Stephen william hawking (1942 65438+1October 8-201March 8 14), born in Oxford, England, is a physicist, cosmologist and mathematician in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Cambridge University, England. Hawking graduated from Oxford University and Cambridge University, served as Lucas Professor of Mathematics from 1979 to 2009, and later became Lucas Professor of Mathematics (Newton once held this position, which is the greatest professor position in human history).
Hawking is the most outstanding theoretical physicist and the greatest contemporary scientist after Einstein, and one of the greatest figures in human history. He is called "the king of the universe". Representative works include A Brief History of Time, The Universe in the Shell and The Grand Design [2]. 20 15 July 20th Steven? Hawking launched the largest search for extraterrestrial intelligent life in human history. 20 16 1 month, stephen william hawking won the Luther prize.
On March 20 18 14, stephen william hawking died at the age of 76. On March 3 1, Stephen Hawking's funeral was held in Cambridge University Church.
On May 3, 20 18, Stephen Hawking's last revised paper was published in the Journal of High Energy Physics 10.
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Stephen william hawking is one of the great men with international reputation in this century, a professor in the Department of Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Cambridge University, and the most important contemporary general relativity and cosmologist. Lucas Lecture on Mathematics at Cambridge University, UK, which is the highest honor lecture in the history of natural science after Newton and Dirac.
In 1970s, together with Penrose, he proved the famous singularity theorem. For this reason, they all won the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1988. He is therefore known as the most famous scientific thinker and the most outstanding theoretical physicist in the world after Einstein. Conquered 30 million readers around the world with a thin "A Brief History of Time".
The black hole theory perfectly unifies quantum theory and thermodynamics in Hawking's radiation. The borderless quantum cosmology he proposed in 1980s solved the "first push" problem that puzzled the scientific community for hundreds of years.
Stephen william hawking's research laid the foundation for us to understand black holes and the origin of the universe today, but according to him, his performances in the cartoon Simpsons and the sci-fi drama Star Trek: The Next Generation are equally wonderful.
Hawking emphasized that the universe does not need a creator or "God" in The Grand Design, and started with "Philosophy is dead", which means that human beings will be liberated from ignorant self-slavery. It denies that pure philosophy and religion can really explain nature, which also shows that major religions are only systems of exploring the unknown and pursuing eternal liberation in the ancient spiritual world, rather than objective truth.
With the progress of the times, human civilization should catch up and not fall behind, which is why generations of people of insight pursue the meaning of existence, life and the universe. Solving these propositions should have been the task of philosophers, but unfortunately the high development of science has made philosophy unable to keep up. Hawking said at the beginning of "The Grand Design" that "philosophy is dead" is what he meant.
Hawking hopes to solve the mystery of the birth of the universe. 1970s, Hawking applied quantum mechanics to explain the phenomenon of black holes. In the next 30 years, it will become more difficult to explain the whole universe with quantum mechanics. Hawking wants to find a theory that can perfectly explain the whole phenomenon of the universe to explain the birth of the universe from 65.438+0.37 billion years to the present, but after many years, even if he is infinitely close to him, he still has not reached a conclusion.
According to his theory of quantum mechanics, the birth of the universe was caused by the Big Bang, which was the product of an infinitely small compressed substance exploding under supergravity (which can also be understood as infinite density). The theoretical category of quantum mechanics cannot explain how this process works. Why is this happening? Hawking said, "There must be a theory that can describe small-scale gravity."
The latest scientific breakthrough is the superstring theory constructed by Hawking's colleague mike green of Queen Mary College in London, which is called "string theory" for short. This theory points out that all particles and natural forces are actually tiny objects similar to strings in vibration, which solves the gravity problem that Hawking has been trying to solve. This theory must be based on the fact that the universe must have 9, 10 or even exceed 16544.
A large number of scientists all over the world have done relevant experiments in space and on the earth to prove string theory, and proved from experiments to support Hawking's black hole theory and quantum theory. 2014 65438+241On October 24th, Professor Stephen Hawking, a famous British scientist, once again shocked the physics circle with his theory related to black holes. In a paper published a few days ago, he admitted that "black holes don't exist", but "gray holes" do exist.
In this paper entitled "Information Preservation and Weather Forecast of Black Holes", Hawking pointed out that "black holes don't exist" because the boundary of black holes can't be found. This is to solve the problem of "firewall". It is not true that "black hole does not exist" in the new theory. The boundary of a black hole is also called the "horizon". According to the classical black hole theory, the matter and radiation outside the black hole can enter the black hole through the horizon, but nothing inside the black hole can pass through the horizon.
Hawking's latest "grey hole" theory holds that matter and energy will be re-released into the universe after being trapped by a black hole for a period of time. In his paper, he admitted that his initial understanding of the horizon was flawed, and light could actually cross the horizon. When light escapes from the core of a black hole, it moves like a person running on a treadmill and slowly contracts by radiating outward.
"Classical black hole theory holds that no matter and radiation can escape from a black hole, while quantum mechanics theory shows that both energy and information can escape from a black hole." Hawking also pointed out that the explanation of this escape process needs a theory that can successfully integrate gravity and other basic forces. In the past 100 years, no one in physics has tried to explain this process.
Some scientists agree with Hawking's "grey hole" theory, while others are skeptical. Joseph Polchinski, a theoretical physicist at Caffrey Institute of Theoretical Physics in the United States, pointed out that according to Einstein's theory of gravity, the boundary of a black hole exists, but it is not obviously different from other parts of the universe.
In fact, Hawking made similar remarks as early as 2004. On July 2 1 that year, Hawking pointed out at the 17 International Conference on General Relativity and Gravity that black holes do not "completely swallow up" everything around them as he and most other physicists thought before. In fact, some information of the matter sucked deep into the black hole may be released at some time.
1973 hawking said that he concluded through calculation that the mass of a black hole decreases during its formation, and at the same time it constantly radiates to the outside world in the form of energy. This is the famous Hawking radiation theory. The black hole radiation mentioned in this theory does not contain any information about the matter inside the black hole. Once the black hole is concentrated and evaporated, all the information inside disappears. This is the so-called "black hole paradox". This statement contradicts the related theories of quantum mechanics. Because modern quantum physics believes that this kind of material information will never disappear completely.
For more than 30 years, Hawking tried to explain this contradictory view with various speculations. Hawking once said that quantum motion in black holes is a special case. Because of the strong gravity in black holes, quantum mechanics is no longer applicable at this time. Hawking's statement did not convince many skeptical scholars in the scientific community.
Now it seems that Hawking finally gave a more convincing answer to this contradictory view. Hawking said that black holes never completely shut themselves down-Hawking radiation. They gradually radiate more and more heat to the outside world for a long time, and then the black hole will eventually open itself and release the material information contained in it.
20 16, 16 On August 6th, Jeff Steinhauer, a professor at Haifa Institute of Technology in Israel, proved the quantum effect of Hawking radiation in a paper published in the journal Nature Physics. He made a sound black hole instead of a light black hole, using a long tube with sound particles in it, that is, the "horizon" of phonons.
In 20 14, Professor Steinhauer discovered that phonons were generated randomly on the horizon. In his latest achievement, Steinhauer proved that these phonons are one of a pair of related phonons, thus proving the quantum effect of Hawking radiation.
On May 3, 20 18, Stephen Hawking's last revised paper was published in the Journal of High Energy Physics 10.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Hawking