After 100 years of hard struggle and continuous struggle from generation to generation, it ushered in the great cause of Kanggan's prosperity. But it is in progress.
After entering the prosperous age, the Qing regime lost its direction and motivation, and the wind of extravagance and corruption rose.
It is getting worse and worse, leading to a rapid decline from prosperity, slipping further and further under internal and external blows, until the end.
When the Qing Dynasty perished, wealth and extravagance-arrogance and extravagance must be idle, and extravagance must be greedy-were insatiable.
Undoubtedly, the historical track of corruption and corruption's inevitable failure shows that if you don't make progress after prosperity,
Take, covet extravagant enjoyment, arrogance and slack, will inevitably lead to corruption and decline, and go to extinction. neoteric
When we learn from the history of the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty.
In the Qing Dynasty, ethnic minorities rose from inside Shanhaiguan Pass and then entered the Central Plains. After several generations of efforts, they have made great efforts.
Governance has completed the great cause of national reunification, and the social economy has also developed to a new peak, creating
The magnificent anti-corruption period in the history of China. But at the peak of the country, the ruling order
The first class gave up the martial arts and enterprising spirit in literature, and became extravagant because of wealth and arrogant because of wealth. but
Luxury will inevitably lead to greed, pride will inevitably lead to slack, and eventually it will be corrupted by greed and slack.
And backwardness, so that prosperity, like a passing cloud, soon slipped into decline. Growing corruption.
The children of the Eight Banners, brave and invincible in the wind, have become losers who spend money like water and lose the war.
Family; It also makes the original simple and efficient officialdom become corrupt officials, evil officials and martial arts.
It's all rubbish. As a result, the Qing dynasty declined and slackened because of corruption, and was beaten behind, finally uninterrupted.
Foreign aggression and internal turmoil were completely destroyed. The history of the Qing Dynasty from prosperity to decline reflects corruption.
The unchangeable truth that dispels the will of national unity and the motive force of progress, leading to social disaster and the collapse of the dynasty.
The Rise of Qing Dynasty and the Prosperity of Kanggan Prosperity
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, after several generations' efforts, there appeared a Han Dynasty that was proud enough in the history of China.
Prosperity and prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. The rise of the Qing Dynasty and the prosperity of Kanggan were mainly due to the arrival of Shunzhi.
The rulers in the early Qianlong period implemented appropriate political, economic and ethnic policies, among which the Qing Dynasty
The incorruptibility of early politics was the key factor for the rise and prosperity of the Qing Dynasty.
The rise and prosperity of the Qing Dynasty between Baishan and Heishui outside Shanhaiguan is an earth-shattering entrepreneurial history.
It took only one generation from Nurhachi's army (1583) to the establishment of the late Jin regime (16 16).
Man's time; It took only one generation (1645) to build the government, enter the customs and determine the Central Plains.
Human time.
In the Qing Dynasty, a minority with only a few hundred thousand people was able to rise and merge with the monarch in two generations.
Being close to the Central Plains benefits from its Eight Banners system of streamlining troops and simplifying administration, integrating military and political affairs, and the Eight Banners that are brave and good at fighting.
Soldiers, the so-called "win the world in one fell swoop." After the Qing dynasty entered the central plains, it was able to make the rule quickly reach the realm of governing the country.
There has been unprecedented national unity, social and economic prosperity, sustained population growth, and then the main
We should rely on a clean and effective political system, an appropriate national unification policy and a recovering economy.
Policy.
Because it was "a small soldier approaching a big country", the rulers in the early Qing Dynasty were walking on thin ice.
Diligence and prudence are also dynamic new forces. Politically, the early Qing dynasty ruled
People attach great importance to win people's hearts and win the cooperation of most Han people. Decay, corruption, darkness
Compared with the social politics in the late Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty represented hope and a new atmosphere, and the Qing army not only did not.
The resistance was too great and was welcomed by the masses, especially the gentry. no matter
Barbaric policies such as tonsure, charging, and enclosure, but the Qing Dynasty quickly abolished the "three salaries plus salary" of the Ming Dynasty
Such as exorbitant taxes, the implementation of "Manchu-Chinese integration", "never increase taxes", "Tanding into the mu" and other policies.
Economic policies, which greatly won the hearts of the people and stabilized their rule.
In the early Qing dynasty, the state institutions also had the simple tradition of Manchu people outside the customs, and the military and political institutions were all right.
Dry and efficient. In the early Qing Dynasty, the King's Meeting, the Southern Study Room and the later Military Department were all better than those in the Ming Dynasty.
North Korea's six cabinets are much leaner and more effective. In the early Qing dynasty, there were only110 ~1/
20, the cost is only 1/8 of that of the Ming dynasty, and the scale of Yuan Ting is only 3/ 10 of that of the Ming dynasty (Qing Dynasty Literature Pass).
Examination paper 39, Kangxi 29 years, Kangxi 49 years). A less luxurious and ostentatious one.
The high level of governance, its work efficiency and exemplary role for the whole society are obvious. ruling engine/machine
A lean structure can greatly reduce government expenditure, and the Qing government can implement a light tax.
The interest-bearing policy has also reduced the burden on the people. The rulers in the early Qing Dynasty witnessed the war in the late Ming Dynasty.
The tragic scene of deep suffering, personally experienced the hardships of founding a country by starting a business, and knew that starting a business could conquer the world.
Difficult, so they can be conscientious, honest and hardworking.
Faced with the serious damage caused by the long-term war, the population has dropped sharply, the land is barren and the people's livelihood is depressed.
The social economy was ruined, and the Qing dynasty adopted the change of land property rights (that is, renamed the land).
Attract refugees to reward reclamation, the military and civilians vigorously reclaim wasteland, build water conservancy projects, and pay light taxes until "never"
A series of policies to recuperate and develop the economy, such as "adding tax" (17 12) and "paving the land into the mu".
Policy. Through continuous efforts, the cultivated land area and population of the Qing Dynasty continued to grow rapidly.
1645 registered arable land in China was only 403 million mu, and it was restored to 608 million mu in 1688.
1754 increased to 708 million mu. Together with the unregistered cultivated land, the actual cultivated land in the country during the Qianlong period
It is about 654.38+0 billion mu in the world. The population of Qing Dynasty increased from 60 million in 165 1 year to about 1 billion.
176 1 year reaches 200 million, 180 1 year reaches 300 million (Sun Yutang, Zhang: Reclamation in Qing Dynasty)
Ding Kou Lu, the first in a series of papers on Qing history (1979). According to the OECD (
A research report of OECD (1996) Development Center shows that 1820 China's GDP accounts for the world total.
28.7% (equivalent to the proportion of the United States in the world now), the population accounts for the world's total.
35.5% ((America) A. Madison: A Review of the World Economy in Two Hundred Years, Reform Press.
1997, page 1 1). In fact, at this time, the Qing Dynasty had declined. If it is 1790,
Comparing the data, the proportion in China is much higher. Under the conditions of productivity at that time,
The increase of cultivated land area and population is the main sign of social and economic development. In agricultural production
On the basis of development and industrial and commercial prosperity, the social wealth and fiscal revenue of the Qing government increased year by year.
Increase, the national treasury is rich in storage. 1777 (forty-two years of Qianlong), the national inventory of silver was as high as 81822,000.
It became a powerful witness to the social and economic development and the prosperity of the country in the early Qing Dynasty.
After four generations 100 years of hard work and recuperation, the Qing dynasty entered the customs from Shunzhi to the middle of Qianlong.
With the rapid development of social economy, the cultivated land and population have doubled, and the history of China has entered its own era.
Another peak since the Tang and Song Dynasties-the prosperous time of Kanggan. In the early Qing dynasty, it continued to rise and multiply for 100 years.
In the glorious period, the Qing dynasty overcame a series of difficulties and challenges at home and abroad, and its national strength and prestige also reached.
To the top. An unprecedented broad, unified, prosperous and powerful Qing Empire stands in the east of the world.
Fang.
One of the fundamental reasons for the decline from prosperity: corruption.
Under the unprecedented prosperity, the Qing empire lurked a huge crisis-luxury and arrogance.
The cancer of laziness, corruption, depravity, etc. , growing rapidly during the boom, eroding and destroying the country and
The subject of society. When the imperial court was complacent and indulged in the prosperity of Ganlong's martial arts,
When I felt good about myself, the Qing dynasty quickly slipped from the peak of prosperity and quickly moved from Kanggan to prosperity.
Fall into the aisle. Decline followed the peak, and everything happened in Qianlong period, with the Tang Dynasty as the first century.
The historical tragedies from prosperity to decline in Tianbao period are strikingly similar.
The literary martial arts and economic prosperity of the Qianlong dynasty were realized through generations of Shunzhi, Kangxi and Yongzheng.
Thanks to diligence and hard work, Qianlong is basically enjoying success. At this time,
Up and down the imperial court, from the emperor to officials at all levels, the rulers relaxed bureaucracy and abandoned it.
In the past, the tradition of clean government and simple administration, extravagance and corruption became increasingly popular. Because Qianlong likes to be overjoyed,
Militarism, and finally the South Korean military continued. The so-called perfection, protracted, wasting people and money. male
Although the income of Changchao has increased compared with the previous generation, its expenditure has increased faster, and the national treasury reserve has increased faster.
The temperature has dropped greatly. Jiaqing gaiyuan, has been a huge empty shelf, so that
Yu Jiaqing had to go to peace? Open the knife and supplement the national use. At the same time, in the Qianlong dynasty, the income increased.
Then there are abnormal sources of income (including donations, merchants' services, price increase of salt and Tianjin, collection and raising)
Cheap and even sell officials and titles. ) more and more, becoming the norm. These are not normal.
Although income can alleviate a temporary emergency, it is tantamount to drinking poison to quench thirst for the government and the country and society.
The national finance relied on a large amount of abnormal income, which led to corruption in the Qing Dynasty and eventually declined.
Clues to death.
The more basic and decisive reason for the sharp decline of the Qing Dynasty is the whole bureaucratic system.
The extravagance, arrogance and corruption of institutions and the whole society in a closed and arrogant environment. Court and publicity
Up and down are prosperous, ignorant of the times, unable to see the changes in the overall situation of the world, and lost.
The direction and motivation to move forward, covet the luxury in front of us, pursue debauchery and drunkenness.
The extravagant life of gold powder. Greed, extravagance and greed spread all over the officialdom, making it look strong.
The Qing Dynasty lurked a great crisis of social chaos and decline.
In his later years, the extravagance of Kangxi rose, and later he passed the Li Xing Festival in Yongzheng.
And other reform measures. Speaking of Qianlong, with the prosperity and wealth of the economy,
Strength, extravagance and corruption have resurfaced and intensified. Ganlong went to the south of the Yangtze River six times to travel around the mountains.
Water, driving all the way, tribute, architecture, luxury and ostentation and extravagance are unprecedented, which is a waste of money.
What? Gan Long took the lead, and its demonstration effect was unparalleled. Officials of all sizes have taken advantage of driving and other opportunities.
Extreme luxury. For ostentation and extravagance, they tried their best to share the donations and corruption of the poor.
Bribery, extortion. As a result, the upper level is effective, the bribery of public business, the abolition of official management, and extravagance and greed.
Bad style of work, corruption and degeneration, intensified; And law-abiding, diligent and honest.
On the contrary, integrity and integrity are increasingly isolated. From the emperor to the princes and nobles, civil and military officials,
Big landlords, big businessmen, especially Manchu people, live a life of debauchery and luxury.
Pro-expensive, contaminated with luxury and lewd habits is the most serious. The Manchu Akdanga Renhuai has been the governor for more than ten times.
In 2000, there were countless people who were fat and rich, and they were called "God of Wealth". Han officials
The luxury of the government is similar. Most of the big and small officials took office empty-handed.
When you return to China, you will pull the back of the boat.
The luxurious life of the ruling class is accompanied by widespread corruption and corruption in the power institutions.
Conquer the darkness. In the process of the superficial prosperity and decline of the Qing Dynasty, corruption was like a cancer.
Cells spread in the body of the country and society, damaging the health of the country. Yongzheng period
He is determined to reform the long-standing shortcomings, implement "returning envy to the people" and substantially increase the salaries of officials ("keeping clean")
Rectify the bureaucracy, fight corruption with an iron fist and recover the creditor's rights, so that the wind of corruption can be contained.
There has been some convergence. By the time of Qianlong, the bureaucracy was expanding and aging, and the efficiency of administrative operation was getting lower and lower.
Because the emperor took the lead in extravagant corruption, the corrupt cells lurking in the bureaucracy lost their inhibition.
Crazy environmental conditions, up and down the government, bribery, corruption. In the middle and late period of Qianlong,
Major corruption cases have occurred one after another. 1757, Governor Heng Wen of Yunnan and Guizhou visited Yunnan.
Fu Guoyu's Golden Furnace Case. In the process of organizing the tribute furnace, the two bought low and sold high, confusing them.
Miscellaneous leave, self-enrichment. In the same year, Jiang Zhou, governor of Shandong, was appointed governor of Shanxi, embezzling the state treasury.
This case. After the incident, Hengwen was ordered to commit suicide, Jiangzhou was punished and Guo was exiled. And then there was
Three years in a row as a salt policy, Pu Fu and Lu Jianzeng were involved in the "salt cited case", and the amount of corruption reached 654.38+two million.
(equivalent to 1/4 of the annual fiscal revenue of the Qing government), all three were punished after the incident. But greed
Major pollution cases have not decreased, but have increased. 178 1 year, Zhejiang Governor Wang.
Participated in corruption relief in Gansu, involving more than 60 officials, Wang? I hope 22 people will.
It's over, but so do dungans governor Jin Erjin committed suicide. And the case is still on file, and the case is under investigation.
Chen Huizu, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, exchanged gold for silver in the process of obtaining property and took the stolen goods of the king for himself. This happened from time to time.
Later, Chen Huizu was ordered to commit suicide. 1782, the governor of Shandong, Guotai, and the minister in charge of state affairs were greedy for Yi Jian.
In the case of polluting the national treasury, Guotai committed suicide after the incident. 1786 Wu Lanna, Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, and Pu, Governor of Fujian
Lin was punished for asking for bribes. 1792, Song Fu, the governor of Zhejiang Province, committed suicide for asking for bribes and misappropriating public funds.
Although a group of greedy people were slaughtered, and many of them were senior officials, such as governors and governors, officials
The wind of corruption is still blowing harder and harder, because it is harmonious. Is the root of corruption.
Son, when they punish greed, they actually take the opportunity to "kill fat ducks" and seize the opportunity to make a fortune. The result is the same.
Vertical greed. These major cases are just the tip of the iceberg of corruption cases. The above cases were punished.
Governor, everything has been exposed, and it can't be covered up. The rest has been heard without a trace.
And then what? Under the protection of Qianlong, he was in power for more than 20 years, and the value of stolen private property reached 654.38 billion yuan, equivalent to that at that time.
The government's fiscal revenue for two years. Even two of his servants were robbed of more than 7 million yuan.
Therefore, there was a folk saying at that time: "and? When it falls, Jiaqing is full. "
At that time, the officialdom was obviously corrupt, but Qianlong was still deaf and dumb, whitewashing peace, not
Take advice. 1790, Yin Zhuang, assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites, painted a picture, indicating that he had done a good job, and exhorted: "Governors, pay attention to fame."
Confused bureaucratic waste. I passed by and observed whether the officials were virtuous. Half of the businessmen and the people frowned and sighed.
Generally speaking, the atmosphere in all provinces is the same "(Zhao Erxun: Draft of the History of Qing Dynasty 109). Qianlong was furious after seeing it.
First, he was sentenced to "beheading" on the charge of "bullying the city and raising false objections", and then he was prevented from trying to complete Yin Zhuang's plan.
Good advice, good reputation, exemption from capital punishment, demotion.
In this kind of medicine that only listens to good words and doesn't listen to rules and taboos, officials protect each other and cover up and down.
Under the atmosphere of knowing how to collect money and accept bribes, regardless of whether the people live or die, officials of all sizes follow suit and bully.
The platform is sluggish and inefficient, and everything is wasted. Cao Zhenyong lived in Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang dynasties.
Toast is a very important person, and his way of being an official is to "kowtow more and talk less". Middle and late Qing dynasty
It is these people who will govern the country in the future, and the consequences can be imagined.
Corruption was also the direct cause of the disintegration of the Qing military and the decline of the army's combat effectiveness. army
Team is the pillar of the national machine and the guarantee of national prosperity and social stability. By the middle and late Qianlong period,
With political corruption, military slack and abandonment of military equipment came. The Eight Banners in the early Qing Dynasty were tough and kind.
The troops of the war were invincible when they entered the customs, and they made outstanding achievements, which laid the foundation for the reunification of the Central Plains and the whole country.
Great achievements have been made. However, only one generation later, the Eight Banners and Manchu people have all kinds of advantages and characteristics.
Power also degenerated and decayed, losing the heroic spirit of our ancestors. In Kang Xiping
In the battle against the "San Francisco Rebellion", the military discipline of the Eight Banners has been lax and the military strength has been greatly reduced. Since then,
Children of the Eight Banners and soldiers of the Eight Banners are arrogant and lazy. With the power in their hands, they run amok and do all kinds of evil.
Not only military discipline is corrupt, training is sparse, life is corrupt, drugs and gambling, prostitution and whoring, and even.
Blackmail and ravage the people. The Eight Banners, which were originally brave and good at fighting, have become soldiers who can only fight without fighting.
The main soldiers who disturb the people and the children of the Eight Banners have become idle dandies.
Son. Later, there was a war in the imperial court, mainly relying on green camp. But green camp people live in a corrupt society.
In the social environment, it also degenerated rapidly, withheld military salaries, colluded with soldiers and bandits, was full of corruption and had many drawbacks.
It has also become a flamboyant army that can only scare ordinary people. Emperor Jiaqing is still
When the Crown Prince and the Qianlong military parade, they saw "archery, the arrow is empty; Chima,
People fall to the ground "farce ("Jiaqing Chaodong Lu Hua "Volume 7, the first month of Jiaqing 4 years). Due to eight
Both the flag and green camp lost their fighting power because of corruption. An Baili society rebelled, but not in the Qing Dynasty.
The main thing is that you can't use Xiang Yong and Ying Yong. By the time of the Opium War, the Eight Banners, green camp, Xiang Yong and Yingyong were all there.
It's no use. Hundreds of thousands of Qing troops were defeated by more than 10,000 British expeditionary forces. Since then, the Qing dynasty has fallen into semi-colonialism.
The abyss of semi-feudal society. Due to the invasion of imperialism and civil strife such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the Qing Dynasty
The situation in North Korea is out of control, corruption is getting worse, and the military, political and financial power is gradually transferred abroad.
Downward, the central authority is shrinking. Under the impact of internal troubles and foreign invasion and the erosion of internal corruption,
The Qing dynasty gradually went to the point of no return.
The inevitable consequence of the extravagance and corruption of bureaucratic institutions is to strengthen the pressure on the people.
Squeezing and exploitation have led to the increasing poverty of the general public. Bureaucrats, nobles, landlords and wealthy businessmen are all big shots.
More and more farmers have lost their land, and a large number of farmers can't stand it.
Forbid and extort, abandon the fields and flee, lose their livelihood and wander around. The number of refugees in society has increased dramatically.
In addition, social instability factors are increasing and class contradictions are becoming increasingly acute, which is a great social storm.
Is brewing. 1796 In February, a white lotus cult lasted for 9 years and swept through five provinces including Hubei and Sichuan.
The uprising broke out. The Qing dynasty mobilized troops from 16 province, and it took 22,000 yuan to put out the uprising.
Anbaili Uprising stripped off the coat of prosperity of Qing Dynasty and exposed its decay and weakness.
The essence became the turning point of the Qing dynasty from prosperity to decline.