A table is a historical table that expresses complex historical situations in tabular form.
China's history books are rich in genres. There are two types of "six arts" in Hanshu Yiwenzhi: Shangshu and Chunqiu, which belong to different genres of history books. Li is a kind of canon system, and his poems contain many epics, all of which have the nature of historical books. Sui Shu Jingji Zhi, except Jingshu and Chunqiu, is listed in the classics department and recorded in the exclusive books of the history department, with a total of thirteen categories. These thirteen kinds of history books have their own characteristics in genre. Liu Zhiji's Shi Tong takes chronological style and biographical style as official history, and lists ten kinds of historical books such as Pianji and Lu Xiao as "miscellaneous words", with twelve kinds of * * *, that is, twelve genres. The Qing Dynasty revised Sikuquanshu, and the history department was divided into fifteen categories, more than Sui Shu Jingji Zhi. These classification methods may not be appropriate, but they reflect the diversity of China's history books. Of course, these classifications are all related to content, but they also combine the characteristics of genre. Chronological style, biographical style and chronological style are the three main forms of history books. Specific to a history book, it is often based on a certain genre, but other genres are also used as supplementary forms. A simple chronological style like Spring and Autumn Annals is rare. This comprehensive application in the genre of history books has a long tradition in the history of Chinese historiography, but the author may not realize it. There is a popular view that history books belong to a pure genre, which is incorrect.
The earliest existing history book in China, Shangshu, is generally considered to be a book for memorizing words. Judging from the basic content of the book, it is like this. But judging from the contents of the book, Shangshu is already a multi-genre book. Jin Teng, Gu Ming and other books are the end of chronicles, Yu Gong is geography, and Yao Dian is close to the present era. The same is true of Guoyu, which not only records words, but also records the whole story and historical development trend. Shangshu and Guoyu were compiled by later generations. When the records of various genres come together, there will be multi-genre forms, but this is not the genre that editors want to use, nor can it be said that it is a comprehensive application of multiple genres.
Author: Feng 2005-8-3109:11Reply to this speech.
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2 Reply: Historical schools
Chronological history books, Chunqiu only records the year, month, day and events, and the records are very simple. Later, "Zuo Zhuan" came out, and the notes were recorded, sometimes tracing the cause of the matter and the result of the development of the situation. This is a new form in the development of chronological history books, and it is also the result of absorbing other genres to some extent. There is a big difficulty in chronological style, that is, there is nothing that can be tested, even if it is very important, it can't be written in books. Zuo Zhuan adopted the method of chronicle, which made a breakthrough, but it still had limitations. "Before the Han Dynasty" and "After the Han Dynasty" are written by way of examples in laws and regulations and some biographies. On the basis of predecessors, Zi Tong Zhi Jian comprehensively uses various forms and records a wide range of contents.
Biography itself is a kind of synthesis. This is what Sima Qian did when he wrote Historical Records. The biography of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty said: "Confucius wrote Chunqiu because of Lu's Historical Records, while Zuo Qiuming thought it was a biography when compiling his historical events, and wrote Mandarin for similarities and differences. There is also Shiben, which records the ancestors of emperors, governors and doctors from the Yellow Emperor to the Spring and Autumn Period. After the Spring and Autumn Period, the seven countries contended with each other, and Qin was also a vassal, with a warring states policy. Han Xing attacked Qin and ruled the world. And Chu and Han Chunqiu. Therefore, according to Zuo Shi and Guoyu, Sima Qian adopted Shi Ben, Warring States Policy, Chu and Han Chunqiu, followed by Tian Han. " What I'm talking about here is that Historical Records absorbed the contents of historical books written by predecessors, and actually absorbed various genres of historical books written by predecessors, forming a comprehensive form of biography, family, book and watch. This chronicle is basically a chronicle, and there are also stories about the emperor himself. Biography is the biography of representative figures in all aspects. Family is the history of princes and nobles. Books are about laws and regulations and the history of all aspects of social and cultural life. A table is a historical table that expresses complex historical situations in tabular form. Historical Records combines various genres to form a harmonious whole, which can reflect social life in many aspects and constitute the whole history of an era, with great capacity and flexibility. This is an important reason why biographies were used for a long time in 2000. Historians of past dynasties have different opinions on the genre of Historical Records, and their comments are detailed, focused or different, which is the center. Ye Fan, Liu Zhiji and Zhang Xuecheng all emphasized that it can contain rich contents, including historical events of past dynasties. For example, Liu Zhiji said: "Those who record historical records should have an outline, spread it in detail, and show their titles in the order of years, aiming at making a summary of omissions, so that they can be sandwiched between astronomical geography, national codes and court chapters and sentences, but hidden." Zhao Yi believes that the style of historical records can be called "general history", so it has become the ultimate principle of historians. He said: "Sima Qian gave consideration to both ancient and modern times and set an example to make it the whole of history. ..... A generation of monarch and minister politics, sages gain and loss, a summary. From then on, it is certain that people who created history in past dynasties can't go beyond their scope, and so can the most reliable historians. " Liang Qichao believes that the various parts of Historical Records complement each other and are rich and flexible. He said, "Historical Records" is a masterpiece of its genre, and it has been integrated and reconciled to bring out the best in each other. "He also said:" The genre of biographies, combined with various ministries, records are average and all-encompassing. It is convenient to express complex things, to express institutional customs, to record major events in this discipline, to spread people, and to be really available for people to study. " The Historical Records they emphasized has the outstanding advantages of comprehensive content and broad capacity, which is still worth inheriting and learning from today. This question has also been raised in the literary world. Comrade Mao Dun said in Notes on Dreams: "I have a simple idea to compile a history of China literature according to the genre of official history. ..... The characters and events in this chronicle are just an overview. Readers should know their details and read biographies and books. " "The history of literature is like this, and it seems that art history and music history can adopt the same method." Mao Dun's idea of drawing nutrition from the comprehensive genre of Historical Records and writing a new biographical history of literature is very insightful.
Author: Feng 2005-8-3 1 09: 12 reply to this speech.
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3 Reply: Historical schools
Explore new comprehensive genres
The compilation method of Historical Records contains the advantages of the whole situation and has a great influence on the evolution of historiography. Not only later generations followed suit, but also attracted some people of insight to make innovative attempts on this basis. After17th century, there is a trend to explore new complexes. In the early Qing Dynasty, Yi Shi written by Mazi created a new comprehensive system. During the Ganjia period, Zhang Xuecheng, a famous historian, made an in-depth analysis of the style, put forward the idea of "keeping the biographical style and referring to the final law", and tried to compile local chronicles. At the beginning of this century, modern historians Zhang, Liang Qichao respectively put forward the idea of compiling the general history of China. Ma, Zhang, Zhang and Liang are all working in the same direction, but in different ways. They all try to break through the limitations of the original genre and create a new genre that can better express the general trend of historical evolution and more widely reflect the rich content of social history. The trend of their continuous exploration reflects the requirements of the development of historiography from one side.
Ma in the early Qing Dynasty was the first person to explore a new complex in recent 300 years. His historical achievements were valued at that time. Gu is especially convinced of him. In his youth, he adapted Zuo Zhuan into a chronicle and wrote Zuo Shi Zhuan Wei, which is still valued by researchers. In addition to the text, this book has eight appendices, such as Charts, Essays on Zuo Zhuan and Ming Pu, which supplement the deficiency of the text narrative. This practice already contains the intention of absorbing the advantages of multiple genres to supplement the shortcomings of a single genre.
Author: Feng 2005-8-3 1 09: 12 reply to this speech.
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4 Reply: Historical schools
Yi Shi has created a new comprehensive system. This book is extracted from Ma's whole life. Volume 160 is divided into five parts: the Archaean Department, the Three Generations Department, the Spring and Autumn Department and the Warring States Department. Volume 150 is the main part of the book, either according to the whole story, such as Zen, Shang Tang's Xia Jue, etc. or according to the characters and their theories, such as Laozi's Taoism. "Finally, Wailu, with ten volumes, supplements the deficiencies recorded in the first four books. Above the book are genealogical charts, maps and chronologies, which are used to match the text. In a word, Ma Zui integrated biographical style, chronological style, academic style and classical style into a comprehensive genre. Ma Zi described himself as the theme of his works. He said: "Chronicles are detailed in the end, and people of the Ji Dynasty prepared for it from beginning to end. ..... The trace of monarch and minister, the cause of chaos, the way of Confucianism and Mohism, and the different potential of vertical and horizontal separation and integration are clear at a glance. "The requirement he set for himself is to remember things like remembering people. Obviously, if we simply adopt one of the three major styles of traditional historiography, it is impossible to accommodate such a wide range of content. The emergence of Yi Shi can be said to be a breakthrough in genre. Li Qing, a famous scholar in the early Qing Dynasty, prefaced Yi Shi, praising its characteristics such as "independence" and "salty genealogy", and said that "only by reading Yi Shi can we know the size of heaven and earth and the size of the whole universe". Exaggerated, but he especially praised Yi Shi's unique system and rich content, which was quite insightful.
Zhang Xuecheng wrote "Literature and History", which deeply analyzed the gains and losses of the style of history books from a developmental perspective and put forward the direction of reforming the compilation of history books.
Zhang Xuecheng thinks that biographies are a good method after three generations. Sima Qian is far-sighted and the biographies are coordinated with each other, so it has a great capacity. In addition, Sima Qian's flexible use of style, "round body and spirit", deserves to be a model of writing. The History of Han and the History of the Three Kingdoms are also masterpieces of "each has his own heart". However, the Book of Jin, Sui Shu, the Book of New Tang and so on. "Although it is not done by one person, people can match their abilities", so it can be compiled into valuable history books. Later historians stuck to a rut and didn't know how to make changes according to their own needs. As a result, historical talents, historical knowledge and historiography have in turn become slaves of historical cases. "If the imperial examination procedure is heavy, such as the book of treating petty officials, it cannot be deleted." "The most embarrassing biographies, such as the history of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, are miscellaneous and outrageous, and it is impossible to investigate the law, or to see several things, or to pass on one person and two things, and thousands of people have hundreds of volumes." These expositions can be found in two articles: one is a case study of Historical Records, and the other is Shao Eryun's revision of the history books of the Song Dynasty. They summarized some important experiences and lessons of China's compilation of more than a thousand years' history, which ran through the perspective of historical analysis and emphasized the talents and flexible use of historians. He also believes that the biography itself is insufficient in reflecting historical events, and it is difficult to reflect the general trend of historical events. "The history of the husband also remember; Biography, chronology and regional classification are all useful. ..... Cover the history to spread, the more accurate the righteous case is, the more realistic the article is. "The more difficult it is to pursue the case, the viewer has long suffered. He added: "Biography is easy to find and difficult to realize. These are the shortcomings that biographies are not conducive to reflecting the main line of historical development.
Author: Feng 2005-8-3 1 09: 12 reply to this speech.
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5 reply: genre of history books
Zhang Xuecheng believes that this defect of biographical style is just made up from the background of chronological style. He said: "According to the end of the story, it is also a matter of life, not a norm. I don't know the general situation of ancient and modern times, and the world economy does not cover Luo Yin." "Husband's history is a chronicle, the world is changeable and uneven. If history is appropriate, it will be free to start and stop because of things and not being detained by routines. " What is emphasized here is that historical facts are ever-changing. In order to adapt to them, history books must adopt the methods of putting the cart before the horse, "establishing articles according to events", "doing something new" and "starting and ending freely".
According to the above analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of biographical style and chronological style, Zhang Xuecheng clearly put forward the method of "keeping biographical style and pointing to the end" as the direction of reforming the compilation of historical books. He said:
Magic can turn rancid into magic, and rancid can also be turned into magic. The beginning and end of the chronicle have no profound meaning, but because of the incident, it didn't succeed, so it was drawn to extend, expand and fill, and then it felt round, and the sacred work of Shangshu could look up for thousands of years, but it could not be followed. If you are poor and flexible for a long time, you will have your own opportunities. As for the abuses of biographies, you will be extremely tired, and the days will tempt your servants to open the history of Can Cong in a thousand years! Today, it is still the body of biographies, but it refers to the method of adding legends and deleting the names of secretaries as examples. ...
Author: Feng 2005-8-3 1 09: 12 reply to this speech.
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6 Reply: Historical schools
The actual content advocated by Zhang Xuecheng is to absorb the advantages of biographical style and chronological style and form a new comprehensive genre. He believes that this has solved a big problem and opened up a new way for the compilation of historical books. He has two ideas about how to realize the principle of "keeping the body of the biography and referring to the law of the origin". One way is to adopt the four-body coordination of discipline, biography, diagram and table. That is, to maintain the biographical style of the original Ji and Biao; Remove the name of "Book Record" and set up "Biography" containing various types of content, and add "Pictures". Another way is to set up "No Record", list the most important events of an era in front of the book, and note the relevant articles in the book under each event to play the role of an outline. The general intention is to retain the characteristics of cooperation between biographies, and to supplement the chronological style to show the historical trend better. This is consistent with Yi Shi's compiling intention.
Zhang and Liang Qichao are closer to us, and their historical thoughts are also modern. In addition, they also wrote letters to discuss the compiling style of China's general history, and their attempt to explore new complex is more noteworthy.
1900, A Brief History of China written by Zhang clearly adopted Zhang Xuecheng's viewpoint, absorbed the advantages of chronicle and reformed the biographical style. 1902, he wrote to Liang Qichao and Wu Jun and reiterated his views. This shows that the viewpoint put forward in Jane Eyre is not a whim, but a fairly fixed viewpoint formed after his long-term exploration. The catalogue of China's general history listed in "Brief Examples" has five forms of expression: table, canon, record, textual research and other records.
Author: Feng 2005-8-3 1 09: 12 reply to this speech.
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7 reply: genre of history books
Zhang's view of history is much more progressive than that of historians in feudal times. He affirmed that the purpose of compiling the general history of China is to "spread information, let people know the evolution of ancient and modern times" and "boost morale and impress people". This reflects his position as a bourgeois revolutionary at that time, and also reflects that he accepted the influence of Japanese and western views on the evolution history of the bourgeoisie. The system he envisioned was to absorb the advantages of chronicles and transform biographies. The "code" in the catalogue is used to remember laws and regulations, which comes from the Book Record. Kaoji and Bielu are both records of people, which come from Benji and Biography. "Table" is used to list minor figures and complex materials, which comes from biographical style. Absorbing the advantages of chronicles, ten kinds of "records" were established. Although the key link between these five schools has not been solved, on the whole, Zhang's thought is a step forward than Zhang Xuecheng's.
Liang Qichao also intends to write a general history of China from 190 1 year to 1902. In 19 18, in his letter to Chen Shutong, he outlined the style of General History of China. Four items need to be set: factual record, chronology, chronology and biography. Some works about the general history of China, found in the Collection of Drinking Ice Room, were written in 1920, including Annals of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Annals of Languages and Characters, and Research on Rites and Laws in the Three Dynasties, which conform to the four styles mentioned in this letter. He also has an original catalogue of General History of China, which lists 3 1 titles such as dynasty, nationality and geography, but it cannot include the style of "annals", "chronology" and "records". It can be seen that this "catalogue" was drafted by him earlier and later abandoned.
Author: Feng 2005-8-3 1 09: 12 reply to this speech.
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8 Reply: Historical schools
Liang Qichao's Record, Chronology, Record and Biography have many similarities with Zhang's five forms of expression. The function of "record" is to describe the main events and historical trends in a period. As can be seen from the Spring and Autumn Annals and the Warring States Period, it was developed by absorbing the advantages of chronicles. Record is an outline, supplemented by chronology, chronology and biographies. Liang Qichao believes that biographical history books are imperial genealogy, and he also said that "the later the history books are published, the more gaps there are, the more tired they are." This is only one aspect. On the other hand, he also made a pertinent comment on the advantages of biographical style. For example, he said, "the advantages of biographical style can be included in the rich content and the situation of various parts of society." The core content of his General History of China is to absorb the advantages of chronological style and give full play to the rich and flexible advantages of biographical style, thus forming a new comprehensive genre. Although Liang Qichao is far from realizing his vision, his practice and understanding have provided important enlightenment for future generations.