Author: (Russia) Lev Davidovic Landau (Russia) E.M. Livschitz Translator: Wulev Davidovic Landau (1908- 1968), theoretical physicist, academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics. 190865438+1October 22nd was born in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan today. His parents are engineers and doctors. Landau 19 graduated from the Physics Department of Leningrad University and started his academic career in Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology. 1929- 193 1 went to Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Britain, Belgium, Denmark and other countries for further study, especially in Copenhagen, benefiting from Bohr's guidance. 1932- 1937, Landau was the director of the theory department of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology in Kharkov. 1937, director of the theoretical department of the Institute of Physics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Landau attached great importance to teaching. He once taught theoretical physics in schools such as Kharkov University and Moscow University, and compiled a large number of textbooks and popular science books. Landau's research work covers almost all branches of theoretical physics from fluid mechanics to quantum field theory. Landau introduced an important concept in quantum mechanics-density matrix in 1927. 1930, he founded the quantum theory of electron diamagnetism (the related phenomenon is called Landau diamagnetism, and the corresponding energy level of electrons is called Landau energy level): 1935, he founded the magnetic domain theory of ferromagnetism and the theoretical explanation of antiferromagnetism; 1936- 1937 establishes the general theory of second-order phase transition and intermediate state theory of superconductors (related theories are called Landau phase transition theory and Landau intermediate state structure model); 1937 founded the probability theory of nuclear; 1940- 194 1 year established superfluid theory of liquid helium (called Landau superfluid theory) and quantum liquid theory; 1946 established the theory of plasma vibration (the related phenomenon is called Landau damping); 1950 founded the superconducting theory (ginzburg-Landau phenomenological theory) with ginzburg; 1954 established the charge constraint theory of elementary particles: 1956- 1958 established the quantum theory of Fermi liquid (called Landau Fermi liquid theory) and put forward the CP invariance of weak interaction. Landau was elected as an academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1946 and won the Soviet National Award three times. 1954 won the title of socialist labor hero; 196 1 year, he won the Max Planck Medal and the Fritz London Prize: 1962, he won the Lenin Prize for the Course of Theoretical Physics co-authored with Li Fushitz, and in the same year, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his pioneering work in condensed matter, especially liquid helium. Landau is also a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences, the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Britain, the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Arts and Sciences, and an honorary member of the British and French Physics Societies. The Ten Commandments of Landau 1958 To celebrate Landau's 50th birthday, the Soviet Institute of Atomic Energy gave him a marble slate engraved with Landau's most important 10 achievements in physics and science. The score of this 10 is: 1. Density Matrix and Statistical Physics in Quantum Mechanics (65,438+0927) II. Theory of free electron diamagnetism (65,438+0930) 3. Study on second-order phase transition (65,438+0936-65,438+0937). At (1934) 6. Nuclear probability theory (1937) 7. Quantum theory of superfluidity of He Ⅱ (1940- 194 1 year) 8. Theory of charge limitation of elementary particles (1954).