2. Contents

A table of contents is a short list of main paragraphs in a paper.

3. Abstraction

It is an excerpt from the main content of the article, which should be short and concise and complete. The number of words can be as few as dozens and not more than 300 words.

4. Key words or subject words

Keywords are selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, which are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are words used by computer systems to index the content characteristics of papers, which are convenient for information systems to collect and provide readers with retrieval. Generally, 3-8 words are selected as keywords for each paper and placed at the lower left of the "abstract".

Subject words are standard words. When determining the subject words, it is necessary to analyze the theme of the paper and convert it into standard words in the thesaurus according to the rules of indexing and collocation (see Chinese Thesaurus and World Chinese Thesaurus).

Standard form II for dissertations

5. The text of the paper.

(1) Introduction: Introduction, also known as preface, preface and introduction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introduction generally needs the writer's intention, explains the purpose and significance of the topic, and points out the scope of the paper writing. The introduction should be short and clear, and closely related to the theme.

(2) Text of the paper: The text is the main body of the paper and should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions. The main body includes the following contents:

A. Questions-arguments;

B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments;

C. problem solving-demonstrating methods and steps;

D. Conclusion

6. References

Thesis references are the main documents that can be referenced or quoted in the research and writing of the thesis, which are listed at the end of the thesis. References should be marked on a new page according to GB77 14-87 "Rules for the Description of References after Papers".

English: Title-Author-Publication Information (Edition, Publisher, Publication Date)

English: Author-Title-Publication Information

The requirements of the listed reference documents are:

The references listed in (1) should be official publications for readers' textual research.

(2) The listed references shall be marked with serial numbers, titles of works or articles, authors and publication information.

How to choose a topic

The method of obtaining the best thesis topic

1, choose a subject you are interested in and have expertise in.

2. Looking for topics in unknown and unknown fields.

3. Be good at finding new ways and choosing innovative topics.

4. Choose a topic that can find enough reference materials.

5. Seek the opinions of tutors and experts.

6. Be good at using the library; The automation and networking of libraries provide convenient conditions for readers to choose topics.

The core of the paper

Different questions are written in different ways. Generally, a paper discusses a core issue (except summary).

The core of the paper is compiled by the author according to the development at home and abroad and his own work, which can be started from many aspects.

Components and systems, theoretical analysis and experiments, system characteristics and testing, scheme design and implementation, etc.

New ideas, new concepts, new theories, new methods, new schemes, new progress and different viewpoints.

Structure and length of the article

structure

Title, abstract and keywords

introduce

main body

Conclusion and thanks (concluding remarks)

References, appendices, etc.

The length of the article is not clearly defined. Articles in general sci-tech journals are 4000-8000 words (including charts), depending on the magazine and article category. Summative articles are mostly written by the editorial department at the invitation of authoritative sources, involving historical review and future prospect, with a wide range of contents and can be longer.

Title of scientific papers

Use concise and appropriate phrases to reflect the specific content of the article, which is clear and correct.

The topic is very short, no more than 20 words.

Use less words such as research and empty application.

Avoid unfamiliar abbreviations, abbreviations and formulas.

key word

4-6 phrases that reflect the characteristic content of the article and have strong universality.

The first is the main work or content of this paper, or two disciplines.

The second is the name of the main achievement of the paper or the names of several achievement categories.

The third is the name of the scientific research method used in the paper, and the abstract or review article should be "abstract" or "review"

The fourth is the name of the substance or substance used in this paper.

Avoid using common phrases such as analysis and characteristics.

introduce

The main answer is why research (Why)

Introduce the background of the paper, the research history and present situation of related fields, and the writing purpose of this paper.

Generally speaking, charts should not appear.

main body

The core of the paper mainly answers how to learn,

The general text shall consist of the following parts

Analysis of viewpoints, theories or principles in this paper

Implementation method or scheme (depending on the content)

Numerical calculation, simulation analysis or experimental results (depending on the content)

Discussion, mainly based on theoretical analysis, simulation or experimental results, discusses the changes of different parameters, the consistency between theoretical analysis and experiment, and possible problems.

conclusion

At the end of the article, you should answer what you have studied.

According to the text, briefly point out

Principles revealed by research results and their universality

Are there any exceptions in the study or problems that are still difficult to solve in this paper?

Similarities and differences with previously published papers

Theoretical and practical significance

Suggestions for further study

Express gratitude/gratitude

Thanks to those who gave guidance, help or advice on the topic selection, conception, experiment or writing of this article;

Because there can't be too many authors in the paper, some minor participants can be excluded from the authors to show their gratitude;

General funding units should add footnotes to the first page of the article, and generally do not thank them.

refer to

References should be indicated when quoting other people's achievements or articles.

The specifications of references should be in the format of national standards or editorial department of publishing house.

Author, document title, publication name, year, volume (issue), starting and ending page numbers.

appendix

The appendix is not a necessary part of the article, but it can provide reference for those who have a deep understanding of this article.

It mainly provides the derivation and calculation of formulas, as well as data and charts that are not suitable for inclusion in the text.

Precautions-abbreviations, foreign letters

Abbreviations in abstracts and texts must be written in full names for the first time.

Foreign letters must be case-sensitive, italicized and upper and lower corners.

Normal body: unit of measurement (cm, kg)

Italic: physical quantities, coordinates, function symbols R, L, C L, C.

Precautions-Quantity and Unit

Use international standards and national legal units of measurement

Don't use one symbol to represent two or more physical quantities in an article, for example, use c to represent both constants and capacitances.

The first symbol (formula) should be followed by physical meaning.

The sign of quantity is usually a single letter, such as threshold voltage.

(threshold voltage) you can't use TV, you should use Vt.

The diagonal of the combination unit cannot exceed 1, and W/m2/k should be

W/(m2 k) or w m-2 k- 1

Matters needing attention-figures, tables

Whether the content and meaning of the chart, coordinate name and size are clear.

The contents of graphs and tables should not be repeated, and one kind of data is represented by graphs or tables.

The serial numbers of figure 1, figure 2 and table 1 …

The picture frame should be thin and the curve should be thick.

Table application three-line table

Basic method (1)

1. The topic selection is the most critical.

We must choose a subject with a certain theoretical depth and a field with strong expansibility.

We should choose the intersection of research disciplines as much as possible.

Don't blindly follow research hotspots and emphasize independent choice.

2. The road to innovation

Put forward a natural, simple and intuitive solution and discuss it in depth.

Think about what you are interested in and have practical significance.

Take a general look and take a closer look.

Basic method (2)

3. Improve the ability of writing papers

Recite paragraphs and common sentence patterns in EST.

From shallow to deep, diligent in writing

Contribute to foreign countries and get feedback.

Abstracts of scientific papers

Concise and to the point, about 200 words, no nonsense;

Write in the third person and explain the purpose, method, result and conclusion of the article. There must be no words such as "this article", "we" and "author", and no modifiers such as "first", "last", "simple", "main" and "secondary".

Abstract can be published independently, it should be justified independently, and the chapter number, drawing number and table number in the article should not be used;

Don't repeat the title of the article or the information already expressed in the first sentence;

Can't write common sense content, past situation, future plans, just write the latest progress.

Thirdly, about English abstracts.

English abstract

SCI, ISTP and EI indexes are mainly selected according to English titles and abstracts.

The length of the abstract is generally 100-200 words.

The content requirements are basically the same as those in Chinese, mainly focusing on the purpose, process, method and result. The content should be concise, and the conclusion should not be translated into English for summary.

The first word in the title of An article must not use the articles the, a, an And and (the research institute must not be used as the company name ...).

Fourth, how to read the article.

How to read an article (1)

Before reading the article, make sure it is worthwhile.

Read the title first, then the abstract. If you are not completely disappointed, continue reading the introduction and conclusion (title-& gt；; Abstract-> Introduction-> Before mastering all the details, browse the whole article and try to find the most important point. If you still feel relevant and valuable, go back and continue reading (of course, if it is an important article that the boss wants you to read, just skip the previous content and read it directly).

high efficiency

Start with the conclusion, browse the chart and look at his quotations.

Only when you feel relevant or think it can give you a different point of view, read other parts.

Skip what you already know (such as background and motivation).

How to read the article (2)

Forward thinking

How did the author come up with this idea?

What exactly did this work accomplish?

What does it have to do with other work in this field? What are the important references?

On the basis of this work, what is the reasonable next step?

What are the different ideas from this question in related fields?

How do these ideas help solve your own research problems?

How to read the article (3)

Summarize each topic you read.

the key to the question

Different expressions of the described problem

The relationship between different methods

Alternative method

After reading it, look at the problems expressed.

What makes this article easy to read?

What level of detail does the article solve?

What examples are used to illustrate important concepts?

What problem has not been solved?

Can the results be popularized?

How to read the article (4)

Good organizational habits

A useful way is to record what you have seen and heard with notes. Write down your own ideas, interesting questions, possible speculations, the number of references to be checked, notes, article summaries, and interesting proofs. Regular reviews can reveal whether these ideas are beginning to merge. Even if those notes are useless, they will help us concentrate, find the key points and make a summary.

You may find yourself spending more than half your time reading, especially at the beginning. This is normal. )

How to read the article (5)

Develop your own ideas.

Make sure that the ideas described are really useful (not only in theory, but also in some unimportant examples)

To truly understand the article, we must understand the motivation of the problem, the possible choice of the solution, the assumptions on which the solution is based, whether these assumptions are realistic, whether they can be removed under the conditions of making the method effective, the further research direction, the work actually completed or realized, the effectiveness of theoretical judgment or experimental verification, and the potential of algorithm expansion and extension.

Save the articles you have read, establish an online bibliography, and add fields such as keywords, article locations, and abstracts of articles of interest. This is very useful for writing articles in the future and for other graduate students.

How to read the article (6)

Read, think, read and think again.

Set aside some time every week to see if you can come up with research ideas.

Go to the library at least once a week and read the abstracts of previous magazines in related fields. Choose one or two articles to read carefully and criticize them.

Conduct a survey once a week, use electronic resources or libraries to find technical reports related to the field, and read them selectively and critically.

Attend a seminar or discussion group and listen carefully.

Understand the progress of research

Pay attention to all the literature in this field. If you don't often review the literature a month ago, you may find yourself unclear about other people's ideas. On the other hand, don't let other people's ideas limit your creativity.

Pay attention to the aspects to be avoided

Active (active) listening and reading need to be a "continuing education" throughout your career. Don't foolishly think that you should read all the documents before you start your research, but read them selectively. Start with classic articles (ask your teacher or classmates for some of the most useful magazines and conferences) and magazines and conferences in recent years.

Fifth, start writing.

Start writing (1)

Read some latest papers, especially published ones. Learn their contents and expressions and pay attention to their further work. (Future work)

Take notes carefully. Write down every new result, even if it is nothing important and helpful.

Writing an outline will change frequently in the future, and keeping a new idea in your mind is very beneficial to the smooth transition in the future.

Start writing (2)

Chapter one: Introduction.

Is there any problem?

Why is it important?

What did others do?

What is the gist of your own method?

How are the other parts of the article organized?

Chapter II: Problems

Problem definition

Terminology introduction

Discussion on basic attributes

Chapter III: Theme 1

……

Chapter k+2: Main Points of View

Chapter k+3: Conclusion

Restatement of completed work

Discuss further work.

Start writing (3)

Don't always think that an article must start from the first page. Write down the main idea big idea directly and record how it is organized with other parts.

One way to organize chapters is to show them to your classmates. If you can organize them into a coherent "one-hour report", that means you can write your article.

Start writing (4)

It is also a common mistake to constantly modify the format instead of the content. Avoid this situation.

Know what you want to say.

This is the most difficult and important factor to write clearly. If your writing is clumsy and you keep making up, you don't know what you want to say. Be sure that your article really has ideas. Make it clear why, not just how.

From each paragraph to the whole article, we should put the most attractive things first.

Make it easy for readers to see what you wrote (make it easy for readers to find what you did) Pay attention to the abstract (elaborate abstract). Be sure to say what your good idea is. Make sure you know what this idea is, and then think about how to write it in a few words.

Start writing (5)

Don't brag about what you have done.

Get feedback

If you join the discussion group, you will receive many other people's articles and they will invite you to comment. It is very important to know what others think of the paper. You help others, and others will help you when you need it. Moreover, you can improve yourself. Writing useful comments for articles is an art. You have to watch it twice, the first time to understand their thoughts, and the second time to see their expressions.

How to reduce the pain of writing a paper

Writing down your idea is a good way to improve it. You may find that your ideas will become a mess on paper. Slowly, you will find it very clear.

Remember, all your drafts may be overturned.

Focus on content rather than form

Don't pursue perfection

Remember: writing is a process of continuous improvement. When you find that what you wrote is not what you originally wanted to write, write a draft and decide later. Writing a draft can clear your mind and gradually get into the state. If you can't write all the content, write an outline and add it when it is easy to write the specific content. If you can't write it, just write everything you think, even if you think it's rubbish. When you have written enough, edit them again. Turn it into something meaningful. Another reason is that you want to write everything in order. The order is uncertain. You may want to start with the text, and then write a brief introduction when you know what you are writing. Writing is a very painful thing, sometimes you can only write one page a day. The pursuit of perfection may also lead to endless revision and polishing of perfect articles. It's just a waste of time. Think of writing as talking to people.

Positive motivation

positive feedback

It's a good idea to set daily, weekly and monthly goals.

Try to make yourself feel a sense of accomplishment.

Timely communication

Share your thoughts or give advice to others.

divide and rule

When writing a paper, don't write the whole article, but write a section, a paragraph and a chapter. Realize one part at a time, find out the problems that can be solved in an hour, and if you are not sure, don't let them stop you from completing something-once a day. Remember: every step you complete brings you close to completion.

Sixth, the auxiliary tools for thesis writing.

1.Word- paper template

The use of 2.2. Origin drawing tool

3.MathType formula editor

4.Linux experiment

Seven. Examples and Frequently Asked Questions

Example of bachelor's thesis

Instant messaging system based on peer-to-peer network

Make a list before writing.

The end point is the starting point. Start with an end, end with an end.

Frequently asked questions of bachelor's thesis

1. The format of the paper does not meet the requirements or there are not enough words.

2. It may be better to change Chapter I into "Introduction" or "Overview". This list should be divided into several parts. It is best to write an overview of more than 4 pages. The background, motivation and work arrangement of this paper are summarized. You can also put the contribution of this article on it.

3. For the experimental results of the paper, we should make a detailed analysis of the experimental results, not just list some results.

4. When describing the algorithm, some papers give the code of the algorithm. It is best not to copy the code in large sections, and try to analyze the code with flowcharts or pseudo-code.

Try not to use the word "I, we" in the paper, especially try not to use the word "I".

6. In your case, borrow a textbook to find the basis from it, and then engage in the theory of several famous mathematical books, and support your face with famous books ~

It's a little messy, but come on, professional paper net/

I wish Ma Chenggong O (∩ _ ∩) O. ...