Pinyin: Chinese
ㄨˊㄨㄙˋ Athena Chu
English: Alley
Meaning: I also wrote Hutong. Alleys that are only wide enough to walk; A small street that can only accommodate one car. The word Hutong was first seen in Yuan Zaju. In Guan Hanqing's "Single Knife Meeting", there is a saying of "bloody alley". In the Yuan drama Salmon Island, Zhang Sheng Boiled the Sea, Zhang Yu asked Xiang Mei, "Where do you live?" Xiang Mei said, "My family lives in Zhuantar Hutong." Zhuanta Hutong is in Xisi South Street, and the place name has not changed. It is clearly stated in Yuan Xiong Meng Xiang's Analysis of Golden Branches: "The word Hutong." Where is the dialect? This belongs to the Yuan Dynasty. Amin Shen Bang further said in Wan Bu Zaji: The primitive language of Hutong people. Since it is a metalanguage, it cannot be Chinese. In the Yuan Dynasty, people were divided into four classes: Mongolians, Semu people, Han people and southerners. The so-called Han people refer to the Han people, Jurchen people, Khitans and Koreans in the north. These four people are not of the same nationality and do not speak the same language. Then "Yuan dialect" is definitely not "Nan dialect".
As for semu people, it includes more ethnic groups. Therefore, "Yuan people's language" can only be Mongolian.
According to Shen Bang's Miscellaneous Notes in Ming Dynasty, Hutong is a primitive human language.
According to historical records and folklore, there are three main explanations for the meaning and source of the word "Hutong" in academic circles:
1. Shuijing: In Mongolian, Turkic and Manchu, the pronunciation of the word Shuijing is very close to that of Hutong. Historically, Beijing mainly relied on wells, so wells became synonymous with residential areas and then streets, hence the word hutong.
2. Names left over from the Yuan Dynasty: Mongolians called the town "Haote". After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolians also called the streets and alleys of the Central Plains "Haote" according to their own habits. Later, "Haote" evolved into "fire lane" or "alley", and then evolved into today's "hutong" and "hutong".
3. Great Harmony among Hu People: I think the word Hutong is a simplified version of the political slogan "Great Harmony among Hu People" in the Yuan Dynasty. The names of some hutongs in Beijing are strange because they cannot be explained in Chinese. But if the names of these hutongs are all in Mongolian, it will be easy to explain. To give a few examples: dung beetles Hutong, how ugly the name is! Why did the residents here have such names in the first place? In fact, the name translated into Mongolian is "Xiangjing"! There is a "Mohe Hutong" in North Korea, which means "smelly well" in Mongolian. It may be polluted. In addition, such as Gushao Hutong (or write hoop Hutong) and Kujing; Shuangjing Juer Hutong or Juer Hutong; Nianer Hutong is still Nianer Hutong, with fine wells; Xiaojing 82 Hutong; Maliang Hutong or Malang Hutong, a well for livestock to drink water. ...
There are also many "Mao Hutong" in Beijing. "Mao Hutong" means bad well and broken well in Mongolian, and the surname is added in front of it, indicating that this bad well belongs to private property. This is not far-fetched. There used to be a Baihui Hutong next to Baimao Hutong, which shows that it used to be the residence of Muslims with Bai surname. There used to be a "Jia Zhu Hutong" near "Zhu Mao Hutong", which shows that Zhu's family really lived here. Nearby Yang Maohu is Yangmeizhu in Xie Jie.
It's not surprising that some pronunciations have been mispronounced for a long time: Is there less mispronounced place names in China? However, it is true that some Mongolian place names are difficult to verify.
Hutong should undoubtedly be the transliteration of Jing. However, it must be emphasized that both Hutong and Jing had the meaning of "city" in the Yuan Dynasty, and Shaluo City can also be called Shaluo Hutong, which means Coral City. In ancient China, there was a word called "marketplace" and "a well makes a city". In the Yuan Dynasty, hutong and well also had the meaning of "street". The bell tower of Analysis of Tianjin Record said: "There are 80-point four wells in the building, and the street covering the east, west, north and south is the widest." The meaning is clear, "well" equals street.
Jingwozi in old Beijing. In the era when there was no running water, Beijing residents mainly relied on wells for drinking water. If ordinary residents have no private wells, they have to go to public wells to draw water. The unicycle in the picture is used to deliver water to others.
How many hutongs are there in Beijing? The time-honored brand said, "Hutong is 3,600, as small as a dime a dozen." It means too many to count. There are thousands of hutongs. If you ask how many hutongs there are in Beijing, I think the best answer is this.
Hutongs in Beijing were formed in the Yuan Dynasty and developed continuously after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so the number is different. As far as the Yuan Dynasty is concerned, it is recorded in Analysis of Tianjin Records: "384 fire lanes and 29 hutongs." That is to say, * * * has 4 13 streets and lanes, of which 29 are directly called hutongs and 384 fire lanes are also hutongs in a broad sense.
The hutongs in Beijing changed again in the Ming Dynasty. According to Zhang Jue's Collection of Hutongs in Wuchengfang Lane, Shi Jing, there were about 1 170 hutongs in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty, of which about 459 were directly called hutongs.
Hutongs in Beijing developed faster in Qing Dynasty than in Ming Dynasty. According to Zhu Yixin in the Qing Dynasty, it was mentioned in "Shi Jing Fang Xiang Zhi Draft" that the names of streets and lanes in Beijing could be introduced at that time. There were about 2077 streets and lanes in Qing dynasty, of which about 978 were directly called hutongs.
How many hutongs were there in Beijing from 65438 to 0944 before liberation? According to Japanese Masaichi Tada's book Place Names of Beijing, there were 3,300 hutongs in Beijing at that time.
After liberation, the number of hutongs in the city increased with the increase of population. According to the book Ancient and Modern Beijing published by China Prospect Publishing House 1982, "Up to now, there are more than 4,550 hutongs in Beijing." According to the book A Practical Guide to Beijing Streets and Alleys published by Beijing Yanshan Publishing House 1986, there are 3,665 hutongs in four urban areas. According to the statistics of Zhang Zai 1990 when he wrote Talking about Hutongs, there were 6,029 streets and lanes in Beijing in 1980, including Hutongs 1320.
How many hutongs are there in Beijing? How many answers are there to such a simple question? I dare not say who is wrong, because each one is based on different data and reflects different numbers, so the answer will be different.
Which one is right? I think it's okay. Beijing has changed even more. Hutongs are decreasing. Some communities have been built, some new roads have been built, some hutongs have been razed to the ground, and commercial buildings and office buildings have been built. I think many hutongs have a history of three hundred years. To protect the style of Beijing's ancient capital, we must protect Beijing's hutongs. I hope it won't be extinct in our generation!
After decades of construction after liberation, the urban area of Beijing has more than tripled compared with that at the beginning of liberation. The newly-built housing area is equivalent to 10 old Beijing cities.
In order to protect the style of the ancient capital and maintain its traditional characteristics, Beijing has designated three batches, including Nanluoguxiang, Nancheng Town, Dongsi Toutiao to Batiao, and Xisi North Toutiao to Batiao, and 33 historical and cultural protection zones. In addition, in 2003, the whole imperial city was designated as a historical and cultural protection area. Most of the hutongs in old Beijing formed since the Yuan Dynasty are checkerboard. Some scholars believe that Hutong was transformed from a "breakthrough point"-a well. The author agrees with this view. Because from the reality of metropolis, the relationship between hutong and well is closer.
Let's talk about the formation of hutong. Most of the Yuan Dynasty was built from a wilderness. Its central axis is drawn by water, and most palaces are built by the sea. Then other streets, squares and residential areas must take the location of the well into account when designing and planning. Either dig a well before building a house, or set the location of the well in advance before planning the layout of the courtyard. In either case, it is "a well becomes a lane." Until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were wells in every hutong, which is beyond doubt.
Look at the name of the hutong. The causes of the name of Beijing Hutong are nothing more than the following: named after temples, organs and government agencies, named after construction sites and workshops, named after houses and people, named after markets, and so on. However, the largest number is named after wells, and there are only ten "Jinger Hutong"; Plus big wells, small wells, east, west, north, south, front and back wells, dry wells, wet wells, sweet wells and bitter wells ... no less than forty or fifty. Thus, hutong and well are closely related. "Lane lane, hutong-lane lane sound, crimson rhyme, ancient Gong Hu, today from * * * sound, read if' get', to the later Han Dynasty began to read this sound, Hu Jiang cut. Chu Ci Xiangzi Zuo Jie's "The Book of Songs Zheng Fengfeng":' Zifu, I am in the lane. Regret not sending it! "Ryan and Ye Yun, read the voice. It originated from Chu Ci, the seat of Chu State in the Spring and Autumn Period, which is today's Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places. Therefore, in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Book of Southern Qi said,' Xiao Luan killed the king in the West Lane.' Note: "Lane is also a lane." The west lane, that is, the west lane, is a lane for urgent reading and a hesitation for slow reading, that is, the hutong. Today, the streets in Beijing are called hutongs, and Shanghainese are called' alleys' and' alleys'. This is the reason. Neighbor Cheng Shude said that Hutong was a northern Mongolian dialect in the Yuan Dynasty, which was introduced to China since the Yuan Dynasty (see the second volume of National Heritage Yuan Tan). "(quoted from Huang Xianfan's A Preliminary Study on the Interpretation of Ancient Books-Selected Academic Papers of Huang Xianfan)
Hutong is a small street, which is called "Lane" in Shanghai (south). After the Ming Dynasty, it was officially standardized as "Hutong". In the past, it was generally believed that Hutong was a transliteration of Mongolian towns or a foreign word of Mongolian "water well", because there must be water sources (wells) in places where residents live in concentrated communities, and Beijing urban area has a long history of distributing residential areas around wells. Beijing Evening News published a new textual research article, arguing that Hutong is not a loan word of Mongolian well, but Chinese.
The name of Hutong has been handed down by people orally since it was formed in Yuan Dynasty. As for writing on the signboard and hanging on the alley mouth, it was only after the Republic of China.
Although Beijing's hutongs look all-encompassing, there are rivers and lakes (Dajiang Hutong, Hebo Chang Hutong, Tuanjiehu and Haibin Hutong), mountains and rivers, Sun and Moon (Huayangshan Hutong, Chuandian Hutong, Pickup Hutong and Moonlight Hutong), people's surnames (Zhang Zizhong Road, Jiajia Hutong), market commodities (Caishikou Hutong and Yinwan Hutong) and factory workshops (Mill and Paint Hutong). Empty factory), chicken, duck and fish (chicken feet alley, duck shop, fresh fish mouth, meat market street), etc. , numerous and complicated, but careful analysis, there are still its inherent laws.