Fables was the first scientist to study insects in the natural environment. He devoted his whole life to the insect world, observed and experimented with insects in the natural environment, and truly recorded the instinct and habits of insects, thus writing the great work of entomology, Insect Tale. Fabres's heart is full of love for life and praise for all things in nature. He observed the nature of insects with human nature, and the instinct, habit, labor, marriage, reproduction and death of insects were all permeated with humanistic care. Looking back at social life with the nature of insects, wise philosophical thinking comes to the fore. In his simple pen, a serious academic work, such as beautiful prose, can not only make people gain knowledge and ideas from it, but reading itself is a unique aesthetic process.
Entomology is not only immersed in awe of life, but also contains some spirit. That spirit is seeking truth, that is, pursuing truth and exploring truth. This is Faber's spirit. Without this spirit, there would be no entomology, and the tree of human spirit would lack a fruit of wisdom.
The Insect Story written by Fabres is famous all over the world. This masterpiece occupies a place in the history of French natural science and literature. This masterpiece expresses the wonderful and amazing spirituality of insects in struggle for existence. Fabres recorded his achievements and experiences in insect research all his life in the form of most essays, carefully observed the life of insects and the struggle of races for survival and reproduction, and guided the vast amount of evidence of natural science with humanistic spirit, making the insect world a literary form for human beings to acquire knowledge, interest, beauty and thoughts, and writing the topic of small insects into a masterpiece with multi-level significance and all-round value. Such a work is really unprecedented in the world. No entomologist has such brilliant literary expression ability, and no writer has such profound entomological attainments. The author of Entomology was praised as "the founder of animal psychology" by French and international academic circles at that time. In his later years, Fabres published the last volumes of Insect Tales, which won him many readers not only in France, but also in European countries and all over the world. Literature respectfully called him "Virgil of the insect world", and French academic and literary circles recommended Fabres as a candidate for Nobel Prize in Literature. Unfortunately, before the Nobel Committee made up its mind to award him this grand prize, the great poet who praised insects had died in his eyes.
Entomology has been translated into many languages and published. He is known as the "Insect Poet", and a large number of his works have been translated and published in China.
The Tale of Insects is a book written by Fabres. He spent his whole life observing the life of insects and their struggle for survival and reproduction, and then recorded his observations in detail and accurately. Insects has ten volumes, each volume contains several chapters, and each chapter describes the life of one or more insects in detail and profoundly: spiders, bees, mantis, scorpions, cicadas, beetles, crickets and so on.
Darwin (1809- 1882)
Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England on February 1909. Grandpa and his father are both local famous doctors, and the family hopes that he will inherit his ancestral business in the future. /kloc-When he was 0/6 years old, his father sent him to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine.
But Darwin loved nature since he was a child, especially hunting and collecting minerals and animal and plant specimens. After entering medical school, he still often goes to the wild to collect animal and plant specimens. His father thinks he is "idle" and "idle". In a rage, 1828 sent him to Cambridge University to study theology, hoping that he would become an "outstanding priest" in the future. Darwin was very tired of the fallacy of creationism in seminaries. He still spends most of his time listening to natural science lectures and teaching himself a lot of natural science books. Enthusiastic about collecting beetles and other animal and plant specimens, full of keen interest in mysterious nature.
1828 One day, in a forest outside London, a college student wandered around an old tree. Suddenly, he found insects crawling under the bark that was about to fall off, so he quickly peeled off the bark and found two strange beetles crawling forward quickly. The college students immediately drew their bows from left to right, grasped them in their hands and looked at them excitedly. Just then, another beetle jumped out of the bark, and the college students were caught off guard. He quickly hid the beetle in his mouth and reached out to catch the third beetle. Looking at these strange beetles, college students really can't put it down, just admiring the beetles in their hands and forgetting which one is in their mouths. The beetle in his mouth couldn't stand it any longer, so he released a spicy poison that stung the tongue of college students. He remembered the beetle in his mouth and spat it into his hand. Then, regardless of the pain in his mouth, he proudly walked to Cambridge University in the city. This college student is Charlie Darwin. Later, people named it "Darwin" to commemorate the beetle he first discovered.
183 1 year, Darwin graduated from Cambridge University. He gave up his high-paying career as a priest and remained keen on natural science research. In February 65438+, the British government organized the warship "Beagle" to explore the world. Darwin was recommended by others as a "naturalist" to take a boat at his own expense and began a long and arduous expedition around the world.
Wherever Darwin went, he always conducted serious investigations and studies, interviewed local residents, and sometimes asked them to be guides, climbed mountains and waded, collected mineral and animal and plant specimens, excavated biological fossils, and found many new species that were not recorded. He collects cereal rock specimens and animal fossils during the day and is busy recording the collection process at night. 1832 65438+ 10, the Beagle docked at Santiago Island in the Cape Verde Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The sailors all went to investigate the direction of the sea. Darwin and his assistant climbed the mountain with backpacks and geological hammers to collect rock samples.
In the process of investigation, Darwin thought about a question all day long according to the change of species: how did the exotic flowers and trees in nature and the significance of human beings come into being? Why are they always changing? What is the connection between them? These questions became more and more profound in his mind, which gradually made him doubt creationism and species invariance.
At the end of February, 1832, Beagle arrived in Brazil. Darwin went ashore to investigate and proposed to the captain to climb the Andes in South America. When they climbed a mountain at an altitude of more than 4000 meters, Darwin accidentally found shell fossils on the top of the mountain. Darwin was very surprised. He thought to himself, "How did the shells at the bottom of the sea get into the mountains?" After repeated thinking, he finally understood the truth of crustal rise and fall. Darwin's mind churned and he got a better understanding of his conjecture: "Species are not static, but change with different objective conditions!" "
Later, Darwin crossed the Pacific Ocean, passed through Australia, crossed the Indian Ocean and bypassed the Cape of Good Hope, and returned to England in June 1836+00. Darwin accumulated a lot of information during his five-year exploration around the world. After returning home, he sorted out these materials, practiced deeply and consulted a large number of books to find a basis for his own biological evolution theory. 1842, he wrote the outline of the Origin of Species for the first time. 1859165438+10 In October, Darwin's scientific masterpiece The Origin of Species, written after more than 20 years of research, was finally published. In this book, Darwin clearly put forward the viewpoint of "evolution", indicating that species are constantly changing, from low to high, from simple to complex.
The publication of this book, for the first time, established biology on a complete scientific basis, and overturned the "creationism" and the theory of species invariance with a brand-new idea of biological evolution. The Origin of Species is a masterpiece of Darwin's theory of evolution, which marks the formal establishment of the theory of evolution.
The publication of the Origin of Species caused a sensation in Europe and even the whole world. It dealt a heavy blow to the foundation of theocracy, and people from reactionary churches to feudal literati were furious. They ganged up and slandered Darwin's theory as "blasphemy against the Holy Spirit", which violated the "divine right of monarchy" and lost human dignity.
On the contrary, progressive scholars represented by Huxley actively promoted and defended Darwinism. It is pointed out that evolution has opened people's ideological imprisonment, inspired and educated people to be liberated from the shackles of religious superstition.
Then, Darwin began to write his second masterpiece, Variation of Animals and Plants at Home. With indisputable facts and rigorous scientific judgment, he further expounded his views on evolution, put forward important points of species variation and inheritance, biological struggle for existence and natural selection, and soon published this masterpiece. In his later years, although he was weak, Darwin stubbornly persisted in scientific research and writing with amazing perseverance, and published many works such as The Origin of Man. Darwin himself thought that "the main pleasure and the only career in his life" was his scientific works. There are also some most important scientific achievements obtained by direct investigation during the trip, such as Darwin's famous diary of investigation, beagle geology, beagle zoology and so on. In his works, The Origin of Species is of great historical significance, which shows the gradual development of Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection. The publication of the Origin of Species is a great event of world significance, because it marks the profound changes in the views of most learned people on the biological world and the status of human beings in the biological world in the19th century. The publication of On the Origin of Species caused the creationists and teleological scientists (but most of them) to attack Darwinism fiercely, and also caused the corresponding struggle to maintain Darwinism. In addition to Darwin himself, progressive naturalists actively participated in this struggle. They became enthusiastic supporters of Darwin's theory everywhere.
1April 882 19, the great scientist died of illness, and people buried his body next to Newton's grave to show their respect for the scientist.