1. Liability for breach of contract: academic misconduct that violates the rules and regulations, contracts or agreements of academic institutions or academic exchange activities may constitute a breach of contract. The liability for breach of contract can include liquidated damages, compensation for losses, termination of the contract, etc.

2. Tort liability: if academic misconduct infringes on the legitimate rights and interests of others, such as intellectual property rights, reputation rights, privacy rights, etc., it may constitute infringement. Tort liability can include compensation for losses, cessation of infringement, public apology, etc.

3. Unfair competition responsibility: If academic misconduct involves commercial interests and commercial competition, it may constitute unfair competition. The responsibilities of unfair competition can include compensation for losses, stopping unfair competition and restoring business reputation.

4. Responsibility for violating academic ethics: academic misconduct may violate academic ethics and cause damage to the academic reputation and rights of others. According to the specific circumstances, it may be necessary to bear moral responsibilities, such as public condemnation, revocation of academic titles, prohibition of participating in academic activities, etc.

5. Liability for damages: academic misconduct may cause others to suffer economic losses, reputation damage or other damages. The victim may demand that the academic misconduct bear the corresponding liability for damages, including medical expenses, mental pain, reputation restoration, etc.

Academic misconduct is manifested as:

1. Plagiarism plagiarizes the achievements of others. Plagiarism plagiarizes other people's experimental data, chart analysis and even large paragraphs of text descriptions in papers, research reports, works and other scientific research achievements. This phenomenon exists in a small number of scientific and technological personnel, especially a small number of master students, doctoral students and young scholars who have just joined the work;

2. Steal other people's opinions. By using other people's intellectual property rights and then stating that this is your own point of view. What often happens is that when reviewing manuscripts, I get to know other people's ideas and then copy an article published in my own name;

3. Forge and tamper with experimental data. In the analysis of experimental data and charts, it is worse to fabricate data at will or use data selectively to prove one's argument, or fabricate data directly without experiment, than to copy others' achievements.

4. Improper use of signature right. This situation includes: non-contributors ask for improper article signatures, exclude contributors from the signature list, or list non-contributors as authors, and the author of the paper submits without the consent of other collaborators, and unrelated colleagues, classmates, relatives and friends impersonate each other to complete scientific research tasks or obtain professional titles;

5. arbitrarily encroach on other people's scientific research achievements. Use authority to sign papers or achievements that you have not submitted, and take others' scientific research achievements as your own; Disseminate special information and ideas obtained through meetings, reviews and other processes at will; Authors rank and the copyright unit are arbitrarily modified after the paper is hired or the achievement is awarded;

6. Forge the applicant or signature. In order to apply for more scientific research projects and funds, forge applicants and key members, forge personal information in the application form and impersonate others to sign;

7. Fabricate a false resume. When applying for or promoting a professional title, fabricate false academic qualifications, employment status, academic achievements, award-winning experience, etc. ;

8. Repeatedly publish papers. Two or even more than one manuscript; Articles published in one publication are submitted to another publication intact or completely changed; Papers published in foreign languages by foreign journals are original papers published in China, which are not indicated;

9. write. Including buying and selling papers, writing papers for others or writing papers for others;

10, misconduct is suspected of misconduct. This situation includes being unable to respond to allegations of misconduct and deliberately failing to respond to the results of verification experiments; No known or suspected misconduct was reported; Destroy evidence related to alleged misconduct; Take revenge on those who report misconduct, and falsely accuse and frame those who report misconduct.

To sum up, academic misconduct mainly includes plagiarism, forgery of data, tampering with data, improper signature, multiple submissions, repeated publication, violation of research ethics, forgery of evaluation opinions and so on.

Legal basis:

Article 2 17 of the Criminal Code of People's Republic of China (PRC).

The crime of copyright infringement aims at making profits, and in any of the following circumstances, if the amount of illegal income is relatively large or there are other serious circumstances, it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years and shall also or only be fined; If the amount of illegal income is huge or there are other particularly serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined:

(1) Reproduction, distribution and dissemination of written works, music, fine arts, audio-visual works, computer software and other works prescribed by laws and administrative regulations to the public without the permission of the copyright owner;

(2) Publishing books with exclusive publishing rights enjoyed by others;

(3) Reproduction, distribution and dissemination of audio and video products made by the producer to the public through the information network without the permission of the producer;

(4) Reproduction and distribution of audio and video products of their performances without the permission of performers, or dissemination of their performances to the public through information networks;

(five) the production and sale of counterfeit works of art;

(6) Technical measures taken to intentionally avoid or destroy the copyright to protect the copyright or copyright-related rights of his works, audio-visual products, etc. Without the permission of the copyright owner or the copyright-related obligee.