What is "integrated innovation"? Who first put forward this idea? ?
I. Definition 1. The meaning of integration "integration" is interpreted as a masterpiece in Modern Chinese Dictionary, which refers to the centralized combination of all good and essential parts of a certain kind of thing to achieve the overall optimal effect. The English word is Integration, which means synthesis, synthesis, integration and reintegration. Chinese scholars Zhang Zhengyi and Wu Linhai believe that integration is not a simple connection, accumulation, mixing, superposition, convergence, bundling and packaging, but a creative integration of various innovation elements, which makes the innovation elements complement each other, thus making the overall function of the innovation system qualitatively change and forming a unique innovation ability and competitive advantage. From the perspective of management, integration refers to a creative integration process, that is, injecting creative thinking into the process of combining various elements. In other words, elements are only general combinations and cannot be called integration. Only when all the elements are actively optimized, selected and matched, and combined with each other in the most reasonable structural form, can an organism composed of suitable elements complement and match each other, can this process be called integration. Haifeng and others put forward that "integration can generally be understood as the collection of two or more elements (units and subsystems) into an organic system, and the date of receipt is April 3, 2007. This collection is not a simple addition of elements, but an organic combination of elements, that is, it is combined and constructed according to certain integration rules, with the aim of improving the overall function of organic systems. " 2. Literature Review of Integrated Innovation The idea of integrated innovation can be traced back to the innovation theory first put forward by joseph schumpete in 19 12. In his view, innovation means "establishing a new production function", that is, realizing a new combination of production factors and production conditions. This new combination includes the following five forms: introducing new products, introducing new technologies, opening up new markets, controlling new sources of raw materials and realizing new industrial organizations. The continuous realization of this combination in the whole society will promote economic development. The theoretical research of integrated innovation began in 1970s. In order to cope with the challenges brought by the dynamic environment to enterprise technological innovation, Dillon, Dosi and Utterback discussed the comprehensive innovation of enterprise technology, organization, system, management and culture from the perspective of the integration of technological innovation elements within the enterprise, and pointed out that the key to improving the effectiveness of enterprise technological innovation lies in rationally coordinating the matching relationship of the above elements and giving full play to the synergistic effect. Their research has promoted the spread and development of the idea of innovation integration. From 65438 to 0982, American scholars R.Nelson and S.Winter put forward the viewpoint of innovation system evolution under the inspiration and reference of biological evolution theory. They believe that the integration of technological innovation process promotes the optimization of various resource elements and forms an organic whole with suitable structure, which is conducive to the complementary advantages of resource elements. Freeman, on the other hand, launched a comprehensive innovation research in technology, organization, system, management and culture on a larger scale. He believes that technological innovation in the economic sense includes "the first technological transformation from new products, new processes, new systems and new equipment to commercialization", which shows that the integration trend of innovation management is becoming more and more obvious, and the idea and principle of integration are gradually popularized and applied in the practice of scientific and technological management. From 65438 to 0998, Marco Iansiti, a professor at Harvard University, put forward the concept of "technology integration", which was recognized by most scholars as the first time to put forward the concept of integrated innovation. He believes that "the application of good resources, tools and problem-solving methods through organizational processes is called technology integration, which is very important for improving R&; D's performance provided a great impetus. " Nancy Staudenmayer defines integrated innovation as the process of organizing internal and external superior resources (such as technology, knowledge, information, etc.). According to social and market demand, we will produce technological inventions and innovative products with doubled functions. Philippe sarde Le believes that in today's enterprise innovation management, it is more conducive to integrated innovation to build flexible organizational structure, process and innovation culture to quickly respond to environmental changes. This shows that in the field of innovation management, the trend of higher-level integration and technological innovation from differentiation to integration with organizations and systems is more clear. Tang pointed out that the central problem to be solved by integrated innovation thought is not the supply of technology itself, but the disconnection between increasingly rich and complex technical resources and practical applications. The logical starting point of integrated innovation is to grasp the link of technical demand and create a match between products that meet the demand and rich supply of technical resources. Based on Marco Iansiti's research results, Best puts forward the concept of "system integration" from the perspective of national economy and regional development, and takes Intel as a case study. Research has proved that system integration is not only the driving force of new product development, but also the organization mode of production. Best's "system integration" further clarifies the universal applicability of "integration" mode or method. Since 1990s, Chinese scholars have been paying attention to the research of integrated innovation. Gradually formed the research results about integrated innovation. Among them, the study of Enterprise Innovation System completed by Xu Qingrui and Jin Chen, the analysis framework and evaluation of integrated innovation completed by Jin Chen; Xu Qingrui's "total innovation management" can be regarded as the embryonic form of enterprise integrated management. Integrated innovation is the creative integration of various innovation elements, which makes them match each other, thus making the overall function of the innovation system change qualitatively and forming unique innovation ability and competitive advantage. Li Hezheng believes that integrated innovation refers to the optimization and integration of innovative elements in the most reasonable structural form, forming an organic whole with function multiplication and adaptation to evolution, and organizations create a management order of business innovation and competitive advantage through learning. Jin Jun and Zou Rui believe that integrated innovation is an independent innovation process in which innovative subjects optimize and choose towers, combine with each other in the most reasonable structural form, form an organic whole composed of appropriate elements, and complement each other's advantages, thus making the organic whole function qualitatively change. On the basis of studying and analyzing the basic principles, methods and modes of product innovation integration in modern enterprises, Zhuang Yue and others put forward that product innovation is the integration of various technologies, information and management. Hu et al designed the evolution path of industrial clusters from the industrial level with the idea of integrated innovation, and explained the formation mechanism of industrial clusters. Through the research on the development of enterprise clusters, Jiang Wei and others come to the conclusion that the key to cultivating cluster competitiveness is that the cluster can obtain the effect of innovation integration, and analyze the realization mechanism, action mechanism and dynamic mechanism of enterprise cluster innovation integration. Hu Shuhua discusses the principles and methods of product innovation integration in modern enterprises, and thinks that product innovation is the integration of various technologies, information and management. Mu Ling and Feng Lu proposed to integrate various technical resources from the demand link from the perspective of matching the technical supply and demand of integrated innovation, and realize integrated innovation through open product construction and enterprise interaction mode. Zhang Huasheng and Lan Xue analyzed the related issues of integrated innovation from the paradigm of integrated innovation. Xibao and Yang Tingshuang analyzed the mode of integrated innovation from the aspects of integrated mode and integrated process management. These studies have studied the mechanism of integrated innovation from different angles and levels, and put forward many valuable viewpoints. In addition, in the case study of technological innovation, China gradually found that the integration of various elements in technological innovation is an important condition to ensure the effect of technological innovation. 3. Literature Review on Elements of Integrated Innovation The theoretical source of integrated innovation is the technological innovation proposed by marco iansiti in 1998, and the early integrated innovation was mainly around technological innovation. However, with the economic globalization, the rapid development of information technology and Internet, and the complexity of the living environment of enterprises, the elements of integrated innovation are constantly changing. Now, integrated innovation not only focuses on technology, but also on organization, strategy and knowledge. Integrated innovation is a further extension of technology integration, which is the integration of products, production processes, innovation processes, technology and business strategies, industrial network structure and market innovation. Ragatz puts forward the management authority, position and function of strategic integration in enterprise integration innovation. He believes that it is intuitive and important to implement correct strategic integration in order to realize the requirements and goals of enterprise technology integration and innovation. Freeman conducted a comprehensive and innovative research on technology, organization, system, management and culture in a larger scope. Tommy Tam, Dorsey and Utterback respectively discussed the comprehensive innovation of enterprise technology, organization, system, management and culture from the perspective of the integration of technological innovation elements within enterprises. Chinese scholars combined with the actual situation of our country and the characteristics of enterprise development, made corresponding improvements and amendments to the constituent elements of integrated innovation. Ou and Hu Shuhua put forward an integrated dynamic innovation model from four levels: technology integration, knowledge integration, organization integration and management integration. In order to analyze and study the mechanism of enterprise integrated innovation, Jiang Hui and Jin Chen regard the three levels of enterprise internal operation-technology integration, knowledge integration and organization integration as the elements of enterprise integrated innovation. On the basis of analyzing the theoretical connotation of enterprise integrated innovation, Li and Zheng divided the elements of integrated innovation into four aspects: technology, strategy, knowledge and organization. Huang Yujie, Tian divide the integrated innovation of enterprises into the integrated innovation of various elements within enterprises and the integrated innovation of inter-enterprise networks. Among them, the integrated innovation of various elements within the enterprise consistent with this study includes the integrated innovation of technology, the integrated innovation of management functions and the integrated innovation of the whole enterprise. Shi Xianrui, Li Jing and Kong Wei believe that enterprise integrated innovation capability is the ability of enterprises to realize enterprise competitiveness through integrated innovation mode, and enterprise integrated innovation capability is a capability system composed of various capability elements, including strategic integration capability, knowledge integration capability and organizational integration capability. Zhao Guanghui believes that integrated innovation is a system including production, operation, management, organization and other aspects, and it is a process of integrating and integrating various elements of an enterprise. Sun Jinmei and Huang Qing divide the elements of integrated innovation into six aspects: strategic integration, technical integration, knowledge integration, resource and capability integration, organizational integration and time integration. 4. Integrated innovation of research and evaluation at home and abroad is a new technology management and production organization mode created by American high-tech enterprises to adapt to economic development. Its appearance is closely related to American industrial service infrastructure, enterprise organizational structure and social culture. At present, the research on integrated innovation theory abroad is mainly based on the industries of the United States and other western countries. However, due to different property rights, different industrial bases, different staff qualities and different cultural backgrounds, each country's integrated innovation model must have its own characteristics. However, the domestic research on integrated innovation mostly stays on the discussion and concept description of integrated innovation theory abroad, lacking deep systematic research, and most of the research focuses on technological innovation and technical factors themselves, ignoring the influence of non-technical factors such as organizational culture and time and space factors on the process and performance of integrated technological innovation to varying degrees. In addition, integrated innovation is not only the key to maintain the core competitiveness of enterprises, but also the source of long-term profits of enterprises. However, whether abroad or at home, most scholars mainly focus on theoretical research, rarely involving empirical research, and can not put forward corresponding improvement measures from the actual situation of enterprises themselves, which needs further study. Second, the characteristics of 1, the idea of user first emphasizes the participation and interaction of users in innovation activities. It is an important feature of enterprise integrated innovation development strategy. The integrated innovation of enterprises needs close contact with users, and users need to participate in mutual communication. Studies have shown that enterprises mainly take the feedback of users' demand information (especially lead user II) as the basic basis for product innovation. There are many key factors for the success of enterprise new product development projects. In addition to people, money, materials and all aspects of the project design process, the most important determinant in the end is the user. Therefore, they are also important members that must be considered in product development projects. This is because the user's demand determines the product design, such as the desired function, good enough quality, reasonable price and acceptable delivery time. Integrated innovation emphasizes the mutual matching between enterprise product development environment and market user information. 2. Diversified and integrated innovation of innovative content requires different types of innovative resources and capabilities to stimulate and cooperate with each other, which is essentially the intersection and integration of innovative elements. Traditional technological innovation is mainly manifested in product or process innovation, but in the process of integrating innovation mode, technological innovation is gradually upgraded to the strategic level, and involves collaborative innovation in organizational structure, corporate culture, human resources and so on. The content of integrated innovation is diverse, covering technology, knowledge, resources, ability, culture and other aspects, requiring the coordination of all elements. 3. The diversification of innovation subjects and their initiative innovation subjects is one of the important characteristics of integrated innovation. With the different complexity of products and technologies, the innovative subjects who master the knowledge, abilities and resources involved in enterprise innovation are diversified, including individuals, teams, functional departments of enterprises, enterprises (including competitors and partners), other relevant organizations and users. Therefore, integrated innovation requires all innovative subjects to think actively, communicate effectively, innovate collaboratively and create synergistic benefits. The key of integrated innovation is that the process of integrated innovation includes the active and optimal behavior process of integrated subjects, which is characterized by that after purposeful and planned comparative selection, each integrated innovation subject can not only exert its own maximum advantages, but also complement each other. 4. Innovation Process and Organization Under the condition of networked economic globalization, the uncertainty of market demand is increasing day by day, the technical difficulty of enterprise research and development and the complexity of innovation process are greatly enhanced, and it is difficult for a single innovation subject (individual, team, functional department and enterprise) to complete more and more complex innovation activities alone. In the environment of rapid technological development and diversified user needs, it is an important way for enterprises to complement each other's advantages and reduce risks by completing complex resource-intensive tasks, establishing network links between enterprises and integrating resources in the form of cooperation. Integrated innovation has changed from a linear innovation process to a networked process.