit suicide. In Paris, Louis Stanislas Xavier returned to France, became the king of France, and the Bourbon Dynasty was restored. Napoleon's wife and son were imprisoned in Austria, China and China, and it was rumored that Napoleon would be exiled to an island in the Atlantic Ocean. All these left Napoleon with no choice. In the end, he escaped from the island on February 26th of 18 15, and led 1000 people back to France on March 6th, 2000. The French * * * and China troops sent to stop him turned to continue to support Napoleon. On March 20th, Napoleon returned to Paris. By this time, his regular army10.4 million people, volunteers 200 thousand people. Louis Stanislas Xavier escaped and the Hundred Days Dynasty began.

However, the good times did not last long, and European countries quickly formed the seventh anti-French alliance. 18 15 June18 Napoleon's army was completely annihilated in the Battle of Waterloo, Belgium, and he formally surrendered on July15. The First Empire of France fell, and Louis Stanislas Xavier was restored again. Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena. 1821May 5, Napoleon died on the island. On May 8th, the conqueror was buried beside Tolbert Springs on St Helena and paid tribute to him. Today, there are still different opinions about the cause of Napoleon's death. The autopsy report of a doctor in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland shows that he died of a severe gastric ulcer, but new research suggests that Napoleon died of arsenic poisoning. Historians also found arsenic-containing minerals from the wallpaper loved by nobles in those days, presumably because the environment was humid and arsenic infiltrated into the environment.

Nine years after his death, under the pressure of the people, the New Orleans dynasty erected a statue of Napoleon on the pillar of Vendom. 1840, Louis-Philippe of the French July dynasty sent his son to retrieve Napoleon's body. 65438+ February 65438+In May of that year, Napoleon's coffin was transported back to Paris, passed through the Arc de Triomphe, and was buried in the old disabled soldiers' retirement home (Honorary Military Hospital) on the banks of the Seine.

Napoleon souvenir

1769 August 15 was born in a poor aristocratic family in ajaccio, Corsica.

1April 25th, 779, studied military affairs at Brenney Military Academy in France.

1784 10, was ordered to transfer to the Royal Military Academy in Paris.

1In September 785, Napoleon graduated with the rank of second lieutenant.

In June, 1785, 1 1, began to serve in the "Rafer Artillery Regiment" in Vallance.

1789, the French bourgeois revolution broke out, and Napoleon sympathized with the revolution and once became a supporter of jacobins. He returned to his hometown of Corsica three times and actively carried out activities for the autonomy and freedom of Corsica. Due to the exclusion of the local pro-British and anti-French Poly Group, the family was forced to move to France and China.

1793 In July, Napoleon led an army to capture Toulon, the fortress of the royalist party, which was deeply appreciated by Augustus robespierre of jacobins. 1794 In June, Napoleon was appointed as Major General and Artillery Brigade Commander. After the hot month coup, jacobins 103 people were killed, and Napoleon was also implicated and arrested on August 5. After trial, he was acquitted, but he was removed from the rank of major general and the post of artillery brigade commander. Napoleon was trapped in Paris for some time.

17951On October 4th, a royalist armed rebellion took place in Paris. Governor ballas invited Napoleon to help quell the rebellion. Napoleon defeated the rebels with artillery and saved the crisis. The governor promoted Napoleon to lieutenant general and commander of the Paris garrison. Overnight, Napoleon, down and out, became a big shot in military and political circles.

1796 On March 2, Napoleon, who was only 26 years old, was appointed as the commander of the Italian army in France and China, and began his independent combat career. On March 9th, Napoleon and Josephine Beauharnais, a famous Paris socialite, got married in a hurry. Two days later, he bid farewell to his new wife and rushed to the Italian legion to take office. He commanded tens of thousands of troops to March into Italy, and fought continuously with the Austrian Army and Sardinian Army, the first anti-French Coalition, in a favorable position, and achieved a series of brilliant victories. When he triumphed in Paris from Italy, he made up his mind to be the leader of the country that unified the whole country. The rising Napoleon made the governor feel threatened, and the governor officials decided to move him away from Paris.

1on April 2, 798, Napoleon was appointed commander of French, Arabian, Egyptian, China and the national army (Oriental Army). On May 18, 2008, Napoleon sent troops to March eastward to Arabia, Arabia, Egypt and the Republic. He hopes to realize his ideal with the help of new victories.

1799 On August 22nd, Napoleon secretly left Arabia, Egypt and the Republic of China and returned to Paris.

1799165438+1October 9, (foggy month 18) Napoleon launched a coup to overthrow the prefect government and establish a three-person rule.

On June 1800 and 14, Napoleon defeated Austria * * * and China * * * and the national army in marengo, forcing the second anti-French alliance to disintegrate. Napoleon took advantage of the short-lived peace in the European continent to vigorously develop national strength. At that time, the French Republic was thriving.

1802 On August 4th, France * * * promulgated the * * * and ten-year constitution, and Napoleon ruled France * * * all his life.

On March 2 1, 1804, Napoleon officially promulgated the French Civil Code.

1804, 18 in may * * * and the twelfth year constitution was promulgated, declaring France * * * as the French empire and Napoleon as the emperor of the empire.

1February 2, 804, Napoleon held a coronation ceremony in Notre Dame de Paris, known as Napoleon I.

1August 9, 805, Austria, Britain and Russia formed the third anti-French alliance. Napoleon led his army eastward and won the battles of Ulm and Austerlitz. The Russian emperor and the Austrian emperor fled in panic. Napoleon used his victory to form the "Rhine Union" in the vassal states of South Germany and China and Germany, and put it under his own protection. 1in the autumn of 806, Britain, Russia and Belgium formed the fourth anti-French alliance. 1 0/0/month/day, Prussia took the lead in declaring war on France. 14 during the day, the French army fought two beautiful battles in Jena and Olstadt at the same time, and the Pujun army was almost completely annihilated. 10 year1October 27th, the French army invaded Berlin. Heine once exaggerated: "Napoleon blew Prussia in one breath." Then, France and the country attacked the Russian army in the east.

1on June 4th, 807, Napoleon defeated the Russian army in friedland, and the Russian emperor was forced to make peace. In order to suffocate the British Isles and strictly implement the policy of "continental blockade", Napoleon launched a war to conquer the Iberian Peninsula in 1807+00. The invasion of the French army aroused the strong resistance of the people on the island, and the French army soon fell into the quagmire of the people's war. Napoleon had to swallow the bitter fruit he planted.

At the beginning of 1809, due to the fifth anti-French alliance against Prussia, Austria and other countries, Napoleon led troops back to China before the end of the Spanish War and conquered Austria and Austria. Napoleon, with his iron will, turned defeat into victory, forcing Austria * * * and China * * * to cede territory and make peace again.

18 10 in March, Napoleon and Austria * * * and Princess Royal Maria? Louise is married. Napoleon's empire reached its peak.

1865438+June 2 1 In 2002, 500,000 French soldiers entered Russia in three ways. The lack of military preparation, the cold weather in Russia, and the tactics of clearing the field by the Russian army almost wiped out the French army.

181218 In February, Napoleon returned to Paris. The war against Russia ended in failure.

18 13 years, the sixth anti-French alliance in Europe was established. Napoleon led the army against the Allies and won a series of victories. However, after years of war, France and China failed to arm the whole of Europe, and finally lost in the battle of Leipzig.

18 14, the allied forces marched into France and China. On March 3 1 day, French Marshal Marmond handed over Paris to the Allies.

1865438+On April 6th, 2004, Napoleon was forced to sign his abdication.

On May 4th, 2004, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba, Italy. Bourbon restoration.

1865438+On February 6, 2005/kloc-0, Napoleon left the island of Elba, escaped the surveillance of the fleet of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and sailed for France and China.

1865438+On March 20th, 2005, Napoleon returned to Paris and established the "Hundred Days Dynasty".

1865438+On March 25th, 2005, Britain, Russia, Austria and other countries formed the seventh anti-French alliance.

1865438+In June 2005, the French army was completely annihilated in the Battle of Waterloo, and Napoleon abdicated for the second time. 10, exiled to St. Helena.

1821On May 5th, Napoleon died in St. Helena at the age of 52. Four days later, people on the island held a funeral for the conqueror. In the roar of the salute, the coffin was slowly buried next to Tolbert Spring on St. Helena. In the depths of this quiet canyon, a few weeping willows are shaded by flowing water, and Haitang, taro and canna are competing to open. Napoleon, the once all-powerful, outstanding and unparalleled hero, was buried under these green leaves and flowers.

1840 15 In February 15, Prince Anwar, the July dynasty of France and China, led a warship to St. Helena to take Napoleon's body back to the motherland. 900,000 Parisians braved the cold and attended this grand funeral with deep affection. Napoleon's body was escorted by a guard of honor, passed through the Arc de Triomphe and was buried in the lobby on the roof of the garden of the Paris Veterans Retirement Home. 15 years later, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and her prince, later Edward VII, came here in person, and the queen made the prince kneel at "the grave of the great Napoleon".

affect

Napoleon was an excellent strategist. He personally participated in more than 60 battles in his life, and many battles he commanded are still of great significance in military history until today. However, his campaign broke the balance of power in Europe, leading other European powers to form anti-French alliances seven times, and finally defeated Napoleon completely. At the Vienna Conference after Napoleon's defeat, the new European order and balance were quickly rebuilt.

Although Napoleon was all-powerful for decades, his achievements were short-lived. After his abdication, France and its territory quickly recovered their former appearance. Napoleon's military career did not have a significant impact on later European history. The only thing that can make him go down in history is the Napoleonic Code, which is the embryonic form of legal systems in many modern democratic countries.

In addition, Napoleon was also the first person who put forward the idea of a United States of Europe and tried to realize it by force. Although he himself did not successfully realize this dream, today's Europe is moving towards the goal of integration.

Napoleon's birthplace, the statue of Napoleon in ajaccio, Corsica.

Napoleon brought glory to France * * and China, and the people of France * * and China always loved this French soldier (interestingly, he always thought that France * * and China were not his motherland before 18 years old). After his body arrived in Paris on February 1840, 900,000 Parisians braved the cold to meet him. Years later, Napoleon also won the respect of his opponent. 1855 Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland took the Crown Prince (later Edward VII) to the old disabled soldiers' hospital, and the queen asked the prince to "kneel at the grave of the great Napoleon".

People's evaluation of Napoleon

Smart and brave people are fearless,

The road to the throne quickly,

Climb up knowing that there are many obstacles;

The crown weighs 1000 pounds, but he doesn't weigh it.

Firm and calm, rush to the head,

Feel at ease and regard it as a laurel.

This is what you did:

Beyond Pengshan, it is unattainable,

But you can quietly take it for yourself;

There are many obstacles in the future.

You argue, you think, you know everything,

When the time came, you appeared, and all this happened. ...

The enemy attacked from home and abroad with war and death,

Internal and external troubles are still frequent, but you are alone. ...

All the people in the world are surprised and talk about it.

They are full of fantasies,

What do they care about besides wanting to make a fool of themselves? ……

The world requires us to do so.

Begging for wealth, grace and status,

Even if you give it to someone you love,

Love is insatiable, they will swallow up the whole kingdom.

He did the same thing to this man. -Let's widely announce,

I don't care even if I give my life.

Anyone, no matter who,

Its happiness always has an end, and the ending will surely come.

-Goethe

Napoleon, an important historical figure in the world, entered the military school at the age of 1784 15, launched a coup in 1799, established the first empire of France, and then abdicated in 18 15 and exiled to St. Helena. He spent almost all his life in the war.

Napoléon Bonaparte,1August, 76915th, was born into a declining aristocratic family in ajaccio, Corsica, Mediterranean. How to evaluate his merits and demerits as a historical figure? As Soble, a famous French historian, said, "The history of Napoleon, like the history of the French Revolution, will never be completed and written completely. Generation after generation, it will constantly arouse people's thinking and stimulate people's enthusiasm.

However, I have the following opinions when evaluating Napoleon:

First, he is a man, not a fairy. History is the history of the people. Great men in every historical period, no matter how brilliant, are not suspense, but live in society; He is greater than the average person, not only because he has outstanding talent in a certain aspect, but also because he has higher experience and power than the average person, but in any case, his foothold must be on the same level as that of his contemporaries. The history of each era cannot be the history of a hero. The history of Napoleon's time is not Napoleon's personal heroic history, and he cannot be deified. However, over the past 100 years, historians all over the world have made many deified comments on him, such as "century giant", "western emperor", "god of war" and "master of fate". Instead, it is anger, disgust and abuse. For example, he is a monster of Corsica, a tyrant who destroys freedom, a shameless villain, a rogue and so on.

Second, times make heroes, not heroes make times. The law of history shows that whenever there is a great change in society, it is an era in which heroes come forth in large numbers and great historical figures are bound to be created. Napoleon was great because of the French Revolution, a great event that shocked the world. Current events gave him an opportunity, and he did seize it. As Engels pointed out, "Napoleon, a Corsican, happened to be the military dictator needed by France exhausted by the war." Without Napoleon, his role would be played by another person. " Therefore, we must put him in the history of the French Revolution in order to better understand him.

Third, we must look at the mainstream and dominant aspects, and we cannot replace the whole with one side. Historical figures, especially great historical figures, have complicated life experiences. So it depends on whether he moves against the historical trend or conforms to the trend of the times in this great historical trend. Judging from the impact on society and the times, we can't look at the problem according to individual subjectivity.

Fourth, Napoleon commanded about 60 battles in his life, more than the sum of the famous military commanders Alexander, Hannibal and Caesar in history. The Napoleonic War, which lasted for about 20 years, mainly resisted foreign aggression in the early stage and national oppression in the later stage. However, the war has become obviously aggressive, with the nature of plundering other peoples and annexing other countries' territories, which has brought great disasters to the people of Europe and France.

In a word, the evaluation of Napoleon should put him in the history of the French Revolution and comprehensively examine all his activities. In this way, we can see that Napoleon, as a military strategist and politician of the emerging bourgeoisie, suppressed the rebellion, shattered the repeated armed interference of the "anti-French alliance" in Europe, disrupted the feudal order in Europe, promoted the awakening of the people of all European countries, and stabilized the social achievements of France's evil deeds. This is the main aspect of his activities and his main achievement. Of course, a great historical figure can't be perfect. Everyone has his shortcomings, mistakes or crimes. Napoleon, as a bourgeois strategist and politician, was even more so. Engels once pointed out: "Napoleon's biggest mistake was to marry the daughter of the Austrian emperor and form an alliance with the old counter-revolutionary dynasty." At the same time, it is pointed out that Napoleon's main mistake is to "crawl before the orthodox principle"

Looking at all the activities in Napoleon's life, the activities he led played a certain role in the development of society and human history at that time, and he was a historical figure who should be affirmed.

height

1.69 m