The proposal on the Ninth Five-Year Plan adopted by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee regards the change of economic growth mode from extensive to intensive as one of the two fundamental changes with overall significance, and emphasizes that improving economic efficiency is the center of economic work, and benefits should be paid to structural optimization, scale benefit, scientific and technological progress and scientific management. After years of hard work, China's economic growth mode has made remarkable progress and its economic benefits have been continuously improved. However, due to China's large population, weak foundation, large regional development gap and the constraints of economic development stage, the transformation of China's economic growth mode has not yet made a fundamental breakthrough. Guided by Scientific Outlook on Development, the report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China scientifically analyzed the contradictions and problems in the current economic operation and put forward the task of transforming the mode of economic development. From changing the mode of economic growth to changing the mode of economic development, it covers all the contents of changing the mode of economic growth. At the same time, it puts forward new and higher requirements for the concept, purpose, strategy and approach of economic development, which embodies the new changes in the concept of economic development of our party and country, the new expansion of the road of economic development and the new promotion of our understanding of the international environment.
Accelerating the transformation of economic development mode is an inevitable requirement for adhering to sound and rapid development. The measure of economic development depends on whether there is high quality and good efficiency. First, does economic growth mainly depend on increasing the consumption of material resources or on scientific and technological progress, improving the quality of workers and management innovation. If we mainly rely on increasing the consumption of material resources to achieve economic growth, it is extensive growth and low-quality growth, not good economic development. The second is to see whether economic growth is based on the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. If the industrial structure cannot be optimized and upgraded simultaneously with economic growth, economic growth can only be repeated at a low level, and it is difficult to greatly improve economic benefits. Such economic development is not a good development. The third is to see whether economic growth is mainly driven by investment and exports, or by the coordination of consumption, investment and exports. Economic growth driven mainly by investment and export is difficult to expand people's consumption demand and improve people's living standards, which is not conducive to improving people's livelihood. Such economic development is not a good development either.
Achieving sound and rapid economic development is intrinsically related to changing the mode of economic development. The former is the purpose of the latter and the latter is the foundation of the former. Sound and rapid economic development is a development that conforms to objective economic laws, which contains the law that must conform to the transformation of economic development mode. The law of the transformation of economic development mode is that the total social demand structure, industrial structure and factor structure are constantly optimized and upgraded with economic growth, and the process of optimizing and upgrading these structures is also a process of constantly promoting sound and rapid economic development. Without the transformation of economic development mode and the optimization and upgrading of demand structure, industrial structure and factor structure, economic development can neither be good nor fast. Therefore, we should strive to adapt to the new changes in the international environment and the new requirements of China's development, make a major breakthrough in transforming the mode of economic development, firmly grasp the initiative in development, and continue to maintain stable and rapid economic development for a long period of time.
1. In the report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Comrade Hu Jintao put forward more explicit requirements for promoting the sound and rapid development of the national economy, and pointed out the direction for promoting China's economic development on the track of scientific development. To promote the sound and rapid development of the national economy, one of the important aspects is to intensify the adjustment of economic structure, accelerate the transformation of economic development mode and promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. Changing the mode of economic development is an important policy put forward on the basis of exploring and grasping the law of economic development in China, and also an important strategy put forward from the reality of current economic development in China.
With "changing the mode of economic development" instead of "changing the mode of economic growth", although only one word has been changed in the report of the 17th National Congress, its connotation has changed greatly. Economic development is not equal to economic growth. Economic growth generally talks about the total amount, emphasizing the increase of quantity; Economic development refers not only to the increase of quantity, but also to the improvement of structure and quality, which is the unity of quality and quantity. Economic development includes economic growth, but economic growth does not necessarily include economic development. China has made great efforts to change the mode of economic growth and achieved remarkable results, but the resource and environmental costs of economic growth over the years are too high. Practice shows that simply changing the mode of economic growth cannot guarantee the realization of scientific development, and it is necessary to change the mode of economic development and change extensive economic's growth into intensive economic growth; Change the blind pursuit of GDP expansion to pay more attention to optimizing economic structure, improving economic efficiency and quality of economic growth; Only by changing development from "materialization" to "humanism" and paying more attention to continuously improving people's material and cultural living standards can the broad masses of the people enjoy the fruits of reform and development.
The key to realize the transformation of economic development mode is to improve the ability of independent innovation. The ability of independent innovation is the central link in transforming the mode of economic development, "the core of national development strategy and the key to improving comprehensive national strength." In accordance with the requirements of building an innovative country, we will conscientiously implement the Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development Plan, increase investment in independent innovation, and strive to break through key technologies that restrict economic and social development. Widely apply high-tech and advanced applicable technologies to transform traditional industries, strive to build advantageous industries with independent intellectual property rights, and comprehensively improve the level of industrial technology.
Energy conservation and emission reduction should be regarded as an important starting point and breakthrough point for economic restructuring and development mode transformation. Resolutely curb the growth of industries with high energy consumption and high emissions and accelerate the elimination of backward production capacity; Vigorously develop circular economy, correctly handle the relationship between economic growth rate and energy saving and emission reduction, and make economic development based on saving energy resources and protecting the environment.
China's economy has developed rapidly, and great achievements have been made in various constructions, but at the expense of resources and environment. This situation is directly related to the unreasonable economic structure and extensive growth mode. Only by speeding up the adjustment of economic structure and changing the mode of economic development can we achieve sound and rapid economic development. Adhere to saving energy resources and protecting the ecological environment as a breakthrough, actively promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, promote development by optimizing industrial structure, and take the adjustment of economic structure as the main line to promote the transformation of economic development from relying mainly on industrial and quantitative expansion to three industrial synergies and structural optimization and upgrading.
The problems of high input, high consumption, high pollution, low level and low efficiency in the economic growth of our region are more prominent, and the energy consumption per unit GDP ranked first in the country in 2005. Therefore, in the process of implementing the spirit of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, our region should accelerate the transformation of economic development mode, promote new industrialization, and focus on handling the relationship between industrial transformation and accelerated development, between accelerated economic growth and improvement of development quality, and between pursuing current interests and planning long-term development. We must never take the old road of wasting resources, polluting the environment, polluting first and then treating. Strive to realize the transformation from simply pursuing economic growth to scientific development; Change from extensive growth mode to intensive growth mode; Change from resource advantage to economic advantage; From focusing on industry to jumping out of industry and then developing industry. Take industrialization as a social system project from a broader perspective, a wider field and a higher level, accurately grasp the relationship between industry, service industry and agriculture, and the interdependence between industrialization and urbanization and agricultural industrialization, and strive to achieve the coordinated development of the three industries and the benign interaction of the "three modernizations." In the process of promoting the leap-forward development of Ningxia, we should pay attention to the unity of speed and quality, structure and benefit, coordinate the development of economy, population, resources and environment, build an ecological civilization, and basically form an industrial structure, growth mode and consumption mode that saves energy resources and protects the ecological environment. Strengthen development coordination and strive to achieve sound and rapid economic development.
2. It is recognized that accelerating the transformation of economic development mode is an important policy and strategy for China's economic development.
1. Changing the mode of economic development is a scientific reflection of the law of economic development and a profound grasp of the historical inevitability of sound and rapid economic development in China.
As far as world history is concerned, in the process of industrialization in various countries, the technical level is low in the early stage of development, and the output is mainly increased by resource input. When industrialization enters a certain stage, the total economic output reaches a certain scale and is obviously constrained by the supply of resources, it is inevitable to change the mode of economic growth. This is an objective law. Therefore, in the traditional sense, the mode of economic growth essentially contains the idea of the opposition between man and nature. In modern Europe, with the development of science and technology, the advancement of industrial revolution and the transformation of money into capital, the concept of pursuing economic growth has become increasingly prominent. During this period, a basic view recognized by western academic circles and the public is that social development cannot be separated from man's rule and slavery of nature. Saint-Simon, known as the father of the spirit of industrialism, has clearly pointed out that the essence of the industrial revolution lies in "putting manpower on things". Therefore, in the traditional economic growth model, judging social progress is mainly based on the measurement of economic indicators, that is, how much is taken from nature, how many times the machine turns, how long the chimney smokes, and how high the profit of the product is. This single and one-sided growth mode directly leads to large-scale investment, large-scale production and large-scale development and utilization of non-renewable resources. With the passage of time, serious consequences such as the disparity between the rich and the poor, social instability, resource shortage, environmental pollution and ecological imbalance began to appear gradually. However, such progressive factors as civilian education, social welfare, medical care, environmental improvement and social equity have been sacrificed as the price of economic growth. Obviously, this economic growth model is not conducive to the progress of human civilization and the improvement of living conditions in the long run, which needs to be reviewed and reflected.
China's economic development, like the industrialized countries in the world, has experienced a long-term process from nature to consciously following the law of economic development. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, under the guidance of emancipating the mind, opening up the ideological line, ethnic policies and policies, the great productivity contained in the people and industrial structure has been greatly liberated. On the basis that everything is in ruins, almost on the verge of collapse, and there is a huge gap with developed countries, China's newly recovered economy will inevitably emphasize rapid development and gross national product. It is precisely because of the strategic transformation centered on economic construction and the corresponding economic system reform that China's economic development has advanced by leaps and bounds. Since the reform and opening up, China's economic construction has made great achievements and social development has also been greatly improved. The poverty-stricken population has been greatly reduced, the living standards of urban and rural residents have been effectively improved, and social equity has been effectively guaranteed and reflected. This is something we are proud of. However, at the same time, there is another problem: China's natural conditions and geographical features are obviously inherently fragile; Great population pressure, frequent activities and huge scale; Resources and living space are relatively tight; The per capita fresh water, cultivated land, forests, grassland resources and important mineral resources are less than half of the world average. In addition, the discharge of major industrial pollutants such as waste water, waste gas and solid waste continues to increase, and environmental pollution centered on cities continues to spread to rural areas gradually. Especially in the past few decades, some enterprises or units have unilaterally pursued GDP growth, only paid attention to economic benefits, and vigorously promoted the economic growth mode of predatory consumption of natural resources, which led to a series of problems in economic and social development. Generally speaking, China's economic growth in the past mainly depended on increasing material capital and labor input, accounting for about 70% of GDP. In addition, China's production technology and management level, industrial structure level are relatively low, and the economic system is unreasonable, resulting in low-level repeated construction between regions, resulting in large investment, high consumption, poor efficiency and increased environmental pollution. According to statistics, China's comprehensive energy consumption per unit of GDP is equivalent to 3 or 8 times the world average, 4.3 times that of the United States and 1 1.3 times that of Japan, and the industrial labor productivity is only 5% of that of the United States. Therefore, the longer this rapid growth lasts, the greater the pressure on resources and environment, and the development mode must be changed.
These situations show that the traditional economic growth mode at the expense of energy consumption and pollution must be changed. China's economic and social development strategy can no longer rely solely on GDP growth, but should be integrated into the big system of society. With more comprehensive and dialectical requirements, we should grasp the law of economic development more deeply and consciously, improve the quality and efficiency of economic development with greater determination and more effective measures, and promote sound and rapid economic and social development. In this sense, the proposal of "changing the mode of economic development" reflects the great attention of the CPC Central Committee to this issue, and marks that our party's understanding of the law of world economic development and China's economic development is further deepened, rational and sober.
2. Changing the mode of economic development is a new development and leap for the guiding ideology of economic development.
In the new historical period, our party and country have recognized the important role of the mode of economic development, especially emphasized the transformation from extensive economic to intensive economy, and therefore put forward the basic requirements for changing the mode of economic growth. However, with the development of economy and society, especially the deepening understanding of the characteristics of economic operation in the new century, the 17th National Congress put forward the concept of economic development mode. This is a new development and a new leap in transforming the mode of economic growth. According to the viewpoint of modern development economics, economic growth and economic development are both related and different. Economic growth refers to the increase of GDP or per capita GDP, emphasizing more output and increasing quantity. Economic development not only includes more output and quantity increase, but also pays more attention to quality improvement, which is the unity of quality and quantity, including economic growth, structural improvement, continuous improvement of people's material and cultural living standards, environmental improvement and so on. The mode of economic development refers to the methods and paths of economic development. Changing the mode of economic development means changing extensive economic's growth into intensive economic growth; Change the blind pursuit of GDP expansion to pay more attention to optimizing economic structure and improving economic efficiency and quality of economic growth; It is necessary to change the old concept of seeing only things but not people into a new development concept based on people, pay more attention to continuously improving people's material and cultural living standards, let the broad masses of people share the fruits of reform and development, and earnestly safeguard and realize the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people.
The relationship between economic growth and economic development is dialectical. Economic growth is the foundation of economic development, without which there will be no economic development; Economic development is the goal of economic growth, and economic growth does not necessarily bring economic development. For our country, on the one hand, as a developing country with a large population, we should actively expand the total economic output and maintain the rapid growth of the national economy. Without a certain growth rate, it is difficult to solve the problems of employment, poverty, urban-rural imbalance and regional economic development in economic development; Without a certain growth rate, the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way will fail; Without a certain growth rate, it is difficult to fully reflect the superiority of socialism. But at the same time, on the other hand, the growth rate we want to achieve is the growth rate under the premise of significantly improving the quality of economic growth and stressing efficiency, the solid speed without moisture and the speed with excellent development potential. In other words, what we want to achieve is the unity of speed and efficiency, and we must take a road of national economic development with high development speed and good efficiency.
In the sense of changing the mode of development, the basic spirit of "changing the mode of economic development" and "changing the mode of economic growth" are basically the same, and both require a change from extensive economic's development to intensive economic development. However, specifically speaking, there are still differences between the two. First of all, the mode of economic development includes the content of economic growth, but it is not simply equivalent to the concept of economic growth. Development is a positive driving force, emphasizing the positive role and influence of economic development on society, while the economic growth mode emphasizes the measurement of numbers, which can have both positive and negative effects on society. Therefore, the expression of economic development mode is clearer and more accurate than that of economic growth mode. Secondly, changing the mode of economic development has a higher angle and wider scope than changing the mode of economic growth, paying more attention to the awareness of economic quality and paying more attention to the safety and harmony of economic development. Finally, the requirement of changing the mode of economic development pays attention to the connotation of comprehensive and coordinated economic and social development, which embodies Scientific Outlook on Development's idea more comprehensively and directly, and embodies the unity of coupling, relevance, value and humanity of development. To this end, we say that the transformation of economic development mode is essentially to take the road of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, accelerate the strategic adjustment of economic structure, actively build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, and promote economic development on the basis of rational and full utilization of natural resources and protection of ecological environment. Is to maintain a reasonable and moderate population growth; Maintain social order and provide people with a safe and fair social environment and good material and cultural living conditions; Strive to improve people's physical quality and cultural quality; Gradually improve people's living standards, so that the fruits of economic development are more reflected in improving people's livelihood. This kind of development is actually the concrete content of realizing sound and rapid economic and social development. This change in the mode of economic development is a new development and leap in the mode of economic growth.
3. The requirement of changing the mode of economic development is a panoramic summary of economic development in the new period.
China's economic development also has many policies and strategies. For example, the main factors that play a guiding role in the economic development of China are; New industrialization road, urbanization road with China characteristics, coordinated development of regional economy, expansion of domestic demand, environmental protection, farmland protection, introduction and going out, etc. They all regard the transformation of economic development mode as an important policy and strategy for China's economy and economic development. Because the transformation of economic development mode is relative to the overall economic situation, it is related to the overall economic development and plays a guiding role in various specific work policies, so it is an important policy. It is a general strategy that affects the direction of economic development, relates to the long-term and future trend of China's overall economic situation, and plays a leading role in various economic principles and policies, so it is called an important strategy. At the same time, the task of changing the mode of economic development is embodied in various specific economic development tasks.
First, to change the mode of economic development, we must adhere to the road of new industrialization. The new road to industrialization is a road to promote industrialization by informationization, and to promote informationization by industrialization, and industrialization and informationization develop simultaneously. The road of new industrialization is a road with high technology content, good economic benefits, low resource consumption and less environmental pollution, and giving full play to the advantages of human resources. The new road to industrialization is the way to give full play to and make full use of the advantages of human resources. The new industrialization road is a road to realize efficient and rational allocation of resources through market mechanism under the condition of market economy. To realize the transformation of economic development mode, we should pay more attention to the strategic adjustment of economic structure, enhance the ability of independent innovation, improve the quality and efficiency of economic development, and build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society through energy conservation and emission reduction.
Second, to change the mode of economic development, we must adhere to the strategy of coordinated development of urban and rural areas and regional economies. Since the reform and opening up, both urban and rural areas, the eastern, central and western regions have developed to varying degrees. However, compared with cities, rural development is relatively backward; Compared with the eastern region, the development of the central and western regions is relatively backward. The development gap between urban and rural areas and between regions is still very large. Therefore, in order to change the mode of economic development and improve the quality of economic development, we need to adhere to the strategy of coordinated development between urban and rural areas and regions, adhere to the principles and policies of coordinating urban and rural and regional development, and build a new socialist countryside in a down-to-earth manner while continuing to promote urbanization; While encouraging the eastern region to take the lead in realizing modernization, it will promote the rise of the central region, the development of the western region and the revitalization of the old industrial bases in Northeast China.
Third, change the mode of economic development and further expand domestic demand. Expanding domestic demand is the long-term strategic policy and basic foothold of China's economic development, and increasing investment in rural infrastructure and public facilities such as water, electricity and gas. From the aspects of increasing residents' income, improving social security, accelerating the pace of urbanization and adjusting industrial structure, we will increase consumption rate and expand consumer demand. Efforts should be made to adjust the relationship between investment and consumption, take increasing residents' consumption, especially farmers' consumption, as the focus of expanding consumer demand, continuously expand consumption fields and improve consumption environment.
Fourth, to change the mode of economic development, we must promote the upgrading of industrial structure. Structural adjustment has always been a major strategy for China's economic development. In the transition stage to the middle and late stage of industrialization, scientific development needs the coordinated development of various departments and industries, resulting in overall benefits. The transformation of economic growth mode needs to adjust the investment ratio of growth factors, reduce the investment of general funds, resources and manpower, and rely more on the elements of scientific and technological progress to achieve growth. On the whole, economic development not only needs to adjust the proportion of factor input, but also needs the coordinated development among agriculture, industry and tertiary industry. The coordinated development of metallurgy, petrochemical, machinery, electronics and other industries within the industry; The coordinated development of traditional processing industry, fine processing industry and high-tech industry in manufacturing industry can promote the upgrading of industrial structure
Fifth, change the mode of economic development and build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society through energy conservation and emission reduction. Scientific development needs to save resources, protect the environment and strengthen ecological construction. It is necessary to shift from one-off and single resource utilization to recycling and comprehensive utilization of resources, and from economic growth at the expense of the environment to a win-win situation of environmental optimization growth, economic development and environmental protection. China is a country with a large population, and its per capita resources are obviously insufficient. Per capita arable land is below the warning line set by FAO. The per capita water resources are only 1/4 of the world average. The per capita mineral resources are only 50% of the world average. The dependence on oil imports has exceeded 40%. However, there is still a big gap between China and developed countries in reducing energy consumption per unit output value. At the same time, the task of pollutant emission reduction in China is very arduous, and major environmental events caused by high pollutant emissions endanger people's lives and safety. Therefore, energy conservation and emission reduction is not only a matter of saving resources and protecting the environment, but also related to the overall situation of sustainable development and people-oriented scientific development.
3. In the report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Comrade Hu Jintao put forward more explicit requirements for promoting the sound and rapid development of the national economy, and pointed out the direction for promoting China's economic development into the track of scientific development. To promote the sound and rapid development of the national economy, one of the important aspects is to intensify the adjustment of economic structure, accelerate the transformation of economic development mode and promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. Changing the mode of economic development is an important policy put forward on the basis of exploring and grasping the law of economic development in China, and also an important strategy put forward from the reality of current economic development in China.
With "changing the mode of economic development" instead of "changing the mode of economic growth", although only one word has been changed in the report of the 17th National Congress, its connotation has changed greatly. Economic development is not equal to economic growth. Economic growth generally talks about the total amount, emphasizing the increase of quantity; Economic development refers not only to the increase of quantity, but also to the improvement of structure and quality, which is the unity of quality and quantity. Economic development includes economic growth, but economic growth does not necessarily include economic development. China has made great efforts to change the mode of economic growth and achieved remarkable results, but the resource and environmental costs of economic growth over the years are too high. Practice shows that simply changing the mode of economic growth cannot guarantee the realization of scientific development, and it is necessary to change the mode of economic development and change extensive economic's growth into intensive economic growth; Change the blind pursuit of GDP expansion to pay more attention to optimizing economic structure and improving economic efficiency and quality of economic growth; Only by changing development from "materialization" to "humanism" and paying more attention to continuously improving people's material and cultural living standards can the broad masses of the people enjoy the fruits of reform and development.
The key to realize the transformation of economic development mode is to improve the ability of independent innovation. The ability of independent innovation is the central link in transforming the mode of economic development, "the core of national development strategy and the key to improving comprehensive national strength." In accordance with the requirements of building an innovative country, we will conscientiously implement the Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development Plan, increase investment in independent innovation, and strive to break through key technologies that restrict economic and social development. Widely apply high-tech and advanced applicable technologies to transform traditional industries, strive to build advantageous industries with independent intellectual property rights, and comprehensively improve the level of industrial technology.
Energy conservation and emission reduction should be regarded as an important starting point and breakthrough point for economic restructuring and development mode transformation. Resolutely curb the growth of industries with high energy consumption and high emissions and accelerate the elimination of backward production capacity; Vigorously develop circular economy, correctly handle the relationship between economic growth rate and energy saving and emission reduction, and make economic development based on saving energy resources and protecting the environment.
China's economy has developed rapidly, and great achievements have been made in various constructions, but at the expense of resources and environment. This situation is directly related to the unreasonable economic structure and extensive growth mode. Only by speeding up the adjustment of economic structure and changing the mode of economic development can we achieve sound and rapid economic development. Adhere to saving energy resources and protecting the ecological environment as a breakthrough, actively promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, promote development by optimizing industrial structure, and take the adjustment of economic structure as the main line to promote the transformation of economic development from relying mainly on industrial and quantitative expansion to three industrial synergies and structural optimization and upgrading.
The problems of high input, high consumption, high pollution, low level and low efficiency in the economic growth of our region are more prominent, and the energy consumption per unit GDP ranked first in the country in 2005. Therefore, in the process of implementing the spirit of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, our region should accelerate the transformation of economic development mode, promote new industrialization, and focus on handling the relationship between industrial transformation and accelerated development, between accelerated economic growth and improvement of development quality, and between pursuing current interests and planning long-term development. We must never take the old road of wasting resources, polluting the environment, polluting first and then treating. Strive to realize the transformation from simply pursuing economic growth to scientific development; Change from extensive growth mode to intensive growth mode; Change from resource advantage to economic advantage; From focusing on industry to jumping out of industry and then developing industry. Take industrialization as a social system project from a broader perspective, a wider field and a higher level, accurately grasp the relationship between industry, service industry and agriculture, and the interdependence between industrialization and urbanization and agricultural industrialization, and strive to achieve the coordinated development of the three industries and the benign interaction of the "three modernizations." In the process of promoting the leap-forward development of Ningxia, we should pay attention to the unity of speed and quality, structure and benefit, coordinate the development of economy, population, resources and environment, build an ecological civilization, and basically form an industrial structure, growth mode and consumption mode that saves energy resources and protects the ecological environment. Strengthen development coordination and strive to achieve sound and rapid economic development.