This paper introduces the administrative management system from central to local, the complete enfeoffment system and the patriarchal clan system, with the patriarchal clan system as the core and strong.
Strong clan color.
The Xia Dynasty established the first slavery dynasty in Chinese history and initiated the hereditary throne system. The hereditary system of the throne in Xia and Shang Dynasties replaced the abdication system in primitive society.
The main political system of Shang Dynasty was the system of internal and external use. This system directly influenced the patriarchal clan system and the enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Shang dynasty was a slave country, and slave owners were in a dominant position. Theocracy is strong, worshipping ghosts and gods and divination.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the state power and administrative management system were further improved, and a stricter enfeoffment system was implemented. The patriarchal clan system linked by blood has evolved into a strict patriarchal clan system, forming a complete system of rites and music. The combination of the three is mutual. Patriarchal clan system confirmed the succession of the throne in the form of eldest son inheritance system, ensured the political monopoly and privileged position of nobles, prevented disputes between nobles because of the inheritance of power, and maintained the stability and unity within the aristocratic ruling group.
China's early political system was characterized by the combination of theocracy and kingship; The political structure of a country is formed by blood relationship; The supreme ruling clique has not yet achieved a high degree of concentration of power.
The centralization of absolutism includes two concepts: absolutism and centralization. Authoritarianism is about the central decision-making mode, specifically, the emperor's personal arbitrary dictatorship, which combines the highest power of the state, and is arbitrary from decision-making to the exercise of legislative, executive and judicial power; The purpose of centralization is decentralization, which is characterized by the fact that local governments have no independence in politics, economy, military affairs and culture, and must strictly obey the orders of the central authorities and obey them. This was the basic political system of feudal society in China.
Autocracy is a concept opposite to democracy, which refers to the dictatorship of one person or several people. It is embodied in the lifelong system of the throne and the hereditary system of the throne Its main feature is that the emperor is arbitrary and dictatorial, which combines the highest power of the state, and is arbitrary from decision-making to the exercise of military, political and financial power. Centralization: Compared with decentralization, it is characterized by the fact that local governments have no independence in politics, economy and military affairs, and must strictly obey the orders of the central authorities and obey everything. The connection between the two: ① Both local and central governments must obey the emperor. (2) When the autocratic imperial power is strengthened, centralization is often effective, and when the autocratic imperial power is weakened, centralization is often weak.
The reason for centralization to implement absolutism: economic root: the need to maintain the feudal economic base. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the improvement of social productive forces led to the disintegration of the old relations of production, and Shang Yang's reform in Qin established the dominant position of feudal economy, which was manifested as a self-sufficient natural economy. It is a feudal individual small-scale peasant economy. The emergence of this political system is determined by the feudal economic base, because the feudal natural economy is decentralized, which requires a strong central government to safeguard national unity and social stability to ensure the production and reproduction of the small-scale peasant economy; . This feudal mode of production decided the establishment of centralization of authority. Political root: the need to consolidate and safeguard national unity. Qin learned the lesson of warlord regime's incompetence next week, and established autocratic centralization after national reunification, in order to eliminate local separatist forces and safeguard national unity. The emerging landlord class also needs to establish centralization to consolidate its dominant position, safeguard its political and economic interests and protect its land ownership. Theoretical origin: Legalist thought lays the theoretical foundation. Since Shang Yang's political reform, the Qin Dynasty has always taken legalism as its ruling ideology. Han Feizi summed up a hundred theories and founded a complete set of centralized political theory, which laid a theoretical foundation for Qin Shihuang to establish autocratic centralization.
The germination of centralized absolutism (Warring States): Shang Yang established a county system, and a feudal bureaucratic system with 100 officials obeying the sovereign's decree was established.
Establishment (Qin Dynasty): A political system of centralized feudal monarchy was established. Establish an imperial system with the supremacy of imperial power, a central official system and a local county system.
Consolidation (Western Han Dynasty): ① Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty "cut the vassal" to pacify the Three Chaos in Seven Countries. (2) Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued an "Enzhi" to remove the title of vassal and solve the problem of the kingdom. (3) "To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" strengthened ideological autocracy and consolidated autocratic centralization.
Perfection (Sui and Tang Dynasties): ① Three provinces and six departments, and the governors of the three provinces are equivalent to prime ministers, which contain and restrict each other, avoid the autocratic power of the prime minister, curb the autocratic monarchy to a certain extent, and further improve the autocratic centralization. (2) The imperial examination system allows people from humble backgrounds to participate in political power and expand the foundation of the ruling class.
Strengthening (Northern Song Dynasty): Take "a glass of wine to relieve the military power" and bring the local administrative, military and financial powers to the central government, thus preventing the emergence of local separatist regimes and strengthening centralization.
Development (Yuan Dynasty): The establishment of the Central Secretariat Province, as the highest administrative body in China, ensured the implementation of the central unified government decrees. The establishment of "provinces" and the implementation of the provincial system will also have a far-reaching impact on the future.
Aggravated decline (Ming and Qing Dynasties): The Ming Dynasty abolished the prime minister and produced absolute monarchy. At the local level, the establishment of three departments to further weaken local power, the establishment of factories and health secret service agencies in various places, and the adoption of stereotyped writing are outstanding manifestations of the strengthening of absolutism. The Qing dynasty followed the Ming system, and then added the Ministry of War, which strengthened the imperial power unprecedentedly, forming an extreme monarchy, and the autocratic centralization system reached its peak.
The historical role is positive: it is conducive to the establishment, consolidation and development of a multi-ethnic feudal country and to safeguarding the unity and territorial integrity of the motherland. It can effectively organize manpower, material resources and financial resources to engage in large-scale production activities and economic construction, which is conducive to social and economic development. In a unified environment, it is conducive to the integration of all ethnic groups and economic and cultural exchanges in various regions. But it is also negative: autocratic imperial power is easy to form tyranny and corruption, which is a factor hindering historical development. He was the only one in thought, which killed his mind. At the end of feudal society, it hindered the budding development of emerging capitalist relations of production.
Athenian democracy is characterized by people's sovereignty and "taking turns to govern". The emergence and operation of the citizens' assembly, the 500-member assembly and the people's court fully embodies the above characteristics of Athenian democracy. Although Athenian democracy has its social and times limitations, especially its democracy is only the democracy of male citizens in Athens, not the democracy of all citizens, it has created a series of ways of democratic operation, provided a most well-deserved form of government for later generations, provided an alternative road for the improvement of political organizations in human civilization, and has irreplaceable significance for the development of human democratic politics and even human civilization.
A series of laws and regulations in ancient Rome, mainly the Law of Twelve Bronze Tables and the Complete Collection of Justinian Civil Law, constitute the main contents of Roman law. Roman law originated from Roman slavery and was only used by Roman citizens. Slaves are excluded from the protection of the law and the power given to them, so they are also called "civil law". With the expansion of Rome's external expansion, a new unified law-"the law of nations" has gradually formed in Roman law. The formulation of Roman law effectively standardized the social life at that time, adjusted social contradictions, maintained social order, and played a powerful role in maintaining the rule of the Roman Empire. This also provides important enlightenment for future generations to understand the significance of law to social life. Law has become the basic condition in human political activities and political civilization.
It is inevitable that ancient Greece formed a relatively developed democratic politics, Rome formed a relatively perfect legal system, and ancient China formed an autocratic centralization. Its inevitability lies in: ancient Greece and Rome were located on the southern bank of the Mediterranean, with few mountains and many harbors and islands, so they formed a marine economy (marine civilization) dominated by industry and commerce and navigation, and developed commodity economy; This kind of economy requires fair laws and a more free, relaxed and democratic political atmosphere. In this way, ancient Greece gradually formed a society with many small countries, developed democracy and perfect legal system. On the other hand, the climate in Europe is pleasant, warm, rainy and humid. Its wheat fields can be distributed along the hillside, and there is no need for irrigation or drainage, and there is no need for the government to co-ordinate water conservancy and build canals. China had a vast territory and vast land in ancient times, which was suitable for farming and gradually formed an agricultural civilization (agricultural economy). Agricultural economy needs a strong government to control water system, coordinate agricultural production and organize natural disasters. In the same water system, right?
The control of water and land has become particularly important. Two tigers are not allowed in one mountain. In the competition, it is easy to form a powerful military and political group, and then form a powerful imperial power. China has long had a decentralized feudal natural economy. Farmers are always faced with natural disasters (drought and flood, locust plague) and man-made disasters (oppression by landlords and bureaucrats, etc.). Their production, life and even personal safety are very fragile. Once they lose their land, they may become refugees, rise up and threaten the feudal dynasty. Therefore, farmers need strong government protection, and the government must remain strong to safeguard national unity and social stability and ensure the production and reproduction of small-scale peasant economy; On the other hand, the feudal landlord class also needed strong political power to protect feudal land ownership and suppress farmers' resistance.