Vinetot, Sorio, Rome and the Empire.
Light load: 382 16 tons/1939,17,37738 tons/1940,38427 tons/1942.
Standard 4 1 167 tons 4 1377 tons 4 1650 tons
Normal 43624 tons 43835 tons 44050 tons
Fully loaded with 45752 tons, 45963 tons and 46203 tons.
Vinetot and Sorio, Rome and the Empire.
The total length is 237.76m, 240.1m.
The waterline is 234.46 meters long.
The vertical line is 224.05 meters long.
The maximum width is 32.95m and 32.95 m.
The width of waterline is 32.433m.
Light draft 8.98m-
Full draft10.44m10.44m.
The shape coefficient of "Vinetot" when it is completely drained is as follows:
Draft 10.44m, middle section depth 14.4m, square coefficient 0.565, longitudinal coefficient 0.765, middle section line coefficient 0.959, water surface line coefficient 0.679, and draft difference per cm of 52.6t/cm. During the tests of 1939, 10 and 17, the measured initial stable heights were 0.679 m (displacement of 382 16 tons) and 1.668 m (displacement of 45,752 tons) respectively.
Displacement distribution
Vinetot 1939 10 10/0/7 status.
The light load displacement is 382 16 tons.
Supplies and spare parts 1869 tons
The liquid load is 5049 tons.
The power/hull liquid load is 6 18 tons.
The full-load displacement is 45,752 tons.
Vinetot 1940 status "Li" 1940 status.
Hull structure 10569 tons /28.05438+0%
Armor13545t/35.89%13669t /36. 16%
Power system 2367 tons /6.37% 2267 tons /6.09%
6465 tons of weapons and equipment/1% 6462 tons/17.37%
The total light load displacement is 37738 tons/100% of the gun body, 37801ton/100%.
Vinetot's super-large and medium caliber guns were all designed by Ansaldo, and another Italian military enterprise, Otto (abbreviated as Odero-Terni-Orlando), also undertook some production tasks. "Vinetot" class installed three triple-mounted 38 1 mm caliber main guns, and the 406 mm caliber main gun scheme envisaged at the beginning of the plan had to be abandoned because of the difficulty in manufacturing. 1934, Ansaldo company was ordered to start designing 38 1mm artillery for Vinetot. Ansaldo produced most of its own artillery and turrets, and the two turrets on the "Rome" were produced by Otto Company.
The Ansaldo 1934 38 1 mm caliber main gun adopts a movable barrel structure, with an integral inner barrel from inside to outside, which is divided into two layers of local lining reinforcement, namely, two layers of local reinforcement covering the second half and directional part of the charging chamber and one layer of reinforcement covering the front of the inner barrel, and the outermost layer is a movable quilt covering about 72% of the total length of the barrel. The muzzle has a tight hoop structure with an outer diameter of 610 mm. The tail of the gun is mounted on the barrel with a connecting ring. The tail of the gun is threaded and has six airtight threads. The latch body is semi-automatically opened and closed by the hydraulic-pneumatic mechanism, and the action cycle is 3.5 seconds. Among them, the bolt on the left side of the turret is opened to the left, and the other two guns are switched in the opposite direction. Four cylindrical liquid-gas recoil mechanisms are evenly arranged around the gun tail, and the normal recoil distance is 1 m. Each turret has 222 rounds of ammunition, including 195 rounds of armor-piercing bullets and 57 grenades.
The weight of the 38 1 mm caliber main gun is 102.4 tons, the total length is19781mm/l 51.92, and the barrel length is 19050 mm /L50.0. There are armor-piercing bullets with caps and grenades. The armor-piercing projectile is 1.699 m long and weighs 885 kg. The bottom of the projectile is filled with 88 kg of TNT. Grenade is as long as armor-piercing projectile and weighs 774 kilograms. The propellant is packed in 6 packages, with a total weight of 27 1.7 kg. The gun normally uses a bore pressure of 320 MPa, and the initial velocity of the armor-piercing projectile is 850-870 m/s. From the perspective of muzzle penetration, the Italian 38 1 mm gun is very powerful. However, due to the serious erosion of gun barrel by propellant, the service life of its inner cavity is only 1 10- 130 rounds, and the maximum range is 42,800 meters.
turret
The total weight of the 38 1mm three-turret is 1595t, the diameter of the ring seat is 1 1.896m, the outer diameter of the base is 13. 19m ... The inside of the turret is separated. The front war room is divided into three independent parts by two shatterproof and fireproof armor partitions, and the command room in the rear cabin is separated from the war room by 1 partition, which improves the overall vitality of the turret. The artillery is driven by electric rack arc elevator, and each artillery can pitch independently, with the maximum pitch speed of 6°/s s. Ansaldo's operation manual indicates that the artillery's high and low shooting limit is-5.5 ~+36, and the normal shooting limit is-5 ~+35. The upper rotary part of the turret is installed on the ring seat through a group of horizontal tapered roller bearings. The lower roller ring is horizontal, and the upper roller ring is a conical umbrella surface, which is used to bear the weight of the rotating part on the turret and also bear part of the recoil. The lower part of the main bearing is 1 group of vertically installed tapered roller bearings, which mainly bear the recoil of the turret; Eight centering rollers are installed at the bottom of the rotating center of the turret. The turret's double brush rotary drive motor is powered by two Ward-Leonard motor-generator sets, and the rotating speed can be adjusted at 6 degrees per second or 2 degrees per second. If only 1 generator works, the turret speed will remain unchanged, but the starting and braking acceleration will be halved, which will reduce the fire maneuverability to some extent.
ammunition depot
Below the turret is an ammunition depot, and below the "Vinetot" class ammunition depot is an ammunition depot, and above it is a powder magazine (just the opposite of most other battleships). Each gun has a two-stage magazine lifting mechanism. The pellets are first lifted to the powder magazine platform by the vertical magazine elevator at the lower level, and then pushed into the magazine supply basket of the magazine elevator at the upper level together with the charge. The tilt angle of the loading elevator is 14 degrees, and the electric winch drives the upper and lower loading baskets to fill alternately. The opening between the operation drive mechanism and the ammunition depot is protected by fire partition and fire curtain. The gun is loaded at an elevation of+15 degrees, and the loading speed is 1.3 rounds per minute. It is equipped with electric shock-mechanical impact primer. Each turret is powered by 1 450 kW diesel generator set, but the electrical system of the turret is still integrated into the overall power grid of the whole ship, so that once the counterpart power supply generator fails, the normal operation of the turret can still be guaranteed.
Auxiliary gun
The "Vinetot" class auxiliary gun consists of four triple-mounted 152mm turrets, also produced by Ansaldo * * *(Otto * * *. Among them, "Lee Sorio" uses Ansaldo 1934, "Vinetot" and "Rome" are equipped with Otto 1936. Ansaldo gun has a total weight of 8.9 tons, a total length of 8,840 mm/L 58, a barrel length of 8,382 mm/L 55 and a line bore length of 7300.5mm/L 47.9. The length of the medicine chamber is 1005 mm, and the volume is 25. 19 liters. The gun body consists of an inner barrel, an equal-length reinforcing tube wrapped in the outer layer, a movable quilt and a wedge-shaped gun tail with a manual switch. Otto 1936 gun has a thick cone-shaped reinforcement layer, with brake bushing and reinforced front inclined shoulder. The total weight of the gun body is 12.7 tons. 40 equal right-handed rifling, and the winding distance is 30 times the diameter. The armor-piercing projectile weighs 50 kg, the initial velocity is 9 10 m/s, the Grenade is 44.4 kg, the initial velocity is 945 m/s, 16.35 kg of nitroglycerin-nitrocellulose propellant, the bore pressure is 327 MPa, and the maximum range of the gun is 25,740 m at an elevation angle of 45 degrees. The total weight of the triple turret 135.4 tons, the diameter of the turret ring seat is 6 meters, and the outer diameter of the base is 7 meters. The shooting range is -5-+45 degrees, and each gun has an independent electric loader with an elevation of 20 degrees.
High angle/antiaircraft gun
"Vinetot" class equipment 12 Ansaldo 1938 and Otto 1939 90mm single-barrel anti-aircraft guns. Ansaldo's original design sample gun barrel length was 48 times, and it was changed to 50 times when it was finalized. The gun is a single-meat, self-sealing tube, and the semi-automatic vertical wedge bolt is installed on the barrel with a threaded tail ring. The total weight of the gun body is 1.438+0 tons. Total weight 18kg, muzzle velocity 860m/s, maximum range 16000m, maximum firing height 10800m. The range of the gun is +75-3 degrees. Under normal circumstances, artillery can be fired from a distance by shooting command, or it can be operated manually. Ammunition is automatically supplied by a 2 HP electric loader under the turret, and the loading speed can be adjusted at 12, 16 or 30/ min. There are 90 rounds of spare ammunition on the stable ammunition tray.
The 90 mm caliber anti-aircraft gun is mounted on a stable gun frame. San Giorgio Company in Genoa designed and produced a set of stabilization systems. The stable reference frame * * * consists of 1 1 electric gyro. The main gyro of the system rotates vertically, powered by a special 60 V 120 Hz three-phase alternating current, and the rotation speed is 7200 rpm. Two smaller horizontal gyroscopes are rigidly mounted on the gimbals of the gyroscopes, and their power supply is supported by a special three-phase AC power supply of 90 volts and 250 hertz. The range of yaw and pitch difference of the stabilizer is+/-65438 04.5 degrees and +/-5 degrees respectively, and the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the relative motion of the gun body can be corrected at the same time. In this way, the warship can ensure the effective shooting of anti-aircraft guns even when it is rotating.
machine cannon
The "Vinetot" class close air defense firepower configuration system consists of 37mm cannon, 20mm cannon and 8mm anti-aircraft gun, all produced by Brayda Company, and the gun frame of 1935 cannon is stable. And Li Sorio are equipped with 8-door 1938 double guns and 4-door 1939 single-tube 37 guns (arranged on the bow deck), as well as 12 double guns 1935 20 mm cannon and 6 8 mm machine guns,1935. Compared with battleships of other countries, the number of anti-aircraft guns in Vinetot is obviously less. Moreover, the artillery of "Vinetot" has no director, and it can only be shot by the gunner manually and visually, so the damage probability to high-speed targets is very poor. fire equipment
The fire control devices of Italian warships are mostly produced by Galileo and San Qiao Erqiao, and "Vinetot" class is no exception. At the top of the front main mast of the "Vinetot" class is the main gun shooting command tower, followed by the main gun shooting command tower and the second standby shooting command tower, which are huge in appearance and each has 1 7.2m range finder. The electromechanical ballistic solver of the command system is arranged in an independent armored room. There are auxiliary gun shooting command towers on both sides of the chimney of the superstructure, and there are 1 5m rangefinders. The 90 mm anti-aircraft gun is launched from the 3 m distance measuring command tower arranged on both sides of the front of the bridge. The tail cabin of each main turret is equipped with 1 stereo rangefinder 12m, and the auxiliary turret is also equipped with 1 rangefinder 6.5m All rangefinders are equipped with stabilizers, which are allowed to be used normally when the hull swings. Different from other battleships, Vinetot's two main gun directors are arranged on the front superstructure, while other countries choose to arrange auxiliary directors separately on the rear superstructure. Vinetot's assistant director has a good vision, but the distance from the main director is too small, so the two directors may collapse at one blow, and the vitality of the system is poor.
Italy began to study radar on 1935, and it was not too late to start. In the following years, Professor Tiberio from the Institute of Radio and Communication took out several prototypes:1936-1938 2m wavelength, LFM radar, 1938+0939.
Among them, the test results of 70 cm prototype are the most exciting. It can find water targets at a distance of12000m and planes at a distance of 30000m. But somehow, after the radar was successfully developed, it failed to finalize the design and put into production. It was not until the night of March 28th 194 1 that the Italians paid a heavy price for their dullness (three heavy cruisers were sunk at close range by a British battleship equipped with radar) that they hurriedly put Tibet's radar on the torpedo boat Carini for actual combat test. Later, the radar obtained the official number of EC-3 (EC stands for Institute of Communication), nicknamed "Gufo", indicating that the Italian navy expected it to find cunning enemies at night. From September 1942 to October 10/kloc-0, "Li Sorio" became an 1 Italian warship equipped with "Owl" radar. Subsequently, EC-3 radars were also installed in Vinetot and Rome. Due to many technical defects, the Italian electronics industry failed to complete the scheduled 50 production tasks. Except for three super Italian ships in Vinetot, only nine other Italian ships are equipped with owl radar. In desperation, Italy had to import seven radars from Germany, most of which were FuMG24/40G. Its performance is much more stable than Owl, but it cannot be used for shooting command.
"Vinetot" class firepower system is very powerful, but due to the lack of radar, it does not have effective night combat capability. The performance of 90 mm antiaircraft gun is advanced, but due to technical defects, there is no radar command and it has not played its due role in the battle.
Electromechanical system
"Vinetot" class is the Italian capital ship, with a design speed of 3 1 knot. Because the Italian navy thinks that it is only active in the Mediterranean and has no high requirements for endurance, the designer has prepared a relatively powerful power plant for the "Vinetot" class without worrying about high fuel consumption.
"Vinetot" class adopts high-temperature and high-pressure steam turbines and eight Yaluo three-drum water tube oil-fired main boilers with superheaters, which are arranged side by side in four independent watertight compartments. However, there is no partition wall in the boiler compartment, which can reduce the heeling caused by water inflow in one compartment, but water inflow in one boiler compartment may cause both boilers to stop. The superheated steam produced by the boiler has a temperature of 325℃ and a pressure of 25 atmospheres, and its working parameters are equivalent to those of Daiwa, but lower than those of similar products in Germany, Britain, France and other European countries. Four Belluzzo gear reduction turbines, the engine room and boiler room are staggered, that is, two engine rooms are in front of the boiler room and two engine rooms are behind the boiler room. Staggered layout is very helpful to improve the vitality of power system, but the layout of various pipelines and control devices is more complicated. Each steam turbine includes 1 high pressure steam turbine, medium pressure steam turbine, low pressure steam turbine and high pressure cruise steam turbine, with high pressure and cruise units in the front and medium and low pressure units in the back. Each main engine drives a scalia three-blade propeller with a diameter of 4.8m.. The total power of the main engine130,000 horsepower and the short-time overload power140,000 horsepower fully meet the design requirements. The test results are as follows:
Vinetot and Lee Sorio.
The displacement is 42138th41122t.
Main engine power 1346 16 HP 13956 1 HP.
The speed is 34.428 knots 3 1.292 knots.
The propeller speed is 238 rpm and 239 rpm.
Strangely, the speed of "Li Thorio" is lower because it has smaller displacement and higher propulsion power. The possible reasons are bad sea conditions during the trial, poor smoothness of the underwater part of the hull, or slight bow of the warship.
During the war, the speed of "Vinetot" class once reached 29 knots, with a displacement of 46,000 tons. Several sister ships carry slightly different amounts of oil and water:
Vinetot, Sorio, Rome and the Empire.
Fuel oil (the same below) 4030 4228 4 1 13
Lubricating oil and grease131.07110/47.5
Gasoline 17.6
Boiler water 375 428.3 334.5
Unknown domestic water consumption 334.6 338.4
Compared with battleships from other countries, the endurance of Vinetot Super Class is obviously smaller, and the designed endurance at different speeds is 4580 nautical miles/16 knots, 3920 nautical miles /20 knots and 1770 nautical miles /30 knots respectively. The actual endurance of Vinetot is 4,700 knots/14 and 3,900 knots /20 knots, while that of Thorio is 4,870 knots/14 and 4,050 knots /20 knots.
"Vinetot" class auxiliary machines are eight 22-volt DC turbine generator sets, each with a power of 450kW/2020A. The first four generators are arranged above the front engine room, and the last four generators are in similar positions. The total power of the main generator set is 3600kW/ 16 160A. Four Fiat MS368220 DC emergency diesel generator sets are arranged outside the armored cabin, two in front and two in back, with a single power of 800 kW/2020 amp；; The total power of emergency diesel generator set is 3200kW/8080A. The AC power supply adopts three Ansaldo A625/4 oscillators, and the output power of each oscillator is 62.5kW, 164amp, 62.5v/50hz. In other countries, capital ships are always equipped with alternator sets, so the configuration of "Vinetot" class auxiliary machines is very distinctive.
There is a main rudder on the bow and stern line, and two auxiliary rudders on the stern side, both of which are semi-suspended and balanced. Because the distance between the main rudder and the auxiliary rudder is large, they will not interfere with each other. The actual combat proves that when the main rudder can't operate, the auxiliary rudder can still meet the requirements of ship operation. Moreover, because the auxiliary rudder is just in the discharge center of the side propeller, the rudder surface is fast and efficient, and the overall design of the rudder equipment is very successful. However, the gap between the main rudder engine room and the auxiliary rudder engine room is too large, which has caused some troubles in armor protection.
Vinetot Power System Cabin (excluding emergency generator) has a total internal space of 886 1 m3, total power 134900 HP and power density 15.22 HP/m3, which is at a high level among the new battleships in the world.
protection system
The design inclination angle of the main armor belt on the hull of "Vinetot Super Class" battleship is 10 degrees. The armor in the middle of the hull is 360mm, and the upper part of the hull is 70 mm The horizontal protection consists of three layers of horizontal armor, the upper part of the engine room is three layers of *** 169mm armor, and the upper part of the ammunition compartment is three layers of ***2 19mm armor. The front armor of the main gun is 340 mm, and the underwater armor adopts a new underwater side protection system (namely "Pugris system"), which has limited actual combat effect, and the actual combat proves that the defense force below the super waterline in Vinetot is insufficient.
The design idea of "Vinetot" class protection system was advanced at that time. Box armored cabin with extension structure and Pleszer torpedo protection system are adopted, and the armored defense and underwater defense system are completely independent. It is estimated that the defense standard is that the armored cabin can withstand the impact of its own 885 kg 38 1 mm armor-piercing projectile at a distance of16000m or more, and the torpedo protection system can resist the blasting power of 350 kg TNT underwater warhead.
The armored cabin is composed of side armor belts on both sides, transverse armor partition wall and horizontal armor at the bow of the ship, forming a closed protective structure. The side armor belt adopts complex interval shielding structure. The outermost layer is 70 mm+10 mm high-hardness composite armor plate, which is mainly used to tear off the cover of the incoming armor-piercing projectile. The middle main armor belt is 280 mm thick, and there is a gap 1 250 mm wide between it and the outer armor belt, and the inner side is a wooden buffer layer 1 50 mm thick. Due to the poor strength and stiffness of the wood structure, it is fixed on the main armor belt with 15 mm steel plate 1 layer; The tilt angle of the armor is 8 degrees. The structural surface area of each such armored unit is about 3 square meters, and it is installed on 60 mm heavy-duty strong ribs, which is convenient to replace. On the inner side of the main armor belt, there are two inclined fragment armor with thicknesses of 36 mm and 24 mm respectively.
The main armor belt extends forward from No.5 1 rib at the stern toNo. 176 rib (this length is generally the length of the armor compartment, and the front and rear ribs of the armor compartment are where the front and rear transverse armor partitions are located), including the turret ammunition depot and all compartments of the power system. In addition to the main armor belt, the side armor is also arranged. At the bow 176- 199, the intercostal armor thickness 130mm, and the intercostal1/mm thickness is 60mm+9mm. There is no side armor outside the stern armor cabin, but 1 armor plate is arranged inside.
The horizontal protection system of "Vinetot" consists of three layers: the open deck, the upper deck and the middle deck as an armored deck, which is enough to resist the attacks of general armor-piercing projectiles and large-angle armor-piercing projectiles. The thickness distribution is as follows:
Horizontal protection of power cabin and ammunition depot
On both sides of the center line, on both sides of the center line
Open deck 36+9mm
Upper deck12mm
Armored deck100+12mm 90+9mm150+12mm100+9mm.
Total169mm156mm219mm166mm.
The armored partition wall in front of the armored cabin is arranged on the rib 176, and the vertical thickness is different: the partition wall from the opening deck to the middle deck is only 70mm thick, the partition wall from the middle deck to the first platform deck is 200+ 10mm thick, and the front rib 199+1 lane 50+65438+. Armor protection at the stern is more complicated. The wall thickness of No.565438 +0 rib main armor is 280mm+ 10mm (on both sides of the center line), and the wall thickness of the side wall is reduced to 250+ 10mm. The heavy partition wall is only arranged between the middle deck and the first platform deck, and the thickness of partition walls between other decks is 70 mm. A 60+ 10 mm thick inclined partition wall extends from the bottom of the main armored partition wall at the bow to the bottom of the ship to resist some shock waves, shell fragments and underwater explosions. At the stern, from-1 (the rib behind the rear vertical line 1) to No.54 keel, a local armored cabin is arranged to protect the rudder engine room. The structure is quite complicated: the rib 1 is provided with a peripheral armored partition wall with the thickness of 100+8mm, and the keel 24 is provided with the/of the main and auxiliary rudder engine rooms. The middle deck at the top of the auxiliary rudder engine room is 36 mm thick, the first platform at the top of the main auxiliary rudder engine room is locally thickened to 100+8 mm, and the side armour of 60+ 10 mm is arranged at the periphery of the auxiliary rudder engine room. Because the distance between the rudder engine room and the auxiliary rudder engine room is relatively large, the armored cabin at the stern of Vinetot is much larger than that of ordinary battleships, and it has also paid a lot of weight.
The front bridge of "Vinetot" class adopts double-tube structure, which is located at the armored deck 13 floor, and is internally provided with connected traps. The six-story shell at the lower part of the bridge is 60 mm thick, and the connecting well between the third and seventh floors is protected by 200 mm heavy armor. There is a commander tower on the upper part of the bridge, which is very large. Armor distribution is: the ninth floor of the bridge, in front of the top 120+ 10 mm, in the rear10mm, in the front/225+25 mm, in the rear 175+25 mm, in front of the eighth and seventh floors.
The front armor of the main turret is 380mm, the front armor is 200mm, the rear armor is 130mm, and the top armor is 200mm. Interestingly, the rear armor of the three main turrets is different. The rear armor of the bow 1 turret is 380 mm, that of the No.2 turret is reduced to 2 10 mm, that of the No.3 turret is 300 mm, that of the ring base of the main turret above the open deck is 350 mm, and that of the base between the open deck and the armored deck is 280 mm. The trap under the armored deck plane is not protected by armor.
The protection level of the auxiliary gun is very strong. The front armor is 280 mm thick, the side armor and rear armor are 130 and 80 mm respectively, the turret front top armor is 150 mm thick, and the rear top armor is 105 mm thick. Thickness of foundation above outdoor deck 150 mm, and thickness of foundation below deck 100 mm. Like the base of the main gun, the trap below the armored deck plane of the auxiliary turret is also unarmed.
The armor thickness of 90 mm antiaircraft gun turret is 40- 12 mm, which can resist the enemy's strafe and bomb fragments. Guns of various organs do not have any armored protective plates.
Vinetot's entire defense system is solid and reliable, but there are serious defects in some places. The test shows that her side armor can basically resist the 38 1 mm armor-piercing projectile, the 70 mm outer plate can indeed tear off the detonator of the armor-piercing projectile, and the inner fragment armor also blocks the residual projectile. But in some special cases, the shell still completely penetrated the armor. Other tests show that 70 mm outer armor can also defend against 203 mm Grenade attacks. The main armor belt of "Vinetot" class is limited in width, and no heavy armor is laid underwater. The experience of World War II shows that the threat of large-caliber underwater hit bombs exists. Once the underwater part of the "Vinetot" class is hit by a large-caliber shell, it will have very serious consequences. Moreover, actual combat also proves that the thick anti-torpedo longitudinal partition wall set in the hull is very effective in controlling the shock wave and fragments of torpedo blasting. However, because the "Vinetot" Presay system is set up independently, it is impossible to install the arc armored torpedo-proof mediastinum wall side by side with the main armor belt. Vinetot's auxiliary machines and emergency generators are powerful, which is of great help to effectively destroy pipelines in battle.
There is a 1 catapult at the stern of Vinetot Super Class, which can carry up to 3 seaplanes, but there is no hangar facility. This is unfavorable to the storage and maintenance of the aircraft, and the muzzle flame of the tail main gun is also easy to destroy the delicate aircraft.