Chinese name
style
Foreign name
Literary form
Main form
Narrative, prose, novel, poetry
Other forms
Explanatory essays, argumentative essays, various practical essays, etc.
quick
navigate by water/air
essay
novel
poetic sentiment
Explanatory genre
Argumentative writing
Practical writing
award
parallel prose (prose written in the parallel style)
word
drama
Ancient China style
narrate
definition
A style with remembering people, narrating and describing scenery or objects as its main content and narrative and description as its main forms of expression.
Six elements of narrative
Time, place, people, cause, process and ending of events.
essay
In ancient times, prose, including historical classics, was generally called prose. Modern prose refers to a literary genre on an equal footing with poetry, novels and plays.
Prose is characterized by a wide range of materials, "scattered in form and gathered in spirit"; Free form and flexible writing; Language is not limited by rhythm, and its expression is implicit and meaningful.
According to the different content and expression, it can be divided into:
Narrative prose
Prose focuses on remembering people, narrating and describing things and scenery.
lyric prose
Through the narrative description of people, events or scenes, we can achieve the purpose of supporting things, chanting ambitions and containing feelings in things. Symbols are often used to express the author's hidden passion and guide people to remember and associate.
Discussion prose
Reasoning is often carried out with the help of brief description of the case, image description and emotional expression. There is no need for logical reasoning and rigorous argumentation.
China's classical prose
Prose written in classical Chinese, as opposed to parallel prose. Tang Hanyu opposed the parallel prose style since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and advocated the prose widely used in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, which was called ancient prose and later used as the proper name of prose.
commemorate
(1) Inscription: an ancient style carved on a stone tablet to tell the life story of a character.
② Travel Notes: It is a prose genre describing travel experiences. For example, Looking at the Lake Pavilion Snow
Miscellaneous notes: It is a genre of ancient Chinese prose, which is based on things, without much discussion, and writes out what you have seen and heard.
(4) Notes: It is a style that records the life stories of ancient people.
⑤ Notes: A short and rich style in ancient times. For example, Meng Qian Bitan.
Ancient argumentative style
① Original text: the argumentative style of ancient exploration. For example, Yuan Jun by Huang Zongxi.
② Discrimination: Distinguishing right from wrong is an ancient argumentative style.
(3) Storytelling: it is an ancient way to explain the style of things by narrative, discussion or explanation. For example, Ma Shuo, Shi Shuo and Ailian said.
④ Theory: the debating style of ancient irrational reasoning. For example, Six Kingdoms.
Ancient ministers presented the throne to the emperor (argumentative essay)
(1) Sparse: It is a style in which lieutenants present their opinions to the emperor. Also known as commemoration and remembrance. On accumulation and storage (Jia Yi)
Table 2: Style of stating opinions or things. Chen Qingbiao (Shimi)
(3) Strategy: The way of asking questions in the imperial examination is called strategy question.
(4) Irony: In ancient times, people were euphemistically persuaded to accept the opinions of subordinates by means of metaphor and suggestion. Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi.
Preface and postscript
Gift order
One of the ancient styles was written for farewell. Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Dongyang
Historical biography
(1) Chronicle: A kind of biography, which specifically describes the deeds of emperors.
② Family: Mainly narrate the deeds of princes and special people.
Biography: It is used to record the deeds of ordinary officials and ordinary people, and also to record the history of ethnic minorities and other countries.
reportage
The new style in prose is a general term for close-up and literary exchange. It is news, vivid and political to report things that people care about in social life quickly and timely by literary expression. Known as the "light cavalry" on the literary front.
Three iconic works of China's reportage: Bonded Worker, Who is the cutest person and Goldbach's conjecture.
novel
The main style of literary works. By describing the complete story and the specific environment, we can create all kinds of characters and reflect social life in many ways.
China's novels originated from ancient myths and legends, and experienced the development process of Six Dynasties, Tang legends, Song and Yuan scripts, Ming Hui novels and May 4th modern novels.
According to the length of the article, it can be divided into long stories, medium stories and short stories; According to different contents, it can be divided into social novels, fairy tales, historical novels, science novels and detective novels.
Strange novel
It refers to an old novel about ghosts and gods in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Originated from ancient myths and legends. Such as "Looking for God".
Anecdotal novel
It is a novel used to describe the wild talk and anecdote of intellectuals who advocated nonsense since Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Legendary novel
This is a classic novel with many strange and magical plots. Generally speaking, it refers to the classical Chinese short stories created by people in Tang and Song Dynasties. It is a treasure house for novel and drama writers in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to absorb themes. Originated from the Six Dynasties.
Storyteller's script
Refers to the original books used by speakers in Song and Yuan Dynasties. Write down the contents of novels and stories in popular language as your own memo or teach others. Later, it became a style of novel, that is to say, story novel. It marks the maturity of China's classical novels.
(fiction)
chapter-styled novel
A Style of China's Ancient Novels. It is a novel with chapters and narratives developed on the basis of telling history and scripts.
Its characteristic is to summarize the development and conflict of the story in paragraphs, divide it into several chapters, and often use antithesis as the title to reveal the content of this chapter. There is always a poem at the beginning. The first paragraph, bring up the last content, so as to connect this content; At the end of each episode, it usually comes to an abrupt end at the climax of the plot, leaving suspense.
Denunciation novel
In order to expose social ills, whip and condemn feudal officialdom and social ills. Produced before and after the Revolution of 1911.
romance novel
An old novel. Summarize history books and legends and write them in modern spoken English. It developed from a story-telling book.
poetic sentiment
The earliest literary genre in China, which originated from the sound of primitive labor, is a kind of literature with rhyme and singing.
Most of the ancient poems are four words, such as The Book of Songs, and most of them are five or seven words after the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty. There were ancient and modern poems in the Tang Dynasty, and new poems in the May 4th Movement.
In ancient China, harmonious poems were called songs, while dissonant poems were called poems. Although different, it is extremely difficult to distinguish them, and there are often works with both characteristics, so we often call poetry together. Of course, whether they are happy or not, they all have strong musical beauty.
Poetry is divided into ancient poetry, modern poetry and new poetry according to the times; Divided into narrative poems and lyric poems according to their forms of expression; According to the content, it can be divided into four categories: pastoral poetry, landscape poetry, science poetry and object-chanting poetry.
Poetry in ancient style
Compared with modern poetry, ancient poetry is a kind of poetry theme, also known as ancient poetry, but it is by no means an ancient style, which is often misunderstood by many people who study ancient poetry. Classical poetry refers to the poems before the Tang Dynasty (mainly during the Han and Wei Dynasties) and the works that imitate the poems before the Tang Dynasty. It is a general term for all kinds of poetry genres except Chu Ci before the formation of modern poetry. It is developed from folk songs, without seeking opposition, level and rhyme freedom. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen used Yuefu to create new poems, which also belonged to the category of classical poetry.
The Songs of Chu
A poetic style, named after its appearance in southern Chu during the Warring States Period, is represented by Qu Yuan's Li Sao, also known as "Sao Style".
From the time point of view, the formation time of Chu Ci is roughly the same as that of classical poetry, but it is essentially different from classical poetry, so it is an independent adult. As far as the poetic genre is concerned, it is a new poetic style created by poets represented by Qu Yuan on the basis of Chu folk songs at the end of the Warring States Period. This poetic style has a strong regional cultural color. As Huang, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "Everyone writes Chu language, Chu sound, Chu land and Chu objects" (On the East View). In the Han Dynasty, Chu Ci was also called Ci or Ci Fu. Therefore, the author thinks that Chu Ci was formed in the era of ancient poetry, but from the perspective of the relationship between poetry and song, its style is an independent style.
Features: a large number of fairy tales, full of fantasy and romance; In addition to lyricism, layout methods are widely used; The sentence pattern is relatively plain, and the word "Xi" is widely used.
"Modern Style" Poetry
Compared with classical poetry, a poetic style, also known as "modern poetry" and "metrical poetry", has strict rules on the number, number of words, fluency and rhyme of sentences. There are two kinds: metrical poems and quatrains.
Lvshi
A style of modern poetry, divided into five laws and seven methods. There are certain norms and requirements in phonology, level tone, sentence pattern and antithesis. The whole poem consists of eight sentences, which are divided into the first couplet, the parallel couplet, the neck couplet and the tail couplet.
Quatrain
A style of modern poetry, which is divided into five sections and seven sections and consists of four sentences, is generally considered as a "half-section poem".
new verse
Also known as "modern poetry", it refers to the new style poetry produced by China since the May 4th Movement. Formally, it broke the limitation of old-style poetry and adopted a relatively free form and colloquial vernacular, which was convenient for reflecting social life and expressing thoughts and feelings.
New poetry requires conciseness, rhyme and general neatness.
Singing style
A style of Yuefu folk songs. Song is a general term, boasting about skills and acting skills, which is not strictly different from "singing", "song", "quotation", "sigh" and "tune".
Features: ① There is a fixed tone of words, but most of them have no definite sentences and sentences have no definite words, mainly miscellaneous words, colloquial, popular and visual; (2) Rhyme is relatively free in rhythm, and there is no need to talk about level and level; (3) Expression techniques: In addition to metaphor, parallelism is used to elaborate, narrative twists and turns, and people are good at dialogue and detail description to portray characters and shape images.
Explanatory genre
definition
With explanation as the main form of expression, it gives people knowledge by explaining things and clarifying things.
trait
Explain the characteristics, essence and regularity of things by revealing concepts. Explanatory text generally introduces the shape, structure, category, relationship and function of things, and explains the principle, significance, characteristics and evolution of things. Descriptive words are very practical, including advertisements, instructions, abstracts, tips, rules, articles of association, comments, scientific sketches and so on.
Argumentative writing
definition
The style of analyzing and commenting on problems or things, and expressing one's own views, positions, attitudes, opinions and opinions.
Three elements of argumentative writing
Argument, argument, argument.
Essay is also an argumentative essay.
Practical writing
Practical writing is a common style in daily life or work, including letters, plans, reports, contracts, summaries, instructions, applications, certificates, notes, bills (IOUs, receipts), notices and announcements.
Applied style can be divided into four categories: recording facts, expounding opinions, explaining knowledge and handling affairs. These four categories are indispensable. Some people think that only one type of work can be regarded as an applied style, and the first three types are not. This view does not conform to the dichotomy. If the first three categories are neither literature nor application, which category do they belong to? It is obviously unscientific to juxtapose them with literary style and applied style. Their practicality is so obvious that they should belong to the category of applied style.
The attribution of reportage, essays and popular science essays is particularly controversial. In our opinion, they should first belong to the applied style. Because they are vivid descriptions of important people and events that people are extremely concerned about, or unique explanations of some hot issues in real life, or vivid explanations of popular science knowledge, they all have obvious practical purposes and practical effects. Moreover, the categories they belong to (recording facts, expounding opinions and explaining knowledge) are all applied styles, so it is not easy to distinguish literary styles. As for their use of some literary techniques, they only want to enhance their appeal and persuasion, so as to better serve practical purposes. (Excerpted from Scope and Classification of Applied Style, No.5, 1992, Journal of Applied Writing)
award
This is a literary expression and one of the "six meanings" in The Book of Songs, which formed a specific system in the Han Dynasty. Become a style between poetry and prose, paying attention to reasoning, rhetoric, duality and rhyme. It is called "Da Fu" which mainly describes things, and "Fu Xiao" which mainly expresses feelings, which is close to "Wen Fu" in prose.
It is different from today's prose title "Fu". It is not a paved word, but a meaning of "praise" and "ode".
The ancients called "Ci" and "Fu" "Ci" because they are both physical and unlimited in length, and the sentences are mainly four or six characters, and they are allowed to be staggered; In style, everyone pays attention to literary talent and extravagance. The difference between them is that "Ci" uses "Xi" to adjust syllables in the sentence or at the end of the sentence, while "Fu" uses prose sentences, and even the whole poem is mixed with prose sentences that don't rhyme at all.
parallel prose (prose written in the parallel style)
It is a kind of verse which is mainly composed of two sentences (namely, antithesis and even sentences), pays attention to antithesis and rhythm, and is opposite to prose. The biggest feature is that the full text is composed of antitheses, forming upper and lower antitheses with the same number of words, symmetrical syntactic structure, part of speech and word meaning pairing. Even sentences are usually composed of four words and six words, alternating with each other (four or six words), such as "Teng Jiao, Meng Ci School; Purple electric blue cream, General Wang Arsenal. "
It began at the end of Han Dynasty, formed in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and prevailed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. This style was still followed in the early Tang Dynasty until Han and Liu followed suit.
Compared with the ancient prose advocated by Han and Liu, ancient prose emphasizes "potential" and parallel prose emphasizes "rhyme"; Ancient prose is fluent, while parallel prose is implicit; Classical prose stresses simplicity, while parallel prose stresses elegance.
word
In ancient times, it was a new poetic style suitable for chorus (that is, "lyrics by sound"). Also known as "Quzi Ci", "long and short sentences" and "Yuefu".
Each word has a musical title (Qupai), which specifies the music of the words that can be sung, as well as the number of words, sentences, rhymes, rhymes and so on. Most of them are in segments (segments), and "segments" are also called "times" or "que", which means that the music is sung at one time.
Ci sums up the length of musical tunes, which are divided into minor, middle tune and long tune (slow words).
The embryonic form of Ci existed as early as the Liang Dynasty, which was shaped in the late Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty.
drama
Comprehensive stage art uses literature, music, dance, art, sculpture, architecture and other artistic means to shape the image of stage art, reveal social contradictions and reflect social life.
In China, drama is the general name of traditional operas, dramas and operas in China. Also often refers to drama. In the west, it refers to drama.
The basic elements of drama are contradiction and conflict.
The language of drama includes dialogue and monologue; Stage description.
The structure of drama: single act and multiple acts.
Classification: according to the types of works, there are tragedies, comedies and dramas; According to the theme, there are historical dramas, modern dramas and pantomime; According to the structure, there are one-act dramas and whole dramas.
1 yuan zaju
Including Sanqu and Zaju.
1) Sanqu
A new style of poetry that rose in Yuan Dynasty was developed and strengthened on the basis of Jin's "folk songs". There are two kinds of small orders and sets.
"Xiao Ling" is a monotonous song, short and pithy, which is not as strict in meter as words. It is often used for lyrical scenery writing, such as "Tianjingsha Qiu Si" by Ma Yuan Zhiyuan.
The number of sets is a set composed of more than two pieces according to certain rules, also called "loose sets" and "sets". The whole set must be the same palace tune. The number of episodes can be used to describe more complete plots, deeds or arguments, such as The Return of the Great-Great-Ancestor written by Jing Chen in Yuan and Sui Dynasties.
2) Zaju
It is a comprehensive art including music, singing and dancing. Divided into three parts: Qu Ci, Bai Bin and Ke Jie.
The lyrics are composed of divertimento in Sanqu, which actors use to sing. Every fold is a solo, and other actors only have dialogue. Jack is action and expression.
Structure: "four folds and one wedge", and "wedge" is to explain or introduce characters, which is connected with the plot. Folding is the unit of music organization and the natural paragraph of story development.
The roles of Yuan Zaju: "Duan" and "Dan".