First, Confucianism:
Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi.
Confucianism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it took Confucius as the teacher, took the six arts as the law, advocated "propriety and benevolence", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and impartial "golden mean", advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation.
Confucianism emphasizes the role of education and thinks that attaching importance to education while ignoring punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. It advocates "education without class", and both the ruler and the ruled should be educated to make the whole country a virtuous person.
Politically, he also advocated ruling the country by courtesy and taking morality for the people, and called for the restoration of the "Zhou Li", which he thought was an ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.
Mencius' thought is "the people should be wise to the monarch" and advocates that the rulers should practice "benevolent government" On the discussion of human nature, he thinks that human nature is good and puts forward the theory of "good nature", which is completely different from Xunzi's theory of "evil nature" The reason why Xunzi put forward that human nature is evil is also a more acute manifestation of social contradictions during the Warring States period.
Second, Taoism:
Representative figures: Laozi, Zhuangzi and Liezi. Works: Tao Te Ching, Zhuangzi and Liezi.
Taoism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period, also known as "Taoists". This school is based on Laozi's "Tao" theory and uses "Tao" to explain the essence, origin, composition and change of everything in the universe. It believes that heaven does nothing, and all things naturally turn into life, denies that ghosts and gods dominate all things, and advocates that Taoism is natural and natural, advocates quietism, keeps women soft, and combines rigidity and softness. Political ideal.
Third, Mohism:
Representative: Mozi. Works: Mozi
Mohism was an important school in the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai.
The theoretical basis of this school is "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Universal love means loving yourself. "Love the whole world at the same time" can achieve the purpose of "mutual benefit". Politically, it advocates respecting sages, Shang Tong and not attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Ideologically, it puts forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts and gods, and at the same time puts forward the idea of "no life", emphasizing self-reliance
Mohism has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can go to the fire and dance with knives and axes to motivate themselves. Their disciples are engaged in debates, which are called "Mohist debates"; Those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; Leaders are called "giants". His discipline is very strict. Legend has it that "the murderer dies and the injured person is punished" (Lv Chunqiu, smuggling).
After Mo Zhai's death, it was divided into three schools. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two schools: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, and was called "post-Mohist" (also known as "post-Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Fourth, legalists:
Representative figures: Han Fei, Li Si, Shang Yang. Works: Han Feizi.
Legalism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is called a legalist because it advocates the rule of law, "not being close to others, not treating Han Feizi with dignity and being divorced from the law". In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa" with "Fa".
Economically, this school advocates abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In the aspect of ideological education, banning a hundred schools of thought and taking officials as teachers provide a theoretical basis and action plan for establishing a unified monarchy.
There are 2 17 legalists' works recorded in Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi, of which nearly half have been preserved so far, the most important ones are Shang Jun Shu and Han Feizi.
Five, the famous:
Representative figures: Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong, Huan Tuan. Works: Gongsun Longzi.
Celebrities are one of the important schools of thought in the Warring States period. They are called famous scholars by later generations because they are engaged in the debate between name (name, concept) and fact (fact). At that time, they were called "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals". The representatives are Hui Shi and GongSunLong.
Six, Yin and Yang home:
Representative: Zou Yan
Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, and it was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements to explain social personnel. This school originated from the ancient ruling class, and its representative was Zou Yan, a Qi native in the Warring States Period.
According to the theory of Yin and Yang, Yin and Yang are the opposites and transformation forces of things themselves, which can be used to explain the laws of development and change of things. The five elements theory holds that everything is composed of five elements: wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and there are two laws that can be used to explain the origin and change of everything in the universe. Zou Yan integrated them and interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five" according to the theory that the five elements are mutually beneficial.
The Records of Han Shu Literature and Art contains 21 works of this school, all of which have been lost. Written in the Book of Rites and the Moon Order at the end of the Warring States Period, some people say it is a work of Yin and Yang. Some articles in Guanzi also belong to Yin and Yang works, such as Lu's Spring and Autumn and Yingtong, Huainan Ziqi Custom Training and Historical Records of Qin Shihuang.
Seven, strategist:
Representative figures: Su Qin and Zhang Yi. Founder: Guiguzi. The main remarks were circulated in the Warring States Policy.
China was a strategist who lobbied governors and engaged in political and diplomatic activities during the Warring States Period. He is listed as one of the hundred schools of thought, with Su Qin and Zhang Yi as the main representatives.
During the Warring States period, the north and south were vertical and the east and west were horizontal. Su Qinli urged Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu to jointly repel Qin vertically, while Zhang Yi tried to break the vertical. The six countries of Lian Heng dealt with the State of Qin separately, so they were named as military strategists. Their activities had an important influence on the changes of political and military structure during the Warring States period.
There are many records about his activities in the Warring States Policy. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, strategists have written 16 books and 17 articles.
Eight, saints:
Representative: Lv Buwei.
The miscellaneous school is a comprehensive school at the end of the Warring States period. Named after "Confucianism, Mohism, and the method of combining names" and "Without Lv Buwei's incomplete synthesis, there would be no way for a hundred schools of thought" (Notes on Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi Yan Shigu). Lu Chunqiu, compiled by scholars in Qin Dynasty, is a typical miscellaneous book.
Nine, farmers:
Nongjiale is one of the important schools of thought in the Warring States Period. It is named after attaching importance to agricultural production. It was sent by an official in charge of agricultural production in ancient times. They believe that agriculture is the basis of food and clothing, and should be put in the first place in all work. Mencius Teng Wengong records that a saint should "plow with the people, eat with the people, and eat for the sky", which shows the social politics of the farmer.
Ten, novelist:
One of the top ten novelists in pre-Qin Dynasty examines people's feelings and customs by collecting folk stories. "History of Literature and Art" says, "Novelists flow because of officials. They talk about gossip in the street, which is all hearsay. "
XI。 Military strategist
Military strategists focus on directing wars and how to use force when it is necessary to achieve their goals. The founder is Sun Wu, and the military strategists are divided into four categories: military tacticians, military strategists, military yin and yang strategists and military technologists.
The main representatives of military strategists are Sun Wu and Sima Yi at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Warring States Period, there were Sun Bin, Wuqi, Liao Wei, Wei Wuji and Bai Qi. There are works by military strategists today, including Yin Fujing of Huangdi, Tamia Liu, Sanlve, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sima Fa, Sun Bin's Art of War, Woods and Wei Liaozi. Although there are similarities and differences among various theories, they contain rich contents.
Twelve, doctors:
Representative: Bian Que.
The formation of China's medical theory lasted more than 700 years in Bian Que from the second half of 5th century BC to the middle of 2nd century AD. In the second half of the 5th century BC, China began to enter the feudal society. The transition from slave society to feudal society and the establishment of feudal system was a turbulent period in the history of China. The change of social system has promoted economic development, and new situations have appeared in the fields of thought, science and culture, including.