At that time, the works of a hundred schools of thought contended were very valuable, of course, Zhuangzi, Laozi and Mencius! ! Zhuangzi is a reasoning work with the most literary value in the pre-Qin period. Prose of pre-Qin philosophers refers to the prose works that focus on discussion during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Judging from the development process of pre-Qin reasoning, it can be divided into three stages: the first stage is The Analects of Confucius and Mozi (produced in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period). The Analects of Confucius is a prose with pure quotation style, while Mozi is a simple argumentative essay with mixed quotation style. The Analects of Confucius records a large number of words, and there are often opinions that ignore the evidence; Mozi's theory is no longer an isolated and irrelevant statement, but a well-founded paper. The second stage is Mencius and Zhuangzi (produced in the middle of the Warring States Period). Mencius is basically a bibliography, but it has developed significantly and formed a conversational argumentative essay. Its dialogue basically revolves around a theme, taking argumentation as the main body and initially refuting nature. Zhuangzi has changed from a dialogue style to a monograph focusing on discussion. Except for a few articles, it almost completely broke through the form of quotations and developed into a monograph. The third stage is Xunzi and Han Feizi (produced at the end of the Warring States period). The characters in Xunzi and Han Feizi are basically the language of argumentative essays, which are abstract, logical, complex and rigorous, and the space is enlarged, reflecting the highest achievement of argumentative essays in the pre-Qin period. 1. Prose in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period can be divided into two categories: historical prose and various schools of thought prose. 2. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were many works describing historical events and historical figures. The main line of these historical works is to serve the political struggle at that time and provide historical reference for the rulers. They are essentially academic works, but because of their high literary value, they have a far-reaching impact on later literature, so we call them historical prose from the literary point of view. 3. The historical essays in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period mainly include Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo Zhuan, Mandarin and Warring States Policy, among which Spring and Autumn Period and Zuo Zhuan belong to annals, while Mandarin and Warring States Policy belong to national history. The historical prose in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, represented by Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu, is the stage of vigorous development of ancient Chinese prose, and many excellent prose works have appeared, which is the pre-Qin prose in the history of literature. There are two kinds of pre-Qin prose, historical prose and various schools of thought prose. The former includes Zuo Zhuan, Mandarin, Warring States Policy and other historical works. The latter are the articles of Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Legalism, such as The Analects of Confucius, Mozi and Mencius, which are the records of Kong Qiu, Mo Zhai and Mencius, while Zhuangzi, Xunzi and Everything is done wrong are my own works. 1. Pre-Qin historical prose has existed in China History Museum for a long time. According to the system of the Zhou Dynasty, there were great history, minor history, left history and right history. "Hanshu" records that "left and right, but the spring and autumn period, and the history." The Book of History records various decrees issued by the King of Shang and Zhou Dynasties to his subjects, with concise words. Spring and Autumn Annals is a history of Lu, with rigorous records and refined language. It should be said that historical works with real literary value were produced in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, represented by Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu and Warring States Policy. Zuozhuan is the abbreviation of Zuozhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period. It is a book that illustrates the Spring and Autumn Period with historical facts. According to legend, it was written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu. Spring and Autumn Annals is a general account of history, while Zuo Zhuan is a detailed account of the whole story. This book is rich and colorful, describing the political, military, diplomatic and other aspects of the vassal States in the Spring and Autumn Period, as well as the words and deeds of historical figures. Zuo Zhuan is good at describing war. It not only describes the complex war in an orderly way, but also focuses on the overall situation, and writes the essence of war and the factors that determine victory or defeat through dialogue between characters. The Cao Gui Debate and the Battle of Shaq, Qin Jin (the word was not found) were both well written. Guoyu is a kind of national history in the Warring States period, which records the major events in the Zhou Dynasty and the vassal states. It is far less ideological and artistic than Zuo Zhuan, but some of its narratives are more vivid than Zuo Zhuan, such as writing the words "Li Wang slandered" and "Gou Jian slandered the country", and that's all. The Warring States Policy basically describes the strategists' strategies and rhetoric during the Warring States Period. His writing is dramatic and eloquent, and many vivid characters are portrayed in the book. For example, when writing about the Tang Dynasty and sending envoys to the State of Qin, Tang talked with the King of Qin about the "Wrath of Cloth". The king of Qin said flatly that the anger of cloth clothes is nothing more than "taking off your hat to rob the ground." Tang also made a generous statement: "The anger of this mediocrity is not the anger of a scholar. Zhuan Xu stabbed Liao Wang, and the comet hit the moon, and Nie Zhengzhi stabbed him ... "Say that finish, he drew his sword, and this generous and heroic words knocked out the arrogance of the king of Qin. Strategists and debaters in the Warring States Policy are also good at reasoning and demonstrating with fables. Idiom stories such as fox, tiger and tiger are all from the Warring States policy. Zuo Zhuan and Warring States Policy have a far-reaching influence on later essayists. Sima Qian's Historical Records used a lot of materials from these two books and absorbed their writing skills and language styles. The eloquent style of political essays by Jia Yi and Chao Cuo in Han Dynasty also comes from these two books. The compilation of historical books of past dynasties and the narrative questions of essayists in Tang and Song Dynasties were also influenced by pre-Qin prose in language and expression. Second, the style of the articles of the philosophers in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is "a hundred schools of thought contend, and nine streams rise together." Representatives of various schools of thought have written books and published their own social and political opinions. All kinds of philosophers' articles have their own styles. The Analects of Confucius is a book written by Confucius disciples to record Confucius' words and deeds. The style of The Analects is concise, profound, graceful and fluent. Many of these visual languages often contain far-reaching social and moral significance. For example, Confucius said: "When the cold comes and the summer goes, the carving will be known only after the pine and cypress." This is not only a tribute to pine and cypress, but also a praise to a strong personality, and the image and philosophy blend together. Mozi is a book with simple language but strong logic. It is good at explaining the truth with concrete examples, and often makes a general summary from the debate on specific issues. For example, the article "Non-attack" said: "Today, a man entered the garden and stole peaches and plums. If people hear about it, they will be punished. " What is this? Losing people is also self-interested. "From stealing other people's chickens and dogs to invading other people's countries, it is pointed out that the essence of these behaviors is an unjust act of' harming others and benefiting themselves'. This kind of progress from small to large, layer by layer, is both a speech and a metaphor, and the argument is clear and rigorous. Mencius' prose is characterized by great momentum, strong feelings and exposed pen tips. For example, I forgot which article it was, describing the dialogue between Mencius and Qi Xuanwang. Mencius avoided talking about Qi Xuanwang's question about "Qi Heng Jin Wen", but led Wang Qi to the king. In the dialogue, Mencius often asked questions repeatedly, pressing step by step. His eloquence sometimes makes Wang Gu talk about him from left to right. "The articles in Mencius also make good use of metaphors. When talking about the difference between what can't be done and what can't be done, he said: "I can't cross the North Sea on Mount Tai. "Yes, I can't. Breaking branches for the elderly, people say: no. You have to do it if you don't do it. " The metaphors he uses are often varied, sometimes for the whole paragraph and sometimes for the whole article. Just like fish, I want what I want, it is getting deeper and deeper, revealing the main idea with twists and turns. In the pre-Qin thought, Zhuangzi's thought is nihilistic. Among the pre-Qin prose, Zhuangzi is the most stylized. A large number of fictional fables are used to illustrate ideological arguments, which is a major feature of Zhuangzi. Zhuangzi is unique in ancient Chinese with his magical imagination. Zhuangzi is rich in fables, many of which are created by the author himself. These fables are not simple metaphors, but have fantastic colors. Just like writing about Hebo, when he saw the scene of "autumn water is getting longer and longer, and all rivers are full of rivers", he was "enjoying himself and taking the beauty of the world as his own." When he came to Beihai and saw the vast horizon of the sea, he felt that there was a world behind him, and his complacency was ridiculous. Then through the dialogue with Hebo, I told the truth that the universe is big and the sea is small, which is both a fable and a magnificent landscape description, full of romanticism. Also, when writing about the war between governors, I said: There are two countries, one is built in the left corner of the snail, and the other is built in the right corner of the snail. "There are tens of thousands of corpses, and there are still five days to return to the north." There are many such absurd imaginations in Zhuangzi. The article in "Everything is Wrong" focuses on discussion, and the argument is incisive and profound. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, Han Feizi has the strongest analytical power. There is an article about the reasons for national subjugation, with as many as 47 articles. His article also quoted a lot of fables and historical knowledge. Idioms that we still use today, such as waiting for rabbits, buying gifts and returning pearls, are all from Han Feizi. The prose styles of pre-Qin philosophers are diverse, either magnificent, eloquent or romantic. Hundred schools of thought's essays have a far-reaching impact on the development of China literature. The Spring and Autumn Period of America Three Kingdoms Hahaha